Krok 1 Medicine

4.0 Normal Physiology

2
A 16-year-old girl presents with no hair on the pubis and in the armpits, her mammary glands are
underdeveloped, no menstruations. What hormone imbalance can it be indicative of?
A Ovarian failure
B Hyperthyroidism
C Hypothyroidism
D Pancreatic islet failure
E Adrenal medulla hyperfunction

3
What kind of muscle contraction occurs in an upper limb during an attempt to lift a load beyond one's
strength?
A Isometric
B Isotonic
C Auxotonic
D Phasic
E Single

4
What kind of muscle contraction occurs in an upper limb during an attempt to lift a load beyond one's
strength?
A Isometric
B Isotonic
C Auxotonic
D Phasic
E Single

5
A laboratory experiment on a dog was used to study central parts of auditory system. One of the
mesencephalon structures was destroyed. The dog has lost the orienting response to auditory signals.
What structure was destroyed?
A Inferior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina
B Superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina
C Substantia nigra
D Reticular formation nuclei
E Red nucleus

6
A laboratory experiment on a dog was used to study central parts of auditory system. One of the
mesencephalon structures was destroyed. The dog has lost the orienting response to auditory signals.
What structure was destroyed?
A Inferior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina
B Superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina
C Substantia nigra
D Reticular formation nuclei
E Red nucleus

7
Upon toxic damage of hepatic cells resulting in disruption of liver function the patient developed
edemas. What changes of blood plasma are the main cause of edema development?
A Decrease of albumin content
B Increase of globulin conten
C Decrease of fibrinogen conten
D Increase of albumin conten
E Decrease of globulin conten

8
In a young man during exercise, the minute oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide emission equalled to
1000 ml. What substrates are oxidized in the cells of his body?
A Carbohydrates
B Proteins
C Fats
D Carbohydrates and fats
E Carbohydrates and proteins

9
A sportsman spontaneously held breath for 40 seconds, which resulted in an increase in heart rate and
systemic arterial pressure. Changes of these indicators are due to activation of the following regulatory
mechanisms:
A Unconditioned sympathetic reflexes
B Unconditioned parasympathetic reflexes
C Conditioned sympathetic reflexes
D Conditioned parasympathetic reflexes
E-

10
When taking exams students often have dry mouth. The mechanism that causes this state results from
the following reflexes:
A Conditioned sympathetic
B Unconditioned parasympathetic
C Conditioned parasympathetic
D Unconditioned sympathetic
E Unconditioned peripheral

11
When taking exams students often have dry mouth. The mechanism that causes this state results from
the following reflexes:
A Conditioned sympathetic
B Unconditioned parasympathetic
C Conditioned parasympathetic
D Unconditioned sympathetic
E Unconditioned peripheral

12
A person is in a room with air temperature of 38oC and relative air humidity of 50%. What type of
heat transfer ensures maintenance of constant body core temperature under these conditions?
A Evaporation
B Radiation
C Conduction and convection
D Convection
E-

13
Examination of the patient with traumatic brain injury revealed that he has lost the ability to discern
the movement of an object on the skin. What part of the cerebral cortex is damaged?
A Posterior central gyrus
B Occipital lobe
C Parietal lobe
D Frontal lobe
E Anterior central gyrus

14
During the prestart period an athlete develops increased frequency and force of cardiac contractions.
These changes are caused by intensification of the following reflex responces:
A Sympathetic conditioned
B Sympathetic unconditioned
C Parasympathetic conditioned
D Parasympathetic unconditioned
E Peripheral

15
Poisoning caused by botulinum toxin that prevents calcium ions from entering axone nerve endings of
motoneurons is life-threatening because it can lead to:
A Respiratory arrest
B Cardiac arrest
C Vasotonic disorder
D Vomiting
E Diarrhea

16
ECG analysis of the patient shows that the T waves are positive in the second standard limb lead and
their amplitude and duration is normal. The conclusion can be made that the following process occurs
normally in the patient's ventricles:
A Repolarization
B Depolarization
C Excitation
D Contraction
E Relaxation

17
 A patient demonstrates sharp decrease of pulmonary surfactant activity. This condition can result in:
A Alveolar tendency to recede
B Decreased airways resistance
C Decreased work of expiratory muscles
D Increased pulmonary ventilation
E Hyperoxemia

18
A patient demonstrates sharp decrease of pulmonary surfactant activity. This condition can result in:
A Alveolar tendency to recede
B Decreased airways resistance
C Decreased work of expiratory muscles
D Increased pulmonary ventilation
E Hyperoxemia

19
A patient demonstrates sharp decrease of pulmonary surfactant activity. This condition can result in:
A Alveolar tendency to recede
B Decreased airways resistance
C Decresed work of expiratory muscles
D Increased pulmonary ventilation
E Hyperoxemia

20
An animal experiment is aimed at studying the cardiac cycle. All the heart valves are closed. What
phase of the cycle is characterized by this status?
A Isometric contraction
B Asynchronous contraction
C Protodiastolic period
D Rapid filling
E Reduced filling

