C# is a programming language of .Net Framework.

What is C#

C# is pronounced as "C-Sharp". It is an object-oriented programming language provided by

Microsoft that runs on .Net Framework.

By the help of C# programming language, we can develop different types of secured and
robust applications:

o Window applications
o Web applications
o Distributed applications
o Web service applications
o Database applications etc.

C# is approved as a standard by ECMA and ISO. C# is designed for CLI (Common Language
Infrastructure). CLI is a specification that describes executable code and runtime
environment.

C# programming language is influenced by C++, Java, Eiffel, Modula-3, Pascal etc.

languages.

Different types of applications that can be developed using C# are:

 Web applications.
 Window applications.
 Other Desktop software.
 Distributed applications.
 Database programs.
 Hardware-level programming.
 Virus and Malware.
 GUI based applications.

Features of C#

There are various features of C# which makes the programming language different and

widely used. These are:

 Learning C# is very easy.

 It is a general purpose, easy integrating programming language.
 It is a highly structured programming language.
 Object-oriented concepts can be implemented efficiently using this language.
 It is platform independent, which means the programs written in C# can be executed
in a variety of computing environment.
 Efficient programming can be done using this language.
 It is a high-level programming language.
 GUI applications can be developed very easily using this language.

Programming Features of C#

Other reasons why programming in C# language is so strong and popular are:

 It deals with automatic garbage collections.

 It has a lot of standard libraries.
 Some properties and events can make programming smarter.
 Delegates and concepts of event management can also help in making the language
strong.
 It supports Multi-threading.
 It has the concepts of Indexers.
 Generic concepts are easy to use in C#.
 It provides LINQ and Lambda expressions.

Java vs C#

There are many differences and similarities between Java and C#. A list of top differences
between Java and C# are given below:

No Java C#
.

1) Java is a high level, robust, C# is an object-oriented

secured and object-oriented programming language developed by
programming language developed Microsoft that runs on .Net
by Oracle. Framework.

2) Java programming language is C# programming language is designed

designed to be run on a Java to be run on the Common Language
platform, by the help of Java Runtime (CLR).
Runtime Environment (JRE).

3) Java type safety is safe. C# type safety is unsafe.

 4) In java, built-in data types that are In C#, built-in data types that are
passed by value are passed by value are called simple
called primitive types. types.

5) Arrays in Java are direct Arrays in C# are specialization

specialization of Object. of System.

6) Java does not support conditional C# supports conditional compilation

compilation. using preprocessor directives.

7) Java doesn't support goto C# supports goto statement.

statement.

8) Java doesn't support structures C# supports structures and unions.

and unions.

9) Java supports checked exception C# supports unchecked exception.

and unchecked exception.

C# History

C# is pronounced as "C-Sharp". It is an object-oriented programming language provided

by Microsoft that runs on .Net Framework.

Anders Hejlsberg is known as the founder of C# language.

It is based on C++ and Java, but it has many additional extensions used to perform
component oriented programming approach.

C# has evolved much since their first release in the year 2002. It was introduced with .NET
Framework 1.0 and the current version of C# is 7.0. the important features introduced in
each version of C# are given below.
 
 C# Example: Hello World

In C# programming language, a simple "hello world" program can be written by multiple

ways. Let's see the top 4 ways to create a simple C# example:

o Simple Example
o Using System
o Using public modifier
o Using namespace

C# Simple Example

1. class Program  
2.     {  
3.         static void Main(string[] args)  
4.         {  
5.             System.Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");  
6.         }  
7.     }  

Output:

Hello World!

Description

class: is a keyword which is used to define class.

Program: is the class name. A class is a blueprint or template from which objects are
created. It can have data members and methods. Here, it has only Main method.

static: is a keyword which means object is not required to access static members. So it
saves memory.

void: is the return type of the method. It does't return any value. In such case, return
statement is not required.

Main: is the method name. It is the entry point for any C# program. Whenever we run the
C# program, Main() method is invoked first before any other method. It represents start up
of the program.

string[] args: is used for command line arguments in C#. While running the C# program,
we can pass values. These values are known as arguments which we can use in the
program.
 System.Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"): Here, System is the namespace. Console is
the class defined in System namespace. The WriteLine() is the static method of Console
class which is used to write the text on the console.

