Hybrid Vehicle: A Technical Seminar Report On
Hybrid Vehicle: A Technical Seminar Report On
Hybrid Vehicle: A Technical Seminar Report On
On
HYBRID VEHICLE
Submitted to
MADANAPALLE
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
In today’s fast developing world, air pollution is rapidly increasing and affecting most of
the major cities of the world. These increased is mainly due to the emission of carbon
dioxide and other toxic gases from the vehicles which leads to gradual increasing in
global warming. And also demand for utilization of fossil fuels is increasing at a greater
rate as the use of vehicles is fast growing.
In order to overcome and minimize these criteria hybrid engines were introduced. A
hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the
vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which
combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors
A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. The most
common type of hybrid vehicle is the gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles, which use
gasoline (petrol), and electric batteries for the energy used to power internal combustion
engines (ICEs) and electric motors. These motors are usually relatively small and would
be considered "underpowered" by themselves, but they can provide a normal driving
experience when used in combination during acceleration and other maneuvers that
require greater power. The presence of the electric power train is intended to achieve
either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance.
LITERACURE REVIEW
This is the most commonly adapted hybrid vehicle which combines propulsion sources
of an electric motor and an I.C. engine. The power supply to the electric motor comes
from onboard batteries. In a HEV, the I.C. engine cooperates with an electric motor
which leads to a more optimal use of the engine. Driving in city traffic involves frequent
starts and stops of the vehicle. During idling, the engine consumes more fuel without
producing useful work thus contributing to higher fuel consumption, less efficiency and
unnecessary emission from exhaust. The HEV solves the problem by switching to power
transmission through the motor and shutting off the engine. This way no fuel will be
consumed during idling with no exhaust emission. Another advantage of HEV is that
when fuel tank gets empty while driving the engine, the vehicle can be driven on electric
power within its maximum range.
METHOLODY
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
In a traditional hybrid vehicle, we have a complete electric car. It includes an electric motor to
provide all of the power to the wheels, as well as batteries to supply the motor with electricity
and a completely separate gasoline engine powering a generator. The engine is very small (10 to
20 horsepower) and it are designed to run at just one speed for maximum efficiency. The purpose
of this small, efficient engine is to provide enough power for the car at its cruising speed. During
times of acceleration, the batteries provide the extra power necessary. When the car is
decelerating or standing still, the batteries recharge. This sort of hybrid car is essentially an
electric car with a built-in recharger for longer range. A regenerative braking system used in
automobiles converts the kinetic energy produced while stopping the vehicle into a storable
energy form, rather than allowing it to dissipate as heat, which is the case in conventional
braking systems. The energy that is recouped during braking is saved and re-routed into the
battery packs, which in turn provides power to the electric motor that then supplements the main
drive engine. The advantage is that the small, efficient gasoline engine gets great mileage.
Power train in any vehicle refers to the group of components that generate power and deliver it to
the road surface. Hybrid vehicles can be classified into three basic categories of power train
systems which are briefly discussed below.
1.Series Hybrid:
This is an electric power train for which an I.C. engine acts as a generator to charge batteries and
provide power to the electric drive motor which can be seen in Fig.1. These vehicles usually
have a larger battery pack and larger motors with smaller I.C. engines. Series hybrids can be
assisted by ultra-caps, which can improve the efficiency by minimizing the losses in the battery.
They deliver peak energy during acceleration and take regenerative energy during braking.
A complex transmission between motor and wheel is not needed, as electric motors are efficient
over a wide speed range. If the motors are attached to the vehicle body, flexible couplings are
required. Some vehicle designs have separate electric motors for each wheel. Motor integration
into the wheels has the disadvantage that the unsprung mass increases decreasing the ride
performance. Advantages of individual wheel motors include simplified traction control (no
conventional mechanical transmission elements such as gearbox, transmission shafts, and
differential), all Wheel drive and allowing floors.
2. Parallel hybrid
Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor in
parallel connected to a mechanical transmission. Most designs combine a large electrical
generator and a motor into one unit, often located between the combustion engine and the
transmission, replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator. The battery can be
recharged during regenerative breaking, and during cruising (when the ICE power is higher than
the required power for propulsion).
More mechanically complex than a series hybrid, the parallel power train is dual-driven,
allowing both the combustion engine and the electric motor to propel the car. Fig.2 shows that
the I.C. engine and motor operate in tandem.
Usually the combustion engine operates as the primary means of propulsion and the electric
motor acting as a backup or torque/power booster. The advantages of this are smaller batteries
(less weight) and generally more efficient regenerative braking to both slow the car and capture
energy while doing so. Another advantage is that it can easily be incorporated into existing
vehicle models.
Fig2: Structure of parallel hybrid vehicles
3. Series-Parallel Hybrid
Series-Parallel Hybrid This drive train is a combination of the two drive train types, allowing for
the vehicle to operate as all-electric (as a series hybrid), as an all combustion vehicle, or as a
combination of the two (as a parallel hybrid). This is the most complex and least efficient power
train for most applications.
But the main principle behind the combined system is the decoupling of the power supplied by
the engine from the power demanded by the driver. In a conventional vehicle, a larger engine is
used to provide acceleration from standstill than one needed for steady speed cruising. This is
because a combustion engine's torque is minimal at lower RPMs, as the engine is its own air
pump.
On the other hand, an electric motor exhibits maximum torque at stall and is well suited to
complement the engine's torque deficiency at low RPMs. In a combined hybrid at lower speeds,
this system operates as a series HEV, while at high speeds, where the series powertrain is less
efficient, the engine takes over. This system is more expensive than a pure parallel system as it
needs an extra generator, a mechanical split power system and more computing power to control
the dual system
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors
and can be configured to obtain different objectives, such as improved fuel economy, increased
power, or additional auxiliary power for electronic devices and power tools The transmission of
power using freewheels and chain wheels are very cheap and reliable. One disadvantage is that
driving on electric power is not a good option for a long distance travel. Though this combined
power train system can become much useful in more stop and go traffic situations. With the use
of this powertrain system, the overall fuel consumption and fuel economy is improved. Such
vehicle would run on fuel but would use its electric motor to boost the power when needed. The
costs of HEVs are a little more than the conventional cars but they more efficient and the exhaust
emissions are less.
REFERENCES
[1] Satti Swami Reddy, Kola Siva Tharun, Eco Friendly Vehicle, International Journal of
Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), 4(4), April 2013, 957-960.
[2] Trajkovic, S., Tunestal, P., and Johansson, B., "Vehicle Driving Cycle Simulation of a
Pneumatic Hybrid Bus Based on Experimental Engine Measurements," SAE Technical Paper
2010-01-0825, 2010, doi:10.4271/2010-01-0825.
[3] Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles-Design Fundamentals, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2003.
[4] Charters, D., 2008. MIRA Case Study: Hybrid 4WD vehicle (H4V).