This document discusses line integrals in vector calculus. It defines a line integral as the integral of a function along a curve, with respect to the arc length. Line integrals can be used to calculate the work done by a force field along a path. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating line integrals of vector fields and scalar fields along curves defined parametrically. Line integrals have applications in physics, such as calculating work done by a force field.
This document discusses line integrals in vector calculus. It defines a line integral as the integral of a function along a curve, with respect to the arc length. Line integrals can be used to calculate the work done by a force field along a path. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating line integrals of vector fields and scalar fields along curves defined parametrically. Line integrals have applications in physics, such as calculating work done by a force field.
This document discusses line integrals in vector calculus. It defines a line integral as the integral of a function along a curve, with respect to the arc length. Line integrals can be used to calculate the work done by a force field along a path. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating line integrals of vector fields and scalar fields along curves defined parametrically. Line integrals have applications in physics, such as calculating work done by a force field.
This document discusses line integrals in vector calculus. It defines a line integral as the integral of a function along a curve, with respect to the arc length. Line integrals can be used to calculate the work done by a force field along a path. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating line integrals of vector fields and scalar fields along curves defined parametrically. Line integrals have applications in physics, such as calculating work done by a force field.
Let 𝐶𝐶 be a simple smooth curve whose parametric representation is given as Eqs.(1) and (2). Let 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) be continuous on 𝐶𝐶. Then, we define the line integral 𝑓𝑓 of over 𝐶𝐶 with respect to the arc length 𝑠𝑠 by 𝑏𝑏 ∫𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡), 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡), 𝑧𝑧(𝑡𝑡))�𝑥𝑥 ′ (𝑡𝑡)2 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ (𝑡𝑡)2 + 𝑧𝑧 ′ (𝑡𝑡)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Evaluate the line integral of 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑗𝑗 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘 over the curve 𝐶𝐶 whose parametric representation is given by 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡𝑡 2 , 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 1.
Solution:
The position vector of any point on 𝐶𝐶 is given by 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑡𝑡 2 𝑖𝑖 + 2𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡. We have
Let 𝐶𝐶 be a smooth curve whose parametric representation is as given in Eqs. (44.1.1) and (44.1.2). Let 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧), 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) and ℎ(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)be scalar fields which are continuous at point over 𝐶𝐶. Then, we define a line integral as
In this section, we consider some physical applications of the concept of line integral.
44.4.1 Work Done By A Force
Let 𝑣𝑣(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = 𝑣𝑣1 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)𝑖𝑖 + 𝑣𝑣2 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)𝑗𝑗 + 𝑣𝑣3 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)𝑘𝑘 be a vector function defined and continuous at every point on 𝐶𝐶. Then the line integral of tangential component of 𝑣𝑣 along the curve 𝐶𝐶 from a point 𝑃𝑃 to the point 𝑄𝑄 is given by 𝑄𝑄 ∫𝑃𝑃 𝑣𝑣. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝐶𝐶 𝑣𝑣. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let now 𝑣𝑣 = 𝐹𝐹, a variable force acting on a particle which moves along a curve 𝐶𝐶. Then, the work 𝑊𝑊 done by the force 𝐹𝐹 in displacing the particle from the point 𝑃𝑃 to the point 𝑃𝑃 along the curve 𝐶𝐶 is given by 𝑄𝑄 𝑊𝑊 = ∫𝑃𝑃 𝐹𝐹. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝐶𝐶 ∗ 𝐹𝐹. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
where 𝐶𝐶 ∗ is the part of𝐶𝐶 , whose initial and terminal point are 𝑃𝑃 and 𝑄𝑄.
Suppose that 𝐹𝐹is a conservative vector field . Then 𝐹𝐹 can be written as 𝐹𝐹 = grad(𝑓𝑓), where 𝑓𝑓 is a scalar potential(field). Then, the work done
Find the work done by the force 𝐹𝐹 = −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑗𝑗 + 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 in moving a particle over the circular path𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑧𝑧 = 0 form (2,0,0) to (0,2,0).
Solution
The parametric representation of the given curve is 𝑥𝑥 = 2 cot 𝑡𝑡, 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑡𝑡, 𝑧𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝜋𝜋2 . Therefore, work done 𝑊𝑊 is given by
𝜋𝜋/2 16 � [−4 sin 𝑡𝑡 cos 𝑡𝑡 (−2 sin 𝑡𝑡 ) + 4 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑡𝑡(2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) ] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 13
44.4.2 Circulation
A line integral of a vector field 𝑣𝑣 around a simple closed curve 𝐶𝐶 is defined as the circulation of 𝑣𝑣 around 𝐶𝐶. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Circulation = ∮𝐶𝐶 𝑣𝑣. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∮𝐶𝐶 𝑣𝑣. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∮𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣. 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,
where 𝑇𝑇 is the tangent vector to 𝐶𝐶. For example, in fluid mechanics, let 𝑣𝑣 represents the velocity field of a fluid and 𝐶𝐶 be a closed curve in its domain. Then, circulation gives the amount by which the fluid tends to turn the curve rotating or circulating around 𝐶𝐶. If ∮𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣. 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 > 0 then the fluid tends to rotate 𝐶𝐶in the anti-clockwise direction, while if ∮𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣. 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 < 0 , then the fluid tends to rotate 𝐶𝐶 in the clockwise direction perpendicular to𝑇𝑇 at every point on 𝐶𝐶, then ∮𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣. 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 0, that is the curve does not move at all.
44.5 Line Integral Independent of the Path
Let 𝜙𝜙(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) be a differentiable scalar function. The differential of 𝜙𝜙(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) is defined as 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =grad 𝜙𝜙. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Therefore, a differential expression expre 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ℎ(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is an exact differential, if there exists a scalar function 𝜙𝜙(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) such that
We now present the result on the independence of the path of a line integral
4 Line Integral
44.5.1 Theorem
Let 𝐶𝐶 be a curve in simply connected domain 𝐷𝐷 in space. Let 𝑓𝑓, 𝑔𝑔 and ℎ be continuous function having continuous first partial derivatives in 𝐷𝐷. Then ∫𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 + ℎ𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is independent of path 𝐶𝐶 if and only if the integrand is exact differential in 𝐷𝐷.
44.5.2 Example 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 Show that ∫𝐶𝐶 is independent of path of integration which does not pass through the �𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑦𝑦 2 origin. Find the value of the integral from the point 𝑃𝑃(−1,2) to the point 𝑄𝑄(2,3).
Solution 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 We have 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = �𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑦𝑦 2 �𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑦𝑦 2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 Now 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥/(𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )3/2 and 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥/(𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )3/2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 Since 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 , the integral is independent of any path of integration which does not pass through the origin. Also, the integrand is an exact differential. Therefore, there exists a function 𝜙𝜙(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) such that 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = and = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 �𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑦𝑦 2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 �𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑦𝑦 2
Integrating the first equation with respect to 𝑥𝑥, we get 𝜙𝜙(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + ℎ(𝑦𝑦). 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑑ℎ Substituting in 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = = + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 or 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 or ℎ(𝑦𝑦) = 𝑘𝑘, constant. �𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑦𝑦 2 �𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑦𝑦 2