C# Example: Using System

If we write using System before the class, it means we don't need to specify System

namespace for accessing any class of this namespace. Here, we are using Console class
without specifying System.Console.

1. using System;  
2.     class Program  
3.     {  
4.         static void Main(string[] args)  
5.         {  
6.             Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");  
7.         }  
8.     }  

Output:

Hello World!

C# Example: Using public modifier

We can also specify public modifier before class and Main() method. Now, it can be accessed
from outside the class also.

1. using System;  
2.     public class Program  
3.     {  
4.         public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.         {  
6.             Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");  
7.         }  
8.     }  

Output:

Hello World!

C# Example: Using namespace

We can create classes inside the namespace. It is used to group related classes. It is used
to categorize classes so that it can be easy to maintain.

1. using System;  
2. namespace ConsoleApplication1  
3. {  
4.     public class Program  
5.     {  
6.         public static void Main(string[] args)  
7.         {  
8.             Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");  
9.         }  
10.     }  
11. }  

Output:

Hello World!
Table of Contents

1. What Are Variables in C#?

2. Types of C# Variables

3. Define Variables in C#

4. Initializing Variables in C#

5. Accepting Values in a Program

What Are Variables in C#?

Variables are specific names given to locations in the memory for storing and dealing with

data. Values of a variable can be changed or reused as many times as possible. Every

variable name has a specific type that resolves the size and layout of memory the variable

will hold as well as the range of values that variable within your program can hold. Also,

programmers can determine what type of operations that variable can be applied for.

Types of C# Variables

The basic types of variables that can be formed in a C# program are:

Type Description

Integral types sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, and char

Floating point types float and double

Decimal types decimal

Boolean types true or false values, as assigned

 Nullable types Nullable data types

C# also permits programmers to define other types of variables and their values like the

enum and reference types of variables like classes.

Define Variables in C#

For implementing variables in a C# program, you have to define them before using. To do

this the syntax is:

Syntax:

<data_type> <variable_names>;

Here data_types will be a valid data type (such as char, int, float, double or any other user-

defined data type) of C# and the variable_names will be the set of variable names which

are valid C# identifiers separated by commas.

Example:

char s, chrr;

int a, b, c;

float pi, sal;

double aadharno;

Initializing Variables in C#

A C #variable gets initialized using the assignment operator which is the equal sign. We will

learn more about different operators in the subsequent chapters. The syntax for initializing

a variable in C# is:

Syntax:
<data_type> <variable_name> = value;

Some common Examples are:

Example:

char ch = 'g';

int xy = 6, roll = 42;

byte b = 22;

double pi = 3.14159;

float salary = 20000.0f;

Accepting Values in a Program

There is a particular function of the Console class that provides the function Readline() to

take input from the user for storing them in a variable, which is ultimately a named memory

location.

Let us see how to use this function name with any variable to fetch (using the keyboard)

and assign values to that variable:

Example:

double sal;

sal = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());

In the above code snippet, the first line will declare a variable as a double type. The second

line will first execute the right side which will wait for the user to input any number and will
 convert the input values to double using the Convert.ToDouble() and will finally assign that

value to 'sal' variable using the assignment operator (=).

C# Data Types

As you have already known that while declaring a variable in C#, you have to specify the data type
with the variable name. This is how you tell the compiler what type of data the variable will hold.
Almost all programming language needs the concept of the data type. Since C# is a strongly typed
language, it is essential to inform the compiler what kind of data these memory locations will hold.

A data type specifies the type of data that a variable can store such as integer, floating, character
etc.

There are 3 types of data types in C# language.

 Types Data Types

Value Data Type short, int, char, float, double etc

Reference Data Type String, Class, Object and Interface

Pointer Data Type Pointers

Value Data Type

The value data types are integer-based and floating-point based. C# language supports both signed
and unsigned literals.

There are 2 types of value data type in C# language.

1) Predefined Data Types - such as Integer, Boolean, Float, etc.

2) User defined Data Types - such as Structure, Enumerations, etc.

The memory size of data types may change according to 32 or 64 bit operating system.

Let's see the value data types. It size is given according to 32 bit OS.

