Lecture #2 PeE3321

Rig systems
Wellbore Elements and Volumes

Rig types Re‐cap from last time

Land‐based drilling rigs consist of engines, a drawworks, a mast, pumps to circulate mud,
blowout preventers, drill stem. They can be further divided into size based on height of
Land rigs Mast, single, double triples, horsepower, or depth Light duty rigs 3000‐5000 ft, medium
duty 4000‐5000 feet, Heavy duty rings 12000‐15000 feet and ultra heavy rigs 18000‐ 250000
feet. Kelly drive or top drive.
Jack‐up rigs are mobile, self‐elevating, offshore drilling platforms equipped with legs that
Jack up rigs can be lowered to the ocean floor until a foundation is established to support the hull,
which contains the drilling equipment, etc.
A platform is a stationary offshore oil production facility. Platform rigs drilling unit
Platform rigs provides offshore drilling at these facilities.
For very shallow water. The barge can not handle waves and rests on the sea floor when
Drilling barge drilling. Used in lakes and swamp lands like Louisiana.
Rests on the sea floor when drilling. Compartments are flooded which cause the rig to
Submersible rigs submerge and rest on bottom. When ready to move the water is removed and the rig can
float and be towed to next location. Shallow inland sea submersible is called drilling barge.
Floating offshore rig with pontoons and columns. When flooded with water the rigs
Semi‐submersible pontoons cause the unit top partially submerge to a predetermineddepth.
Drill ships Special designed ships with a drilling unit onboard.

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 Covered in Lecture 2
Concepts Calculations
• Know the 6 rig systems • Static Force on Dead line and Fast line
 Explain the hoisting system • Dynamic Force in Dead line
 Explain the Rotary system and the two • Efficiency of motor and sheaves
types of rotary systems
• Static load on derrick
• Open hole and types of wellbore sections • Horsepower of hoisting system
 Open hole • Volumes in open hole
 Casing • Volumes inside casing and annular spaces
 Liner • Displacement of casing and drill pipe
 Drill stem

A rig has 6 basic components

1. Hoisting system

2. Power system

3. Rotarysystem

4. Circulating system (Drilling fluid System)

5. Well control system

6. Well monitoring system

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 A rig has 6 basic components
1. Hoisting system

2. Power system

3. Rotarysystem

4. Circulating system (Drilling fluid System)

5. Well control system

6. Well monitoring system

Hoisting system ‐ Derricks and masts

The Hoisting system is used to
raise, lower, and suspend
equipment in the well

Hoisting system consists of:

1. Crown Block
2. Traveling Block
3. Derrick (mast)
4. Drawworks
5. Fast line (Drilling line)
6. Deadline

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 Hoisting System
Crown block

Fast line
Deadline

Anchor

Drawworks Supply Reel

Traveling block

Hoisting System – Crown Block

• A series of sheaves (i.e. pulleys)
fixed in the top of the derrick
used to change the direction of
pull from the drawworks to the
traveling block.

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 Hoisting System‐ Crown and Traveling Block
The fast line is threaded many
times between the crown block
and the traveling block.

Hoisting System‐ Masts and Derricks

• Vertical structure that allows vertical
clearance and strength to raise and lower
the drill string.
• This structure withstands compressive
loading and wind loading.
• A mast is a strong tower that stands
independently on the rig floor and is
raised as a single‐piece unit.
• A standard Derrick has 4 legs that us
usually bolted together and with beams
to increase the strength.
• Derrick can not be raised or lowered in a
single operation.

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 Hoisting System‐ Drawworks
‐ The principal parts of the Drawworks are the drum, the drum
brakes, transmission, and cathead.

‐ The principal function is to convert the power source into a

hoisting operation and provide braking capacity to stop and
sustain the weights imposed when lowering or raising the drill
string.

‐ The drum is housed in the Drawworks and transmits the

torque required for hoisting and braking. It also stores the
drilling line required to move the traveling block the length of
the derrick.

