A Technical Seminar Report

On

HYBRID VEHICLE

Submitted to

MADANAPALLE INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

MADANAPALLE

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

Narasimha Reddy S.R - 17695A0349

Submitted to

Dr.Ankit Saxena Ph.D Dr. N. Shiva Kumar Ph.D

(Sr. Asst. professor) (Sr. Asst. professor)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

(UGC - AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuram)
(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution, Accredited by NBA)
ANGALLU, MADANAPALLE
2019 - 2020
 INTRODUCTION

In today’s fast developing world, air pollution is rapidly increasing and affecting most of
the major cities of the world. These increased is mainly due to the emission of carbon
dioxide and other toxic gases from the vehicles which leads to gradual increasing in
global warming. And also demand for utilization of fossil fuels is increasing at a greater
rate as the use of vehicles is fast growing.

In order to overcome and minimize these criteria hybrid engines were introduced. A
hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the
vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which
combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors

A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. The most
common type of hybrid vehicle is the gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles, which use
gasoline (petrol), and electric batteries for the energy used to power internal combustion
engines (ICEs) and electric motors. These motors are usually relatively small and would
be considered "underpowered" by themselves, but they can provide a normal driving
experience when used in combination during acceleration and other maneuvers that
require greater power. The presence of the electric power train is intended to achieve
either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance.
 LITERACURE REVIEW

This is the most commonly adapted hybrid vehicle which combines propulsion sources
of an electric motor and an I.C. engine. The power supply to the electric motor comes
from onboard batteries. In a HEV, the I.C. engine cooperates with an electric motor
which leads to a more optimal use of the engine. Driving in city traffic involves frequent
starts and stops of the vehicle. During idling, the engine consumes more fuel without
producing useful work thus contributing to higher fuel consumption, less efficiency and
unnecessary emission from exhaust. The HEV solves the problem by switching to power
transmission through the motor and shutting off the engine. This way no fuel will be
consumed during idling with no exhaust emission. Another advantage of HEV is that
when fuel tank gets empty while driving the engine, the vehicle can be driven on electric
power within its maximum range.
 METHOLODY

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
In a traditional hybrid vehicle, we have a complete electric car. It includes an electric motor to
provide all of the power to the wheels, as well as batteries to supply the motor with electricity
and a completely separate gasoline engine powering a generator. The engine is very small (10 to
20 horsepower) and it are designed to run at just one speed for maximum efficiency. The purpose
of this small, efficient engine is to provide enough power for the car at its cruising speed. During
times of acceleration, the batteries provide the extra power necessary. When the car is
decelerating or standing still, the batteries recharge. This sort of hybrid car is essentially an
electric car with a built-in recharger for longer range. A regenerative braking system used in
automobiles converts the kinetic energy produced while stopping the vehicle into a storable
energy form, rather than allowing it to dissipate as heat, which is the case in conventional
braking systems. The energy that is recouped during braking is saved and re-routed into the
battery packs, which in turn provides power to the electric motor that then supplements the main
drive engine. The advantage is that the small, efficient gasoline engine gets great mileage.

TYPES OF HYBRID POWER TRAIN:

Power train in any vehicle refers to the group of components that generate power and deliver it to
the road surface. Hybrid vehicles can be classified into three basic categories of power train
systems which are briefly discussed below.

1.Series Hybrid:

This is an electric power train for which an I.C. engine acts as a generator to charge batteries and
provide power to the electric drive motor which can be seen in Fig.1. These vehicles usually
have a larger battery pack and larger motors with smaller I.C. engines. Series hybrids can be
assisted by ultra-caps, which can improve the efficiency by minimizing the losses in the battery.
They deliver peak energy during acceleration and take regenerative energy during braking.

A complex transmission between motor and wheel is not needed, as electric motors are efficient
over a wide speed range. If the motors are attached to the vehicle body, flexible couplings are
required. Some vehicle designs have separate electric motors for each wheel. Motor integration
into the wheels has the disadvantage that the unsprung mass increases decreasing the ride
performance. Advantages of individual wheel motors include simplified traction control (no
conventional mechanical transmission elements such as gearbox, transmission shafts, and
differential), all Wheel drive and allowing floors.

Fig1: Structure of series hybrid vehicle.

2. Parallel hybrid

Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor in
parallel connected to a mechanical transmission. Most designs combine a large electrical
generator and a motor into one unit, often located between the combustion engine and the
transmission, replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator. The battery can be
recharged during regenerative breaking, and during cruising (when the ICE power is higher than
the required power for propulsion).

More mechanically complex than a series hybrid, the parallel power train is dual-driven,
allowing both the combustion engine and the electric motor to propel the car. Fig.2 shows that
the I.C. engine and motor operate in tandem.