21
A 35-year-old man with peptic ulcer disease has undergone antrectomy. After the surgery secretion of
the following gastro-intestinal hormone will be disrupted the most:
A Gastrin
B Histamine
C Secretin
D Cholecystokinin
E Neurotensin

22
A 35-year-old man with peptic ulcer disease has undergone antrectomy. After the surgery secretion of
the following gastro-intestinal hormone will be disrupted the most:
A Gastrin
B Histamine
C Secretin
D Cholecystokinin
E Neurotensin
 23
A 64-year-old woman presents with disturbed fine motor function of her fingers, marked muscle
rigidity, and tremor. The neurologist diagnosed her with Parkinson's disease. What brain structures are
damaged resulting in this disease?
A Substantia nigra
B Thalamus
C Red nuclei
D Cerebellum
E Reticular formation

24
A 64-year-old woman presents with disturbed fine motor function of her fingers, marked muscle
rigidity, and tremor. The neurologist diagnosed her with Parkinson's disease. What brain structures are
damaged resulting in this disease?
A Substantia nigra
B Thalamus
C Red nuclei
D Cerebellum
E Reticular formation

25
After a traffic accident a 36-year-old patient has developed muscle paralysis of the extremitis on the
right, lost pain and thermal sensitivity on the left, and partially lost tactile sensitivity on both sides.
What part of the brain is the most likely to be damaged?
A Right-hand side of the spinal cord
B Motor cortex on the left
C Left-hand side of the spinal cord
D Anterior horn of the spinal cord
E Posterior horn of the spinal cord

26
A test animal receives electrical impulses that irritate the sympathetic nerve that innervates blood
vessels of the skin. What reaction will it cause in the blood vessels?
A Arterial and venous constriction
B No reaction
C Arterial dilation
D Arterial and venous dilation
E Venous dilation

27
A person has increased pulmonary ventilation due to physical exertion. What indicator of external
respiration will be significantly increased compared to the resting state?
A Respiratory volume
B Vital lung capacity
C Inspiratory reserve volume
D Expiratory reserve volume
E Total lung capacity

28
A patient has increased thickness of alveolar-capillary membrane caused by a pathologic process. The
direct consequence will be reduction of the following value:
A Diffusing lung capacity
B Oxygen capacity of blood
C Respiratory minute volume
D Alveolar ventilation of lungs
E Expiratory reserve volume

29
The carotid bodies on both sides were removed in a test animal. Which of the listed factors WILL
NOT be able to cause hyperventilation in the test animal?
A Hypoxemia
B Physical exertion
C Hypercapnia
D Acidosis
E Increase of core body temperature

30
Electrical activity of neurons is being measured. They fire prior to and at the beginning of inhalation.
Where are these neurons situated?
A Medulla oblongata
B Diencephalon
C Mesencephalon
D Spinal cord
E Cerebral cortex

31
Electrical activity of neurons is being measured. They fire prior to and at the beginning of inhalation.
Where are these neurons situated?
A Medulla oblongata
B Diencephalon
C Mesencephalon
D Spinal cord
E Cerebral cortex

32
Investigation of an isolated cardiac myocyte determined that it does not generate excitation impulses
automatically, which means this cardiac myocyte was obtained from the following cardiac structure:
A Ventricles
B Sinoatrial node
C Atrioventricular node
D His' bundle
E Purkinje's fibers

33
Electrocardiogram analysis demonstrates that cardiac cycle of a human equals 1 second. It means that
heart rate per minute equals:
A 60
B 50
C 70
D 80
E 100
 34
Due to prolonged stay in the mountains at the altitude of 3000 m above the sea level, a person
developed increased oxygen capacity of blood, which was directly caused by intensified production of:
A Erythropoietins
B Leukopoietins
C Carbaminohemoglobin
D Catecholamines
E 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

35
Glomerular filtration of a person, who has been starving for a long time, has increased by 20%. The
most likely cause of filtration changes in the given conditions is:
A Decrease of blood plasma oncotic pressure
B Increase of systemic blood pressure
C Increase of renal filter permeability
D Increase of filtration factor
E Increase of renal plasma flow

36
A woman has been limiting the amount of products in her diet to lose some weight. 3 months later she
developed edemas and her diuresis increased. What dietary component deficiency is the cause of this?
A Proteins
B Fats
C Carbohydrates
D Vitamins
E Minerals

37
To lose some weight a woman has been limiting the amount of products in her diet. 3 months later she
developed edemas and her diuresis increased. What dietary component deficiency is the cause of this?
A Proteins
B Fats
C Carbohydrates
D Vitamins
E Minerals

38
A force generated by the muscle is not enough to lift a load. What type of muscle contraction occurs
in this case?
A Isometric
B Tetanic
C Isotonic
D Eccentric
E Concentric

39
Atria of a test animal were superdistended with blood, which resulted in decreased reabsorption of
Na+ and water in renal tubules. This can be explained by the effect of the following factor on the
kidneys:
A Natriuretic hormone
B Aldosterone
C Renin
D Angiotensin
E Vasopressin

40
Atria of an experimental animal were superdistended with blood, which resulted in decreased
reabsorption of Na+ and water in renal tubules. This can be explained by the influence of the following
factor on kidneys:
A Natriuretic hormone
B Aldosterone
C Renin
D Angiotensin
E Vasopressin