Data Types Memory Size Range

char 1 byte -128 to 127

signed char 1 byte -128 to 127

unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 127

short 2 byte -32,768 to 32,767

 signed short 2 byte -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short 2 byte 0 to 65,535

int 4 byte -2,147,483,648 to

-2,147,483,647

signed int 4 byte -2,147,483,648 to

-2,147,483,647

unsigned int 4 byte 0 to 4,294,967,295

long 8 byte ?9,223,372,036,854,775,808

to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807

signed long 8 byte ?9,223,372,036,854,775,808

to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807

unsigned long 8 byte 0-

18,446,744,073,709,551,615

float 4 byte 1.5 * 10-45 - 3.4 * 1038, 7-

digit precision

double 8 byte 5.0 * 10-324 - 1.7 * 10308, 15-

digit precision

decimal 16 byte at least -7.9 * 10?28 - 7.9 *

1028, with at least 28-digit
precision

Reference Data Type

The reference data types do not contain the actual data stored in a variable, but they contain a
reference to the variables.
If the data is changed by one of the variables, the other variable automatically reflects this change in
value.

There are 2 types of reference data type in C# language.

1) Predefined Types - such as Objects, String.

2) User defined Types - such as Classes, Interface.

Pointer Data Type

The pointer in C# language is a variable, it is also known as locator or indicator that points to an
address of a value.

These types of variables are used for storing the address of any memory location which is of another

type. Pointers are considered a separate data type kind because they do not hold the actual value or

data; rather they are meant to store the actual memory location. The concept of pointers came in C#

from C and C++.

The syntax of declaring pointers in C# is:

Syntax:
type* identifier;

Example:
 Symbols used in pointer

Symbol Name Description

& (ampersand sign) Address operator Determine the address of a variable.

* (asterisk sign) Indirection Access the value of an address.

operator

Declaring a pointer

The pointer in C# language can be declared using * (asterisk symbol).

int * a;  //pointer to int      
char * c; //pointer to char 

ALIAS TYPE TYPE NAME SIZE(BITS) RANGE DEFAULT VALUE

Short signed integer System.Int16 16 -32768 to 32767 0

Sbyte signed integer System.Sbyte 8 -128 to 127 0

Int signed integer System.Int32 32 -231 to 231-1 0

Long signed integer System.Int64 64 -263 to 263-1 0L

Byte unsigned integer System.byte 8 0 to 255 0

Ushort unsigned integer System.UInt16 16 0 to 65535 0

Uint unsigned integer System.UInt32 32 0 to 232 0

Ulong unsigned integer System.UInt64 64 0 to 263 0

Floating point data types in C# are of two types. These are:

1. 32-bit single (7-digit) precision floating point type declared using the keyword float.
For initializing any variable with a float, you have to mention a 'f' or 'F' after the value. For
example: float g = 62.4f; In case you do not use the suffix, then compiler treats the value
as double.

2. 64-bit (14-15 digit) precision floating point type declared using the keyword double.
For initializing any variable with double, you have to mention a 'd' or 'D' after the value.
For example, double ks =8.403122d;

Decimal Types

There is another type of variable that is used for extensive calculations which are of 128-bit
used for calculating huge economic data. It uses' or 'M' as the suffix; otherwise, the value
will be treated as double.

Character Types

This is used for representing 16-bit Unicode character used for storing a single character.

Keywords are reserved words having special meaning whose meaning is already defined to

the compiler. The keywords in C# are categorized under various groups. These are:

Type Keywords

Modifier Keywords abstract, async, const, event, extern, new, override, partial, readonly,
sealed, static, unsafe, virtual, volatile
 Access Modifier public, private, protected, internal
Keywords

Statement if, else, switch, case, do, for, foreach, in, while, break, continue,
Keywords default, goto, return, yield, throw, try, catch, finally, checked,
unchecked, fixed, lock

Method Parameter params, ref, out

Keyword

Access Keywords base, this

Namespace using, . operator, :: operator, extern alias

Keywords

Literal Keywords null, false, true, value, void

Operator as, await, is, new, sizeof, typeof, stackalloc, checked, unchecked
Keywords

Contextual add, var, dynamic, global, set, value

Keywords

Type Keywords bool, byte, char, class, decimal, double, enum, float, int, long, sbyte,
short, string, struct, uint, ulong, ushort

Query Keywords from, where, select, group, into, orderby, join, let, in, on, equals, by,
ascending, descending

Some identifiers which have special meaning in context of code are called as Contextual Keywords.

add group ascendi descendi dynam from get

ng ng ic

glob alias into join let sele s

al ct et

parti partial(metho remov orderby

al d) e
(typ
 e)

What Are the Operators in C#?

