Experiment # 01: Introduction To Computer

Introduction To Computer
Experiment # 01
OBJECTIVE:
Study the basic computer hardware and its organization
THEORY:
All computer systems, no matter how small or large, have the same fundamental capabilities:
processing, storage, input and output.
INPUT UNIT:
Input unit includes devices like keyboard and mouse, which are used by the user to give some
data to the computer.
PROCESSING UNIT:
Processing unit is where these data are processed and turned into meaningful information.
Processing unit also includes temporary storage (RAM) in which the data currently being
processed are stored temporarily.
OUTPUT UNIT:
To show the result of processes, to the user, output devices like monitors and printers are used.
The output on a monitor is usually called softcopy and the output on a printer is usually called
hardcopy.
PERMANENT STORAGE:
Sometimes we may want to store our data and information permanently so that we can refer to
them again, later. For this purpose, interchangeable devices like floppy disk drives and CD-ROM
drives, or permanently installed devices like hard disks are used as permanent storage medium
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AN INTERNAL LOOK TO A PC:
MOTHERBOARD:
It is a microcomputer circuit board that contains slots for connecting peripherals like RAM
modules, CPU and adapter cards. Motherboards also have electronic circuitry for handling such
tasks as I/O signals from those peripheral devices. A motherboard is the backbone of a computer
system: The power of a PC highly depends on the peripherals that its motherboard supports.
CPU:
It is the brain of a computer system. It is the component, which controls what’s going on in the
system at any moment. Other components act according to the orders of the CPU. All the current
inputs and any previously stored data are processed by the CPU to obtain meaningful
information.
RAM:
It is the primary memory of a PC. Anything in a secondary storage device (permanent storage)
that has to be processed by the CPU, must first be loaded to RAM, because there are no machine
instructions to directly access and use any data which is stored in a secondary storage medium.
RAM is a volatile memory, therefore if electricity cut or a reset should occur; all the data in
RAM are lost.
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HARD DISK:
It is one of the most popular secondary storage devices. It is a magnetic medium that stores its
contents permanently, even in the absence of electricity power. You store your documents,
pictures, photos, songs, etc in Hard disks.
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE:
It is a device into which you insert interchangeable floppy disks. Floppy disks are also magnetic
storage mediums. FDDs works much slower than Hard disks and floppy disks have much smaller
storage capacities. Floppy disks are usually used to copy some files from your PC to another PC,
vice versa.
GRAPHICS CARD:
This circuit board is responsible from the visual outputs that will be displayed on the monitor.
Nowadays, graphics cards have their own memory modules and processor chips, by which they
lessen the load of CPU and RAM, hence enabling us to see very detailed graphics and high
quality animations and video. PCs are general-purpose devices that can be used in many areas of
interest, and of course there exists many other hardware components that can be added to them to
increase their functionalities. These include CD-ROM drives, sound cards, radio cards, TV cards,
modem cards, etc…
Exercise:
Assembling Motherboard and work on ATX and Non-ATX Power Supply.……………..
Solution:
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ASSEMBLING OF THE MOTHER BOARD:
 CPU Socket:
In this socket we place the Cpu (central processing unit). This is also known as the brain
of the computer
 RAM Slots:
In this socket we place RAM. In the above fig. besides the ram slot there is a white
connectors. Basically they are the lock of the ram.
 Floppy Connector:
This port is use to connect the floppy drive with the mother board.
 EIDE Connectors:
This port is use to connect the hard disk with the mother board.
 CMOS Battery:
CMOS battery is used to provide the low voltage to CMOS to save the password and time
etc.
 ISA Slot:
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) is a computer bus standard for IBM PC
compatible computers introduced with the IBM Personal Computer to support its Intel
8088 microprocessor's 8-bit external data bus and extended to 16 bits for the IBM
Personal Computer/AT's Intel 80286 processor. The ISA bus was further extended for use
with 32-bit processors as Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA).
 PCI Slot:
Conventional PCI (PCI is an initialize formed from Peripheral Component Interconnect,
part of the PCI Local Bus standard and often shortened to PCI) is a local computer bus
for attaching hardware devices in a computer.
 AGP Slot:
The Accelerated Graphics Port (often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point
channel for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the
acceleration of 3D computer graphics.
ATX Power Supply:
The ATX specification requires the power supply to produce three main outputs, +3.3 V,
+5 V and +12 V. Low-power −12 V and 5 VSB (standby) supplies are also required. A −5 V
output was originally required because it was supplied on the ISA bus, but it became obsolete
with the removal of the ISA bus in modern PCs and has been removed in later versions of the
ATX standard.
Originally, the motherboard was powered by one 20-pin connector. An ATX power supply
provides a number of peripheral power connectors, and (in modern systems) two connectors for
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the motherboard: a 4-pin auxiliary connector providing additional power to the CPU, and a main
24-pin power supply connector, an extension of the original 20-pin version.
24-pin ATX12V 2.x power supply connector

(20-pin omits the last four: 11, 12, 23 and 24)
Color Signal Pin Pin Signal Color
+3.3 V Orange
Orange +3.3 V 1 13
+3.3 V sense Brown
Orange +3.3 V 2 14 −12 V Blue
Black Ground 3 15 Ground Black
Red +5 V 4 16 Power on Green
Red +5 V 6 18 Ground Black
Grey Power good 8 20 Reserved N/C
Purple +5 V standby 9 21 +5 V Red
Yellow +12 V 10 22 +5 V Red
Yellow +12 V 11 23 +5 V Red
Orange +3.3 V 12 24 Ground Black
Teacher Signature:__________________ Date:_________________
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Introduction To Computer

AN INTERNAL LOOK TO A PC:

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE:

ASSEMBLING OF THE MOTHER BOARD:

ATX Power Supply:

24-pin ATX12V 2.x power supply connector

Teacher Signature:__ Date:_

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