• The elevators are used for latching on to the tool joint or lift
sub of the drill pipe or drill collars.
• connected to the hoisting system (traveling block)

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 Hoisting system
Derrick or Mast Vertical structure that allows vertical clearance and strength to raise and lower the drill string. This structure with‐
stands two types of loading: compressive loading and wind loading. A mast is a strong tower that stands independently on the
rig floor and is raised as a single‐piece unit. A standard Derrick has 4 legs that us usually bolted together and with beams to
increase the strength. Derrick can not be raised or lowered in a single operation. Today masts is much more common, but in
practice Derrick is loosely used for both Mast andDerrick.
Types of Derricks:
Triple‐ has the capacity of pulling 90’ stands of pipe
Double‐ has the capacity of pulling 60’ stands ofpipe
Single‐ has the capacity of pulling 30’stands of pipe (one 30‐ftjoint)
Standard Derricks ‐ Four sided structures that must be assembled and disassembled when transporting.
Portable Derricks ‐ Telescoping and jackknife types. The telescoping derrick is raised and lowered in an extending and collapsing
fashion and lowered in one piece, but has to be disassembled to some degree after beinglowered.

Deadline ‐ The drilling line strung through the traveling block and to the drawworks is secured by the deadline, which is wrapped
around the deadline reel and clamped. This prevents the line from slipping and the traveling block from falling.

Anchor – Anchors the deadline to the rig floor. A weight indicator is attached to the anchor. Drilling

line supply reel. A reel with spare drilling line which is attached to the deadline and anchor. Fast

Line (Drilling line)‐ is a wire rope or a steel cable used in the hoistingsystem.

Traveling Block ‐ The block and tackle which is rigged with the crown block by multiples of drilling line strung between the crown
block and the traveling block

Hook The hook is located beneath the traveling block. This device is used to pick up and secure the swivel andkelly.

Cathead –The cathead is a shaft with a lifting head that extends on either side of the drawworks and has two major functions. It is
used in making up and breaking out tool joints in the drill string. It is also used as a hoisting device for heavy equipment on the
drill floor. This is done by wrapping the catline (catline is generally made of rope and is connected to a piece of chain used to tie
on to equipment) around the lifting head.

To be covered in today lecture

Concepts Calculations
• Know the 6 rig systems (continued) • Static Force on Dead line and Fast line
 Explain the Rotary system and the two • Dynamic Force in Dead line
types of rotary systems
• Efficiency of motor and sheaves
• Static load on derrick
• Open hole and types of wellbore sections
 Open hole
• Horsepower of hoisting system
 Casing • Volumes in open hole
 Liner • Volumes inside casing and annular spaces
 Drill stem • Displacement of casing and drill pipe

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 Simple Pulley System

W =
FFL FFL W
FFL W

Force on fast line: FFL = W

Load on Derrick: LD = FFL+W (no friction)

Block and Tackle System (no friction)

For an ideal, frictionless system

the tension in the drilling line is
the same throughout the system
Mechanical advantage
To pull the drill string up the
force needed on the fast line is
only ¼ of the weight of the drill
string. That is the mechanical
advantage of a block and tackle
system

Force fast line: FFL= W/4

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 Block and Tackle System (With Friction)

For an actual system, efficiency

has to be taken into account
Overall efficiency of a block
and tackle system (or any
engine)

Efficiency (%) = Output power x 100

Input power

Schematic of the hoisting system

Crown block (CB)

Fast Line (FL)

Traveling
block (TB)

Draw works

Dead Line (DL)

Drill
Stem
(DS)

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 Load on the fast line and dead line
W CB

FFLF= 1/8 (W DS + W TB) 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
FL

FF = 1/8 (W DS + W TB)
DLDL

W TB

Dead Line
W DS

Load on the fast line = FFL = 1/n (W DS + WTB)

Load on the dead line = FDL = 1/n (W DS + W TB)