Usually the combustion engine operates as the primary means of propulsion and the electric
motor acting as a backup or torque/power booster. The advantages of this are smaller batteries
(less weight) and generally more efficient regenerative braking to both slow the car and capture
energy while doing so. Another advantage is that it can easily be incorporated into existing
vehicle models.
 Fig2: Structure of parallel hybrid vehicles

3. Series-Parallel Hybrid

Series-Parallel Hybrid This drive train is a combination of the two drive train types, allowing for
the vehicle to operate as all-electric (as a series hybrid), as an all combustion vehicle, or as a
combination of the two (as a parallel hybrid). This is the most complex and least efficient power
train for most applications.

Fig3: Simplified structure of a combined hybrid electric

Combined hybrid systems have features of both series and parallel hybrids. There is a double
connection between the engine and the drive axle: mechanical and electrical. This split power
path allows interconnecting mechanical and electrical power, at some cost in complexity. Power-
split devices are incorporated in the power train. The power to the wheels can be either
mechanical or electrical or both. This is also the case in parallel hybrids.

But the main principle behind the combined system is the decoupling of the power supplied by
the engine from the power demanded by the driver. In a conventional vehicle, a larger engine is
used to provide acceleration from standstill than one needed for steady speed cruising. This is
because a combustion engine's torque is minimal at lower RPMs, as the engine is its own air
pump.

On the other hand, an electric motor exhibits maximum torque at stall and is well suited to
complement the engine's torque deficiency at low RPMs. In a combined hybrid at lower speeds,
this system operates as a series HEV, while at high speeds, where the series powertrain is less
efficient, the engine takes over. This system is more expensive than a pure parallel system as it
needs an extra generator, a mechanical split power system and more computing power to control
the dual system
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages of series hybrid vehicles:

There is no mechanical link between the combustion engine and the wheels. The engine-
generator group can be located everywhere.
There are no conventional mechanical transmission elements (gearbox, transmission shafts).
Separate electric wheel motors can be implemented easily.
The combustion engine can operate in a narrow rpm range (its most efficient range), even as the
car changes speed.
Series hybrids are relatively the most efficient during stop-and-go city driving.
Weaknesses of series hybrid vehicles:
The ICE, the generator and the electric motor are dimensioned to handle the full power of the
vehicle. Therefore, the total weight, cost and size of the powertrain can be excessive.
The power from the combustion engine has to run through both the generator and electric motor.
During long-distance highway driving, the total efficiency is inferior to a conventional
transmission, due to the several energy.
Example of SHEV: Renault.

Advantages of parallel hybrid vehicles:

Total efficiency is higher during cruising and long-distance highway driving.
Large flexibility to switch between electric and ICE power
Compared to series hybrids, the electromotor can be designed less powerful than the ICE, as it is
assisting traction. Only one electrical motor/generator is required.
Weaknesses of parallel hybrid vehicles:
Rather complicated system.
The ICE doesn’t operate in a narrow or constant RPM range, thus efficiency drops at low
rotation speed.
As the ICE is not decoupled from the wheels, the battery cannot be charged at standstill.

Example of PHEV: Honda Civic. Honda's IMA (Integrated Motor Assist)

Advantages of combined hybrid vehicles:

Maximum flexibility to switch between electric and ICE power
Decoupling of the power supplied by the engine from the power demanded by the driver allows
for a smaller, lighter, and more efficient ICE design.
Weaknesses of combined hybrid vehicles:
Very complicated system, more expensive than parallel hybrid.
The efficiency of the power train transmission is dependent on the amount of power being
transmitted over the electrical path, as multiple conversions, each with their own efficiency, lead
to a lower efficiency of that path (~70%) compared with the purely mechanical path (98%).
Example of CHEV: Toyota Prius, Auris, Lexus CT200h, Lexus RX400h.

CONCLUSION

Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors
and can be configured to obtain different objectives, such as improved fuel economy, increased
power, or additional auxiliary power for electronic devices and power tools The transmission of
power using freewheels and chain wheels are very cheap and reliable. One disadvantage is that
driving on electric power is not a good option for a long distance travel. Though this combined
power train system can become much useful in more stop and go traffic situations. With the use
of this powertrain system, the overall fuel consumption and fuel economy is improved. Such
vehicle would run on fuel but would use its electric motor to boost the power when needed. The
costs of HEVs are a little more than the conventional cars but they more efficient and the exhaust
emissions are less.

REFERENCES

[1] Satti Swami Reddy, Kola Siva Tharun, Eco Friendly Vehicle, International Journal of
Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), 4(4), April 2013, 957-960.
[2] Trajkovic, S., Tunestal, P., and Johansson, B., "Vehicle Driving Cycle Simulation of a
Pneumatic Hybrid Bus Based on Experimental Engine Measurements," SAE Technical Paper
2010-01-0825, 2010, doi:10.4271/2010-01-0825.
[3] Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles-Design Fundamentals, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2003.
[4] Charters, D., 2008. MIRA Case Study: Hybrid 4WD vehicle (H4V).