Angeles University Foundation College of Nursing Angeles City

Angeles University Foundation
College of Nursing
Angeles City
Group
Report
SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP 8
Flores, Erisha
Jose, Lorenz
Sumang, Miguel
Tallorin, Kristene
Tuazon, Nyca
I. Define Negative-feedback Mechanism and its components to achieve homeostasis.
Negative-feedback mechanism maintains homeostasis. Homeostasis is the stability or

balance to survive. Negative-feedback mechanism is a reaction that causes a decrease in
function. It causes the output of a system to be lessened or resisted. Also, negative-feedback
does not prevent variation but it keeps variations within a normal range. An example of this is
when the blood pressure increases, signals are sent to the brain from the blood vessels.
Then the brain will send signals were sent back to the heart. After that, heart rate will slow
down. And as a result, the blood pressure will return to an equilibrium state. Through this, we
are able to maintain the homeostasis.
1) A receptor is a component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value. This

value is reported to the control center. (2) The control center is the component in a feedback
system that determines the set point for the physiological value and receives input from the
receptor about the value. If the value deviates too much from the set point, then the control
center activates an effector. (3) An effector is the component in a feedback system that
changes to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range. Stimulus is the
changed value because it initiates a homeostatic mechanism.
II. Identify one hormone and explain its negative feedback mechanism, including its three
components
When Blood Glucose Level Increase
RECEPTOR
1. The Pancreas islets detect an increase in blood glucose and secrete insulin. Insulin
is released from the beta cells in your pancreas in response to rising glucose in your
bloodstream.
2. The intestines will release Digestive Hormones (gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin)

stimulate insulin secretion.
CONTROL CENTER
1. The Pituitary and Adrenal gland will have a parasympathetic stimulation in which
pancreas promotes insulin secretion.
EFFECTOR
1. The pancreas will release insulin that stimulates glucose uptake by most tissues and
promotes glycogen storage in the skeletal muscle and liver. Excess glucose is
converted to adipose.
III. Research about the following conditions and provide the following conditions and
provide following information needed:
A. Grave’s Disease.
1. Brief Description
Graves' disease is an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones
(hyperthyroidism). Although a number of disorders may result in hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease is
a common cause. Because thyroid hormones affect a number of different body systems, signs and
symptoms associated with Graves' disease can be wide ranging and significantly influence your
overall well-being. Although Graves' disease may affect anyone, it's more common among women
and before the age of 40.
2. What organs/tissues are affected and how it affects their function
Grave’s disease can affect the human body, this includes:
• Brittle bones. Untreated hyperthyroidism also can lead to weak, brittle bones (osteoporosis). The
strength of your bones depends, in part, on the amount of calcium and other minerals they contain.
Too much thyroid hormone interferes with your body's ability to incorporate calcium into your bones.
• An uncommon manifestation of Graves' disease, called Graves' dermopathy, is the reddening and
thickening of the skin, most often on your shins or the tops of your feet.
• About 30 percent of people with Graves' disease show some signs and symptoms of a condition
known as Graves' ophthalmopathy. In Graves' ophthalmopathy, inflammation and other immune
system events affect muscles and other tissues around your eyes.
3. Symptoms experienced by people suffering from the condition
 Anxiety and irritability