Dynamic Load on the fast line

W CB

FFL =L1/n
FL (W DS +W TB)
FDL

W TB

W DS
Dead Line
Overpull = OP
Dynamic load on the fast line

FFL-DYN = (FFL)/ eshn esh= individual sheaveefficiency

FFL-DYN = (FFL)/En En = Overall Hoisting efficiency

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 Friction in the Sheaves
The block and tackle which is rigged with the crown block by multiples of
drilling line strung between the crown block and the traveling block. The
efficiency, En, can be computed as
n
En = esh
where
En is the overall hoisting efficiency
esh is the efficiency of each sheave
n is the number of lines strung between the crown block and
traveling block
Example:
Given esh =0.98; n = 8 Then En = 0.851

When the drill stem is stuck

OP = Over pull
FFL-DYN = (FFL+OP)/eshn
OP = 0 in normal drilling operations

Static Load on the Derrick ‐ LD

W CB

FLFL = 1/n (W DS + W TB)

FL
FLDL = 1/n (W DS + W TB)
DL

W TB

Dead Line
W DS

Load on the Derrick = LD = W DS +W TB + FFL +FDL +W CB

Load on the Derrick = LD = ((n+2)/n) * (W DS +W TB) + W CB

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 Load on the substructure

Substructure of the rig is supported on a foundation which is in turn

supported by the earth’s surface (or ocean surface). The substructure
supports the Derrick (mast).

Lss = LRT +LSB

LSS is the load acting on the substructures

LSB is the set back load of the drill string.
LRT is the maximum load supported in the rotary table

Derrick load (no friction) Example L2‐1

The total weight of 9,000 ft of 9 5/8‐inch Casing string for a deep
well is determined to be 380,000 lbs, the traveling block
weighs 20,000 lbs.

Calculate the maximum Derrick load.

Since this will be the heaviest casing string run, the maximum
mast load must be calculated.
Assuming that 10 lines run between the crown and the traveling
blocks (i.e. n = 10) and neglecting buoyancy effects.

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 Static Derrick load Solution:
LD = W + FFL +FDL
LD = W DS +W TB + FFL +FDL +W CB

The tensional force LFL, will be distributed equally

between the 10 lines. Therefore,
FFL = W/n = 400,000/10 = 40,000 lbf
Tensional force in the dead line
FDL = FFL = 40,000 lbf

LD = 410,000lbf + 40,000lbf +40,000lbf = 490,000

The total mast load is always greater than the load being lifted.

Solution, cont.
The Example demonstrates two additional points.

1. The Derrick load decreases with additional lines.

2.The total Derrick load is always greater than the load

being lifted.

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 A rig has 6 basic components

1. Hoisting system

2. Power system

3. Rotarysystem

4. Circulating system (Drilling fluid System)

5. Well control system

6. Well monitoring system

Power on the rig

• Prime movers are the main power source on the rig.
– Prime movers power the drawworks and rotary table.
– The power is used to:
• Rise and lower equipment into the well
• Turn the drill string
• Pump mud

– Prime movers are need to power auxiliary equipment like,

solids control, shale shakers, lighting, heating, BOP
systems, laboratory equipment, etc…

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 Hoisting Horsepower
The hoisting Horsepower needed to lift the hook load at a
given velocity is

HPhoist = Lhoist * Vhook

33,000

Lhoist is the total hoisting load (lb)

Vhook is the hook velocity(ft/m)

Maximum hoisting horsepower conditions generally occur

when setting surface or intermediate casings strings.

Hoisting Horsepower (cont.)