41
Atria of an experimental animal were superdistended with blood, which resulted in decreased
reabsorption of Na+ and water in renal tubules. This can be explained by the influence of the following
factor on kidneys:
A Natriuretic hormone
B Aldosterone
C Renin
D Angiotensin
E Vasopressin

42
A 42-year-old patient complains of pain in the epigastral area, vomiting; vomit masses have the color
of coffee-grounds; the patient suffers from melena. Anamnesis records gastric ulcer disease. Blood
formula: erythrocytes - 2,8·1012/l, leukocytes - 8·109/l, Hb- 90 g/l. What complication is it?
A Hemorrhage
B Penetration
C Perforation
D Canceration
E Pyloric stenosis

43
Due to blood loss the circulating blood volume of a patient decreased. How will it affect the blood
pressure in this patient?
A Systolic and diastolic pressure will decrease
B Only systolic pressure will decrease
C Only diastolic pressure will decrease
D Systolic pressure will decrease, while diastolic will increase
E Diastolic pressure will decrease, while systolic will increase

44
When measuring power inputs of a person by the method of indirect calorimetry the following results
were obtained: oxygen consumption is 1000 ml and carbon dioxide production is 800 ml per minute.
The person under examination has the following respiratory coefficient:
A 0,8
B 1,25
C 0,9
D 0,84
E 1,0

45
For people adapted to high external temperatures profuse sweating is not accompanied by loss of
large volumes of sodium chloride. This is caused by the effect the following hormone has on the
perspiratory glands:
A Aldosterone
B Vasopressin
C Cortisol
D Tgyroxin
E Natriuretic

46
For people adapted to high external temperatures profuse sweating is not accompanied by loss of
large volumes of sodium chloride. This is caused by the effect the following hormone has on
perspiratory glands:
A Aldosterone
B Vasopressin
C Cortisol
D Tgyroxin
E Natriuretic

47
The processes of heat transfer in a naked person at room temperature have been studied. It was
revealed that under these conditions the greatest amount of heat is transferred by:
A Heat radiation
B Heat conduction
C Convection
D Evaporation
E-

48
The processes of heat transfer in a naked person at room temperature have been studied. It was
revealed that under these conditions the greatest amount of heat is transferred by:
A Heat radiation
B Heat conduction
C Convection
D Evaporation
E-

49
The dorsal root of the spinal nerve of a test animal was severed. What changes will occur in the
innervation area?
A Loss of sensitivity
B Loss of motor function
C Decreased muscle tone
D Increased muscle tone
E Loss of sensitivity and motor function
 50
Due to destruction of certain structures of the brainstem an animal has lost its orientation reflexes in
response to strong light stimuli. What structures were destroyed?
A Anterior quadrigeminal bodies
B Posterior quadrigeminal bodies
C Red nuclei
D Vestibular nuclei
E Substantia nigra

51
Due to destruction of certain structures of the brainstem a test animal has lost its orientation reflexes
in response to strong light stimuli. What structures were destroyed?
A Anterior quadrigeminal bodies
B Posterior quadrigeminal bodies
C Red nuclei
D Vestibular nuclei
E Substantia nigra

52
Urine analysis has shown high levels of protein and erythrocytes in urine. This can be caused by the
following:
A Renal filter permeability
B Effective filter pressure
C Hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
D Hydrostatic primary urine pressure in capsule
E Oncotic pressure of blood plasma

53
Urine analysis has shown high levels of protein and erythrocytes in urine. This can be caused by the
following:
A Renal filter permeability
B Effective filter pressure
C Hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
D Hydrostatic primary urine pressure in capsule
E Oncotic pressure of blood plasma

54
A man presents with glomerular filtration rate of 180 ml/min., while norm is 125±25 ml/min. The
likely cause of it is the decreased:
A Plasma oncotic pressure
B Effective filtration pressure
C Hydrostatic blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
D Renal blood flow
E Permeability of the renal filter

55
After a craniocerebral injury a patient is unable to recognize objects by touch. What part of brain has
been damaged?
A Postcentral gyrus
B Occipital lobe
C Temporal lobe
D Precentral gyrus
E Cerebellum

56
A 25-year-old woman at her third pregnancy with impending miscarriage was brought to the hospital.
What combination of Rh-factor of the mother and the fetus can be the cause of this condition?
A Mother Rh (-), fetus Rh (+)
B Mother Rh (-), fetus Rh (-)
C Mother Rh (+), fetus Rh (-)
D Mother Rh (+), fetus Rh (+)
E-

57
During experiment a part of the brain was extracted, which resulted in asynergy and dysmetria
development in the test animal. What part of the brain was extracted in the animal?
A Cerebellum
B Frontal lobe
C Parietal lobe
D Mesencephalon
E Reticulum

58
A patient has a critical impairment of protein, fat and hydrocarbon digestion. Most likely it has been
caused by low secretion of the following digestive juice:
A Pancreatic juice
B Saliva
C Gastric juice
D Bile
E Intestinal juice