 A fine tremor of your hands or fingers
 Heat sensitivity and an increase in perspiration or warm, moist skin
 Weight loss, despite normal eating habits
 Enlargement of your thyroid gland (goiter)
 Change in menstrual cycles
 Erectile dysfunction or reduced libido
 Frequent bowel movements
 Bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy)
 Fatigue
 Thick, red skin usually on the shins or tops of the feet (Graves' dermopathy)
 Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
 Bulging eyes (exophthalmos)
 Gritty sensation in the eyes
 Pressure or pain in the eyes
 Puffy or retracted eyelids
4. Usual Treatment or Management given to people suffering from the condition
The primary treatment goals are to inhibit the overproduction of thyroid hormones and lessen the
severity of symptoms.
Radioactivity iodine therapy. With this therapy, you take radioactive iodine, or radioiodine, by mouth.
Because the thyroid needs iodine to produce hormones, the radioiodine goes into the thyroid cells
and the radioactivity destroys the overactive thyroid cells over time. This causes your thyroid gland to
shrink, and symptoms lessen gradually, usually over several weeks to several months.
B. Anemia
1. A brief description
Anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to
your body's tissues. Anemia happens when there is a decreased number of circulating red blood cells
in the body. Anemia affects an estimated 24.8 percent of the world's population. Mostly, preschool
children have higher risk of anemia. Dietary iron, vitamin B-12, and folate are essential for red blood
cells to mature in the body. Normally, 0.8 to 1 percent of the body’s red blood cells are replaced every
day, and the average lifespan for red cells is 100 to 120 days. Any process that has a negative effect
on this balance between red blood cell production and destruction can cause anemia.
2. What organs/tissues are affected and how it affects their function?
Bone marrow in the center of the bone needs iron to make hemoglobin, the part of the red blood cell
that transports oxygen to the body's organs. Without adequate iron, the body cannot produce enough
hemoglobin for red blood cells. The result is iron-deficiency anemia.
3. Symptoms experienced by people suffering from the condition
Each person’s symptoms will vary. Symptoms may include:
 Being very pale

 Faster heart rate
 Having trouble catching your breath
 Lack of energy or tiring easily (fatigue)
 Feeling dizzy or faint, especially when standing
 Headache
 Being irritable
 Irregular menstruation cycles
 Delayed menstruation, or not having a period
 Sore or swollen tongue
 Yellowing of skin, eyes, and mouth (jaundice)
 Enlarged spleen or liver
 Not easy for wounds or tissue to heal
4. Usual Treatment or Management given to people suffering from the condition
Anemia treatment depends on the cause.
 Iron deficiency anemia. Treatment for this form of anemia usually involves taking iron
supplements and changing your diet.
If the cause of iron deficiency is loss of blood — other than from menstruation — the source of the
bleeding must be located and the bleeding stopped. This might involve surgery.
 Vitamin deficiency anemias. Treatment for folic acid and vitamin C deficiency involves dietary
supplements and increasing these nutrients in your diet.
If your digestive system has trouble absorbing vitamin B-12 from the food you eat, you might need
vitamin B-12 shots. At first, you might have the shots every other day. Eventually, you'll need shots
just once a month, possibly for life, depending on your situation.
 Anemia of chronic disease. There's no specific treatment for this type of anemia. Doctors focus
on treating the underlying disease. If symptoms become severe, a blood transfusion or injections
of a synthetic hormone normally produced by your kidneys (erythropoietin) might help stimulate
red blood cell production and ease fatigue.
 Aplastic anemia. Treatment for this anemia can include blood transfusions to boost levels of red
blood cells. You might need a bone marrow transplant if your bone marrow can't make healthy
blood cells.
 Anemias associated with bone marrow disease. Treatment of these various diseases can
include medication, chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation.
 Hemolytic anemias. Managing hemolytic anemias includes avoiding suspect medications,

treating infections and taking drugs that suppress your immune system, which could be attacking
your red blood cells.
Depending on the cause or your hemolytic anemia, you might be referred to a heart or vascular
specialist.
 Sickle cell anemia. Treatment might include oxygen, pain relievers, and oral and intravenous
fluids to reduce pain and prevent complications. Doctors might also recommend blood
transfusions, folic acid supplements and antibiotics. A cancer drug called hydroxyurea (Droxia,
Hydrea, Siklos) also is used to treat sickle cell anemia.
 Thalassemia. Most forms of thalassemia are mild and require no treatment. More severe forms
of thalassemia generally require blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, medication, removal
of the spleen, or a blood and bone marrow stem cell transplant.

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Negative-feedback mechanism maintains homeostasis. Homeostasis is the stability or

1) A receptor is a component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value. This

When Blood Glucose Level Increase

2. The intestines will release Digestive Hormones (gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin)

2. What organs/tissues are affected and how it affects their function

Grave’s disease can affect the human body, this includes:

3. Symptoms experienced by people suffering from the condition

 Anxiety and irritability

2. What organs/tissues are affected and how it affects their function?

3. Symptoms experienced by people suffering from the condition

Each person’s symptoms will vary. Symptoms may include:

 Being very pale

Anemia treatment depends on the cause.

 Hemolytic anemias. Managing hemolytic anemias includes avoiding suspect medications,

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