The required minimum prime mover horsepower to the
hoisting system is

HPhoistin = Lhoist * Vhook

33,000 * eshn * edraw

Lhoist is the total hoisting load (lb)

Vhook is the hook velocity (ft/min)
Maximum hoisting horsepower conditions generally occur
when setting surface or intermediate casings strings.

eshn = drilling line efficiency

edraw = is the mechanical coupling efficiency (0.8‐0.9) (Drawworks
mechanical efficiency)

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 Example L2‐2
A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lb (including the traveling
block weight). The draw works can provide an input power to
the block and tackle system as high as 500 hp. Eight lines are
strung between the crown block and traveling block. Sheave
efficiency is .98 and mechanical efficiency is 0.9. Calculate;

1. The static tension in the fast line when upward motion is impending,

2. the maximum hook horsepower available,

3. the maximum hoisting speed

Solution
1. Force (Tension) in the Fast Line,

WDS / n 300,000 / 8
LFL    44,078 lb
en 0.98 ^ 8

2. The hoisting horsepower available is

HPhoist = HPhoistin*esh *emech

= 500 * 0.98^8* 0.9 = 382.8 hp

3. The maximum hoisting speed

Vhook = 33000 * HPhoist 382.8 * 33,000 = 42.1 ft/min

Lhoist 300,000

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 A rig has 6 basic components
1. Hoisting system

2. Power system

3. Rotarysystem

4. Circulating system (Drilling fluid System)

5. Well control system

6. Well monitoring system

Rotary System
• Generally, bits can be rotated in one of 3 ways:

– Rotary table system

– Top drive system

– Downhole motor

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 Rotary Table System
The Rotary Table system consists of:

1. Rotary table with a turntable: the turntable

rotates the master bushing
2. Master bushing: that rotates the kelly drive
bushing
3. Kelly drive bushing: that rotates the kelly
4. Kelly: that rotates the attached pipe and bit
5. Swivel: that suspend the pipe and allows it
to rotate. The swivel has a passage that
allows the drilling fluid to enter the kelly and
the pipe.

Rotary table
• The rotary table is turned by the prime mover (motor) which turns
the kelly drive bushing and then the kelly which again turns the drill
string and the drill bit.

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 Kelly assembly

Kelly
• The kelly is a square or
hexagonal tubing that is
connected at the top to the
travelling block through a
swivel.

• At the bottom, the kelly is

connected to the drill pipe.

• The kelly moves through a

square (or hexagonal) opening
in the kelly drive bushing.

• The kelly drive bushing can be

attached to the master bushing
in the rotary table.

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 Top drive system
• A powerful engine with a motor
and gear box attached to the rigs
traveling block.
• The top drive rotates the drill
string and bit.
• Safer and easier for the rig crew
to handle the pipe.
• Top drive system can add three
joints at a time.
• In the rotary table, the crew can
add one joint at a time.

Downhole Motors
• Does not rotate the drill pipe
• Rotates only the bit
• Drilling fluids powers most http://www.china-ogpe.com/

downhole motors
• As the rotors are forced to
turn, the drive shaft is
• also forced to turn, causing
the bit sub and the bit to
rotate
• Often used for directional
drilling

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 Rotary Horsepower
The rotary horsepower needed to rotate the drill
string in either a rotary table or a top drive is;

HProtary = T * N HProtaryin = T * N
5250 5250 * ecom * emech

T is the Torque on the top of the drill string (ft‐lb)

N is the rotational speed rpm (revolution per minute)

Maximum rotary conditions generally occur near the bottom of

the well, particularly in highly deviated wellbores.
ecom = is the mechanical compound efficiency (0.8‐0.98)
emech = is the mechanical coupling efficiency (0.8‐0.9)

Pump Horsepower
Hydrostatic horsepower to force the fluid through the
pump; and required minimum prime mover input
horsepower

HPhydro = p*q HPhydroin = p * q

1714 1714 * evol * emech

p is the pressure in lb/in^2 (psi)

q is the flow rate in gal/min
Maximum HP conditions occur near the bottom of the well.
evol = is the pump volumetric efficiency (0.8‐0.98)
emech = is the mechanical coupling efficiency (0.8‐0.9)

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 A rig has 6 basic components
1. Hoisting system