59
10 minutes after the beginning of heavy physical work a person demonstrates increase of erythrocyte
number in blood from 4,0·1012/l to 4,5·1012/l. What is the cause of this phenomenon?
A Erythrocytes exit from depot
B Suppression of erythrocyte destruction
C Erythropoiesis activation
D Increase of cardiac output
E Water loss

60
A patient has a traumatic injury of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This has resulted in a decrease in the
following value:
A Inspiratory reserve volume
B Expiratory reserve volume
C Respiratory volume
D Residual volume
E Functional residual lung capacity

61
 A patient has a traumatic injury of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This has resulted in a decrease of the
following value:
A Inspiratory reserve volume
B Expiratory reserve volume
C Respiratory volume
D Residual volume
E Functional residual lung capacity

62
On examination the patient was determined to have strong, balanced, inert type of higher nervous
activity according to Pavlov's classification. What temperament according to Hippocrates is it?
A Phlegmatic
B Sanguine
C Choleric
D Melancholic
E-

63
The receptors under study provide transfer of information to the cortex without thalamic involvement.
Specify these receptors:
A Olfactory
B Tactile
C Gustatory
D Visual
E Auditory

64
In the process of an experiment, vascular resistance to the blood flow was measured in the different
areas of circulatory system. The highest resistance was detected in the:
A Arterioles
B Arteries
C Capillaries
D Venules
E Veins

65
During inflienza epidemic, morbidity in the schoolchildren, who did not participate in sports, was
40%, while in the schoolchildren, who engaged in regular physical acivities, morbidity did not exceed
20%. What adaptation mechanism ensured low morbidity in the physically active schoolchildren?
A Cross-adaptation
B Specific adaptation
C Physiological adaptation
D Biochemical adaptation
E Genetic adaptation

66
During an animal experiment, surgical damage of certain brain structures has caused deep prolonged
sleep. What structure is most likely to cause such condition, if damaged?
A Reticular formation
B Basal ganglion
C Red nuclei
D Hippocampus
E Cerebral cortex

67
A short-term physical load resulted in reflex increase of heart rate and systemic arterial pressure in a
person. What receptor activation was the most contributory to inducing the pressor reflex?
A Proprioceptors of the working muscles
B Vascular chemoreceptors
C Vascular volume receptors
D Vascular baroreceptors
E Hypothalamic thermoreceptors

68
Cardiac arrest occurred in a patient during a surgery of the small intestine. What regulatory
mechamisms resulted in the cardiac arrest in this case?
A Unconditioned parasympathetic reflexes
B Unconditioned sympathetic reflexes
C Conditioned parasympathetic reflexes
D Conditioned sympathetic reflexes
E Metasympathetic reflexes

69
In an experiment it is necessary to assess neuromotor and muscle excitability. What value shoud be
measured to make the assessment?
A Sensory threshold
B Action potential amplitude
C Resting potential
D Threshold potential
E Action potential duration

70
During experiment a skeletal muscle is being stimulated with a series of electrical impulses. What
type of muscular contraction will develop, if each following impulse occurs within the relaxation
period after the previous single contraction of the muscle?
A Incomplete tetanus
B Smooth tetanus
C Series of single contractions
D Muscle contracture
E Asynchronous tetanus

71
A patient takes cholagogues. What other process besides biliary excretion will be stimulated?
A Intestinal motility
B Gastric juice secretion
C Pancreatic juice secretion
D Gastric motor activity
E Water absorption

72
 Vestibular receptors of semicircular canals of an animal have been destroyed. What reflexes will
disappear as a result?
A Statokinetic reflex during movements with angular acceleration
B Statokinetic reflex during movements with linear acceleration
C Head-righting reflex
D Body-righting reflex
E Primary orienting reflex

73
Vestibular receptors of semicircular canals of a test animal have been destroyed. What reflexes will
disappear as a result?
A Statokinetic reflex during movements with angular acceleration
B Statokinetic reflex during movements with linear acceleration
C Head-righting reflex
D Body-righting reflex
E Primary orienting reflex

74
During the fight a man has received a strong blow to the upper anterior abdominal wall, which
resulted in the cardiac arrest. What mechanism has led to the cardiac arrest in this case?
A Parasympathetic unconditioned
B Sympathetic unconditioned
C Parasympathetic conditioned
D Sympathetic conditioned
E Peripheral

75
A woman has lost a lot of blood during the childbirth. Her blood group needs to be determined.
Erythrocyte agglutination occurred with standard serums 0 (І) and А (ІІ) and did not occur with
standard serum B (III). What blood group does this woman have?
A B (ІІІ)
B 0 (І)
C А (ІІ)
D АВ (IV)
E-

76
Blood group of a 30-year-old man has been determined before a surgery. The blood was Rhesus-
positive. Agglutination did not occur with standard 0 (I), А (II), and В (III) serums. The blood belongs
to the following group:
A 0 (I)
B А (II)
C В (III)
D АВ (IV)
E-

77
A 16-year-old girl fainted when she tried to quickly change her position from horisontal to vertical.
What caused the loss of consciousness in the girl?
A Decreased venous return
B Increased venous return
C Increased central venous pressure
D Decreased oncotic plasma pressure
E Increased arterial pressure

78
A 16-year-old female patient has fainted after quickly changing her body position from horizontal to
vertical one. Which process from the ones listed below has caused the loss of consciousness in the first
place?
A Decreasing venous return
B Increasing venous return
C Increasing central venous pressure
D Decreasing oncotic pressure of blood plasma
E Increasing arterial pressure

79
Blood test of an athlete shows the following: erythrocytes - 5,5·10 12/l, hemoglobin - 180 g/l,
leukocytes - 7·109/l, neutrophils - 64%, basophils - 0,5%, eosinophils - 0,5%, monocytes - 8%,
lymphocytes - 27%. These values primarily indicate the stimulation of:
A Erythropoiesis
B Leukopoiesis
C Lymphopoiesis
D Granulocytopoiesis
E Immunogenesis

80
When measuring total muscle action potential it was revealed that it was subject to the power-law
relationship. The reason for this is that individual muscle fibers differ in:
A Depolarization threshold
B Diameter
C Conduction velocity
D Resting potential
E Critical level of depolarization

81
A patient has insufficient blood supply to the kidneys, which has caused the development of pressor
effect due to the constriction of arterial resistance vessels. This is the result of the vessels being
greately affected by the following substance:
A Angiotensin II
B Angiotensinogen
C Renin
D Catecholamines
E Norepinephrine

82
A patient has insufficient blood supply to the kidneys, which caused the development of pressor effect
due to the constriction of arterial resistance vessels. This is the result of the vessels being greately
affected by the following substance:
A Angiotensin II
B Angiotensinogen
C Renin
D Catecholamines
E Norepinephrine

83
A patient has insufficient blood supply to the kidneys, which has caused the development of pressor
effect due to constriction of arterial resistance vessels. This condition results from the vessels being
strongly affected by the following substance:
A Angiotensin II
B Angiotensinogen
C Renin
D Catecholamines
E Norepinephrine

84
Experimental stimulation of sympathetic nerve branches that innervate heart caused an increase in
force of heart contractions because membrane of typical cardiomyocytes permitted an increase in:
A Calcium ion entry
B Calcium ion exit
C Potassium ion exit
D Potassium ion entry
E Calcium and potassium ion exit

85
Experimental stimulation of the sympathetic nerve branches that innervate the heart caused an
increase in the force of heart contractions because the membrane of typical cardiomyocytes permitted
an increase in:
A Calcium ion entry
B Calcium ion exit
C Potassium ion exit
D Potassium ion entry
E Calcium and potassium ion exit

86
Experimental stimulation of the sympathetic nerve branches that innervate the heart caused an
increase in the force of heart contractions because the membrane of typical cardiomyocytes permitted
an increase in:
A Calcium ion entry
B Calcium ion exit
C Potassium ion exit
D Potassium ion entry
E Calcium and potassium ion exit

87
Experimental stimulation of the sympathetic nerve branches that innervate the heart caused an
increase in force of heart contractions because the membrane of typical cardiomyocytes permitted an
increase in:
A Calcium ion entry
B Calcium ion exit
C Potassium ion exit
D Potassium ion entry
E Calcium and potassium ion exit
 88
The patient's ECG shows that in the second standard lead from the extremities the P waves are
positive, their amplitude is 0,1 mV (norm is 0,05-0,25 mV), duration - 0,1 seconds (norm is 0,07-0,10
seconds). It can be concluded that the following process occurs normally in the cardiac atria:
A Depolarization
B Repolarization
C Activation
D Contraction
E Relaxation

89
Microelectrode technique allowed to register a potential following ''all-or-none'' law and capable of
undecremental spreading. Specify this potential:
A Action potential
B Excitatory postsynaptic potential
C Rest potential
D Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
E Receptor potential

90
A doctor asked a patient to make a deep exhalation after a normal inhalation. What muscles contract
during such exhalation?
A Abdominal muscles
B External intercostal muscles
C Diaphragm
D Trapezius muscles
E Pectoral muscles

91
Pupil dilation occurs when a person steps from a light room into a dark one. What reflex causes such
a reaction?
A Sympathetic unconditioned reflex
B Sympathetic conditioned reflex
C Metasympathetic reflex
D Parasympathetic unconditioned reflex
E Parasympathetic conditioned reflex

92
Pupil dilation occurs when a person steps from a light room into a dark one. What reflex causes such
a reaction?
A Sympathetic unconditioned reflex
B Sympathetic conditioned reflex
C Metasympathetic reflex
D Parasympathetic unconditioned reflex
E Parasympathetic conditioned reflex

93
In a cat with decerebrate rigidity the muscle tone is to be decreased. This can be achieved by:
A Destruction of the vestibular nuclei of Deiters
B Stimulation of the otolithic vestibular receptors
C Stimulation of the vestibular nuclei of Deiters
D Stimulation of the vestibulocochlear nerve
E Stimulation of the ampullar vestibular receptors

94
In a cat with decerebrate rigidity the muscle tone is to be decreased. This can be achieved by:
A Destruction of the vestibular nuclei of Deiters
B Stimulation of the otolithic vestibular receptors
C Stimulation of the vestibular nuclei of Deiters
D Stimulation of the vestibulocochlear nerve
E Stimulation of the ampullar vestibular receptors