2. Power system

3. Rotary system

4. Circulating system (Drilling fluid System)

5. Well control system Will be discussed

later
6. Well monitoring system

Wellbore Sections
Hole Size Pipe Size

36” Conductor 30”

26” Surface casing. 20”

17 1/2 Intermediate Casing 133/8”

12 1/4 Intermediate Liner 9 5/8”

8 3/4 7”
Production Liner

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 Units Conversion Review
12 in
1 ft = 12 in or
1ft
1 bbS
1 bbl = 42 gal or
42 gaS
1 bbS
1 bbl = 5.615 ft3 or
5.615 f t 3

1 gaS
1 gal = 231 in3 or
231 in 3
1ft3
1 ft3 = 7.48 gal or
7.48 gaS

Steal Density = 65.5 lb/gal

How many cubic inches in 1 bbl?

Volume Example # 1

Calculate capacity in 13 3/8 casing

26 “ hole with
V
 ID2  L
20” Surface casing
4 ID 19”
@100ft
   
2
3
A 13  2 *.48   
4  8  
 17 ½” hole
13 3/8” Surface CSG.
Wall thickness .48”
12in 1gal 1bbl
V  121.05in 2 5000 ft    @5000ft
1 ft 231in3 42gal
8 ½” hole
V 748.6bbl 7” production liner
Weight 26 lbm/ft
V  748.6bbl / 5000 ft  0.1497bbl/ ft @7000ft

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 Volume Example # 2
Calculate capacity in 7 “ production casing

V 
 OD 2  ID 2  L
4 26 “ hole with
20” Structural casing
m 26lb / ft * 2000 ft
V   793.89gal ID 19”
 65.5lb /gal @100ft
3
793.89gal 231in 17 ½” hole
V 1gal  41.3
ID2  OD2   72 in2  39.27 3/8” Surface Csg.
  12in
L 2000 ft  1
Wall thickness .48”
4 4 1 ft
3 @5000ft

A
 ID2   39.27in2  30.84in2
4 4
8 ½” hole
7” production liner
12in 1gal 1bbl Weight 26 lb/ft
V  30.84in2  2000 ft   
1 ft 231in3 42gal @7000ft

V  76.28bbl / 2000 ft  0.03814bbl / ft

Volume Example # 3

Calculate capacity of annulus in 13 3/8 casing

26 “ hole with
V 

4
ID OD L
csg
2 2
dp 20” Structural casing
ID 19”
@100ft

A
 12.4152  52  101.4in 2 17 ½” hole
4 13 3/8” Surface Csg.
Wall thickness .48”
@5000ft
12in 1gal 1bbl
V  101.4in2  5000ft   
1 ft 231in3 42gal
8 ½” hole
V  627.1bbl 7” production liner
5” DP
Weight 26 lb/ft 19.5 lb/ft

V  627.1bbl / 5000 ft  0.1254bbl / ft @7000ft

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 Capacity displacement of the drill string

Drill pipe /drill Bbl/ft = ID2pipe (in) gal/ft = ID2pipe

collar/casing capacity 1029.4 24.51

Drill pipe /drill Bbl/ft = OD2pipe -ID2pipe(in) gal/ft = OD2pipe – ID2pipe

collar/casing 1029.4 24.51
displacement

Open hole annulus Bbl/ft = D2hole-OD2pipe (in) gal/ft = D2hole-OD2pipe

capacity 1029.4 24.51

Cased annulus Bbl/ft = ID2casing-OD2pipe gal/ft = ID2casing-OD2pipe

capacity 1029.4 24.51

Volumes Calculations Example # 4

• Example : a) Calculate number of barrels of drilling fluid in a 5000 ft open
well bore with diameter of 8 ½”. When a 7x6 inch (OD‐ID) casing is run in
the hole how many bbl will it displace?

8.52
OH Vol. = × 5000 = 351 bbls
1029.4

7 2 –6 2
CSG will displace = 1029.4
× 5000 = 63.14bbls

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