95
Surface with an intact toad on it was inclined to the right. Tone of extensor muscles became reflectory
higher due to the activation of the following receptors:
A Vestibuloreceptors of utricle and saccule
B Vestibuloreceptors of semicircular ducts
C Mechanoreceptors of foot skin
D Photoreceptors of retina
E Proprioreceptors

96
In the course of an experiment adenohypophysis of an animal has been removed. The resulting
atrophy of thyroid gland and adrenal cortex has been caused by deficiency of the following hormone:
A Tropic hormones
B Thyroid hormones
C Somatotropin
D Cortisol
E Thyroxin

97
Stool test detects in the patients feces a large amount of undigested fats.This patient is the most likely
to have disturbed secretion of the following enzymes:
A Pancreatic lipases
B Pancreatic amylase
C Pancreatic proteases
D Bile lipase
E Gastric protease

98
A 19-year-old young man was examined in the nephrology clinic. High calcium was detected in his
secondary urine. What hormone is likely to cause such change, if it is produced in excess?
A Aldosterone
B Oxytocin
C Adrenaline
D Glucagon
E Testosterone

99
 A patient has undergone surgical removal of the pylorus. Decreased secretion of the following
hormone can be expected:
A Gastrin
B Histamine
C Secretin
D Cholecystokinin
E Gastric inhibitory polypeptide

100
In the course of an experiment thalamocortical tracts of an animal were cut. What type of sensory
perception remained intact?
A Olfactory
B Auditory
C Exteroreceptive
D Visual
E Nociceptive

101
During the air and bone conduction tests it was revealed that in the left ear the tones were louder by
bone conduction. This might be associated with the disease of:
A Left middle ear
B Right middle ear
C Left inner ear
D Right inner ear
E Right external ear

102
Due to the use of poor-quality measles vaccine for preventive vaccination, a 1-year-old child
developed an autoimmune renal injury. The urine was found to contain macromolecular proteins. What
process of urine formation was disturbed?
A Filtration
B Reabsorption
C Secretion
D Reabsorption and secretion
E Secretion and filtration

103
Due to the use of poor-quality measles vaccine for preventive vaccination, a 1-year-old child has
developed an autoimmune renal injury. The urine was found to contain macromolecular proteins. What
process of urine formation has been disturbed?
A Filtration
B Reabsorption
C Secretion
D Reabsorption and secretion
E Secretion and filtration

104
As a result of a road accident a 37-year-old female victim developed urinary incontinence. What
segments of the spinal cord had been damaged?
A S2-S4
B Th1-Th5
C L1-L2
D Th2-Th5
E Th1-L1

105
During determining the blood group according to the AB0 system with salt solutions of monoclonal
antibodies agglutination did not occur with any of the solutions. What blood group is it?
A 0 (І)
B А (ІІ)
C В (ІІІ)
D АВ (ІV)
E-

106
When defining blood group according to the AB0 system, using salt solutions of monoclonal
antibodies, agglutination didn't occur with any of the solutions. What blood group is it?
A 0 (І)
B А (ІІ)
C В (ІІІ)
D АВ (ІV)
E-

107
Water affects the mucosa of lower nasal passages resulting in diving reflex. This responce manifests
itself as:
A Reflex apnea
B Reflex dyspnea
C Reflex hyperpnea
D Cough
E Bronchial spasm

108
During ventricular systole the cardiac muscle does not respond to additional stimulation because it is
in the phase of:
A Absolute refractoriness
B Relational refractoriness
C Hyperexcitability
D Subnormal excitability
E There is no correct answer

109
A patient with injury sustained to a part of the central nervous system demonstrates disrupted
coordination and movement amplitude, muscle tremor during volitional movements, poor muscle tone.
What part of the central nervous system was injured?
A Cerebellum
B Medulla oblongata
C Oliencephalon
D Mesencephalon
E Prosencephalon
 110
A patient complains of pain in the heart area during acute attack of gastric ulcer. What vegetative
reflex can cause this painful feeling?
A Viscerovisceral reflex
B Viscerodermal reflex
C Visceromotor reflex
D Dermatovisceral reflex
E Motor-visceral reflex

111
In hot weather ventilators are often used to normalize the microclimate in the heated rooms. It leads to
intensified heat transfer from the human body by means of:
A Convection
B Conduction and convection
C Conduction
D Radiation
E Evaporation

112
A female patient, having visited the factory premises with lots of dust in the air for the first time, has
got cough and burning pain in the throat. What respiratory receptors, when irritated, cause this kind of
reaction?
A Irritant receptors
B Juxtacapillary (J) receptors
C Stretch receptors of lungs
D Proprioceptors of respiratory muscles
E Thermoreceptors

113
In an experiment a dog had been conditioned to salivate at the sight of food and a flash of light. After
conditioning the reflex, the light was then paired with the bell. The dog didn't start to salivate. What
type of inhibition was observed?
A External
B Differential
C Extinctive
D Persistent
E Protective

114
Cell membrane rest potential changed from -85 to -90 mV. It can be caused by activation of the
following cell membrane channels:
A Potassium
B Sodium
C Potassium and sodium
D Calcium
E Potassium and calcium

115
Cell membrane rest potential changed from -85 to -90 mV. It can be caused by activation of the
following cell membrane channels:
A Potassium
B Sodium
C Potassium and sodium
D Calcium
E Potassium and calcium

116
In the course of an experiment there has been increase in nerve conduction velocity. This may be
caused by increase in concentration of the following ions that are present in the solution around the
cell:
A Na+
B K+ and Cl-
C K+ and Na+
D Ca2+ and Cl-
E Ca2+

117
In course of an experiment there has been an increase in the nerve conduction velocity. This may be
caused by an increase in the concentration of the following ions that are present in the solution around
the cell:
A Na+
B K+ and Cl-
C K+ and Na+
D Ca2+ and Cl-
E Ca2+

118
A fixed-run taxi passenger has a sudden and expressed attack of tachycardia. A doctor travelling by
the same taxi has managed to slow down his heart rate by pressing upon the eyeballs and thus causing
the following reflex:
A Dagnini-Aschner reflex
B Bainbridge reflex
C Holtz's reflex
D Hering-Breuer reflex
E Frank-Starling mechanism

119
A passenger of a fixed-run taxi has a sudden and expressed attack of tachycardia. A doctor travelling
by the same taxi has managed to slow down his heart rate by pressing upon the eyeballs and thus
causing the following reflex:
A Dagnini-Aschner reflex
B Bainbridge reflex
C Holtz's reflex
D Hering-Breuer reflex
E Frank-Starling mechanism

120
During training session in the laboratory the students were performing spirography on themselves.
What indicator CANNOT be measured with this method?
A Functional residual capacity
B Vital capacity
C Respiratory minute volume
D Respiration rate
E Maximal breathing capacity

121
A blood drop has been put into a test tube with 0,3% solution of NaCl. What will happen to
erythrocytes?
A Osmotic haemolysis
B Shrinkage
C Mechanical haemolysis
D Any changes will be observed
E Biological haemolysis

122
A 30-year-old woman developed the signs of virilism (body hair growth, balding temples, disturbed
menstrual cycle). What hormone can cause this condition when hyperproduced?
A Testosterone
B Estriol
C Relaxin
D Oxytocin
E Prolactin

123
A 30-year-old woman exhibits signs of virilism (growth of body hair, balding temples, menstrual
disorders). This condition can be caused by overproduction of the following hormone:
A Testosterone
B Oestriol
C Relaxin
D Oxytocin
E Prolactin

124
In a dysentery patient undergoing treatment in the contagious isolation ward, a significant increase in
packed cell volume has been observed (60%). What other value will be affected by this change?
A Increasing blood viscosity
B Increasing volume of blood circulation
C Leukopenia
D Thrombocytopenia
E Increasing erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

125
Patient's systolic blood pressure is 90 mm Hg, diastolic - 70 mm Hg. Such blood pressure is
caused by decrease of the following factor:
A Pumping ability of the left heart
B Pumping ability of the right heart
C Aortic compliance
D Total peripheral resistance
E Vascular tone

126
 In an elderly person the change in heart force and vessels physical properties were detected; they can
be clearly observed on graphic recording of carotid pulse waves. What method was applied?
A Sphygmography
B Plethysmography
C Rheography
D Myography
E Phlebography

127
ECG of the patient shows increased duration of the QRS complex. What is the most likely cause?
A Increased period of ventricular excitation
B Disturbed conduction in the atrioventricular node
C Increased atrial excitability
D Increased atrial and ventricular excitability
E Increased period of atrial excitation

128
During the sports competition a boxer received a strong blow to the abdomen, which caused a
knockout due to a brief drop in blood pressure. What physiological mechanisms are the cause of this
condition?
A Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves
B Alteration of transcapillary exchange
C Ischemia of the central nervous system
D Abrupt change in body fluid volume
E Stimulation of sympathetic nerves

129
Electrocardiogram of a young man reveals deviation of his electrical axis of heart to the left. This
phenomenon can be caused by:
A Hypersthenic body type
B Asthenic body type
C Dilation of the right atrium
D Dilation of the right ventricle
E Dilation of the left atrium

130
A 6-year-old child suffers from delayed growth, disrupted ossification processes, decalcification of
the teeth. What can be the cause?
A Vitamin D deficiency
B Decreased glucagon production
C Insulin deficiency
D Hyperthyroidism
E Vitamin C deficiency

131
A 6-year-old child suffers from delayed growth, disrupted ossification processes, decalcification of
the teeth. What can be the cause?
A Vitamin D deficiency
B Decreased glucagon production
C Insulin deficiency
D Hyperthyroidism
E Vitamin C deficiency

132
A patient has the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifted to the left. What blood changes induce
this condition?
A Alkalosis, hypocapnia, temperature drop
B Acidosis, hypercapnia, temperature rise
C Acidosis, hypercapnia, temperature drop
D Acidosis, hypocapnia, temperature rise
E-

133
A 3-year-old child has eaten some strawberries. Soon he developed a rash and itching. What was
found in the child's leukogram?
A Eosinophilia
B Hypolymphemia
C Neutrophilic leukocytosis
D Monocytosis
E Lymphocytosis

134
During recording of a spirogram a patient calmly exhaled. How do we call the volume of air
remaining in the lungs?
A Functional residual capacity
B Pulmonary residual volume
C Expiratory reserve volume
D Tidal volume
E Vital capacity of lungs

135
Microelectrode analysis of nerve fiber biolectrical activity revealed, that its membrane potential
equals 90 mV. Its initial rest potential was 85 mV. What process occurs in this case?
A Hyperpolarization
B Depolarization
C Repolarization
D Overshoot
E Supernormality

136
Parkinson's disease is caused by disruption of dopamine synthesis. What brain structure synthesizes
this neurotransmitter?
A Substantia nigra
B Globus pallidus
C Corpora quadrigemina
D Red nucleus
E Hypothalamus

137
Parkinson's disease is caused by disruption of dopamine synthesis. What brain structure synthesizes
this neurotransmitter?
A Substantia nigra
B Globus pallidus
C Corpora quadrigemina
D Red nucleus
E Hypothalamus

138
Parkinson's disease is caused by disturbance of dopamine synthesis. What brain structure synthesizes
this neurotransmitter?
A Substantia nigra
B Globus pallidus
C Corpora quadrigemina
D Red nuclei
E Hypothalamus

139
Determining a patient's blood group with monoclonal test-reagents revealed positive agglutination
reaction to anti-A and anti-B reagents, and negative reaction to anti-D. What blood group does this
patient have?
A ІV (АВ) Rh (-)
B ІІ (А) Rh (+)
C ІІІ (В) Rh (-)
D ІV (АВ) Rh (+)
E І (0) Rh (+)

140
Determining a patient's blood group with monoclonal test-reagents revealed positive agglutination
reaction to anti-A and anti-B reagents, and negative reaction to anti-D. What blood group does this
patient have?
A ІV (АВ) Rh (-)
B ІІ (А) Rh (+)
C ІІІ (В) Rh (-)
D ІV (АВ) Rh (+)
E І (0) Rh (+)

141
A patient visited a dentist to extract a tooth. After the tooth had been extracted, bleeding from the
tooth socket continued for 15 minutes. Anamnesis states that the patient suffers from active chronic
hepatitis. What phenomenon can extend the time of hemorrhage?
A Decrease of fibrinogen content in blood
B Thrombocytopenia
C Hypocalcemia
D Increased activity of anticoagulation system
E Decrease of albumine content in blood

142
A patient visited a dentist to extract a tooth. After the tooth had been extracted, bleeding from the
tooth socket continued for 15 minutes. Anamnesis states that the patient suffers from active chronic
hepatitis. What phenomenon can extend the time of hemorrhage?
A Decrease of fibrinogen content in blood
B Thrombocytopenia
C Hypocalcemia
D Increased activity of anticoagulation system
E Decrease of albumine content in blood

143
During ascent into mountains a person develops increased respiration rate and rapid heart rate. What
is the cause of these changes?
A Decrease of O2 partial pressure
B Increase of CO2 partial pressure
C Increase of blood pH
D Increase of nitrogen content in air
E Increase of air humidity

144
During experiment a dog has developed conditioned digestive reflex in response to a sound stimulus.
This conditioned reflex will not be exhibited anymore after the extirpation of the following areas of the
cerebral hemispheres:
A Temporal lobe on both sides
B Occipital lobe on one side
C Parietal lobe on both sides
D Temporal lobe on one side
E Occipital lobe on both sides

145
An experiment was aimed at testing flexor reflex in a spinal frog, which was initiated by simultaneous
stimulation with isolated pre-threshold electrical impulses. The frequency of those impulses was such,
that the reflex occurred. What process in the nerve centers can be observed during this experiment?
A Temporal summation
B Spatial summation
C Presynaptic summation
D Postsynaptic summation
E Threshold summation

146
A soldier with explosion-caused trauma was delivered to a hospital. Examination revealed his
tympanic membrane to be intact. What defense reflex prevented the tympanic membrane from
rupturing?
A Contraction of m. tensor tympani
B Relaxation of m. tensor tympani
C Contraction of m. auricularis arterior
D Relaxation of m. auricularis arterior
E Relaxation of m. stapedins

147
A student, whose educational achievements throughout the semester were poor, feels emotionally
tense during the final test. What is the primary cause that induced leading mechanism of emotional
tension in this case?
A Lack of information
B Tight time
C Ttight time and lack of energy
D Lack of energy
E Lack of energy and information

148
A person becomes less receptive to pain in physically or emotionally straining situations due to
activation of:
A Antinociceptive system
B Thyroid gland functions
C Nociceptive system
D Adrenal glands functions
E Parasympathetic nervous system

149
In human organism significant blood loss leads to decreased blood pressure, tachycardia, and
weakness. Eventually the sensation of thirst appears. What hormone participates in the development of
this sensation?
A Angiotensin 2
B Cortisol
C Serotonin
D Dopamine
E Adrenalin

150
When investigating human saliva it is necessary to assess its hydrolytic properties. What substance
should be used as a substrate in the process?
A Starch
B Proteins
C Fats
D Fiber
E Amino acids