Operators are symbols in a programming language that tells the compiler or interpreter to

perform specific operations on operands for producing the final output or result.

There are six different types of operators provided by C#. These are:

 Arithmetic Operators
 Logical Operators
 Relational Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Misc Operators

Operator Description

Addition The '+' operator is used to add two operands. Like: x + y.

Subtraction The '-' operator is used to subtract two operands. Like x - y.

Multiplication The '*' operator is used to multiply two operands. Like: x *

y.

Division The '/' operator is used to divide the first operand by the
second one. Like: x / y.

Modulus The '%' operator is used to return a remainder when the first
operand is divided by the second one. Like: x % y.

Increment The '++' operator is used to increase the integer value by 1.

Like: x++ or ++x.

Decrement The '--' operator is used to decreasing the integer value by 1.

Like: x-- or --x.

Operator Description

Logical AND (&&) Logical AND (&&) operator returns true if both the
conditions/operands satisfy; otherwise returns false.

Logical OR (||) Logical OR (||) operator returns true if anyone or even both
of the conditions/operands satisfy; otherwise returns false.

Logical NOT (!) Logical NOT (!) operator returns true if the condition is not
satisfied; otherwise returns false.

Operator Description
Equal To operator (==) Equal To operator (==) operator is used to check if two
operands are equal or not. If so, it returns true; otherwise
false. Like: 6==6 will return true.

Not Equal To (!=) Not Equal To (!=) operator is used to checking if two
operands are equal or not. If not, it returns true; otherwise
false. Like: 6!=2 will return true.

Greater Than (>) Greater than (>) operator is used to check whether the first
operand is larger than the second. If so, returns true;
otherwise false. Like: 8> four will return true.

Less Than (<) Less Than (<) operator is used to check if the first operand is
smaller than the second. If so, returns true; otherwise false.
Like: 8<1 will return false.

Greater Than Equal To (>=) Greater Than Equal To (>=) operator is used to check if the
first operand is larger than or equal to the second. If so,
returns true; otherwise false. Like: 2>=7 will return false.

Less Than Equal To Less Than Equal To (<=) operator is used to checking if the
first operand is smaller than or equal to the second. If so,
returns true; otherwise false. Like: 6<=6 will return true.

Operator Description

Bitwise AND (&) Bitwise AND (&) operator takes two operands and does AND
operation on every bit of those numbers.

Bitwise OR (|) Bitwise OR (|) operator takes two operands and does OR
operation on every bit of those numbers.

Bitwise XOR (^) Bitwise XOR (^) operator takes two operands and does XOR
operation on every bit of those numbers.

Bitwise Left Shift (<<) Bitwise Left Shift (<<) operator takes two operands and does
left shifting of bits on the two operands and determines the
number of places to shift.

Bitwise Right Shift (>>) Bitwise Right Shift (>>) operator takes two operands and
does right shifting of bits on the two operands and
 determines the number of places to shift.

Operator Description

= operator = operator assigns the value of right side operand to its left
side operand. Like: g = s.

+= Operator += Operator adds the value of the variable on the left with
the value on the right which is (result) then assigned to the
variable that is on the left.

-= Operator -= Operator subtracts the value of the variable on the left

with the value on the right which is (result) then assigned to
the variable that is on the left.

*= Operator *= Operator multiplies the value of the variable on the left

with the value on the right which is (result) then assigned to
the variable that is on the left.

/= Operator /= Operator divides the value of the variable on the left with
the value on the right which is (result) then assigned to the
variable that is on the left.

%= Operator %= Operator first modulo the current value of the variable

on the left with the value on the right and (the result) then
assigned to the variable that is on the left.

<<= Operator <<= is the left shift assignment operator that will first left
shift the current value of the variable on the left with the
value on the right and the result is then assigned to the
variable that is on the left.

>>= Operator >>= is the right shift assignment operator that will first right
shift the current value of the variable on the left with the
value on the right and the result is then assigned to the
variable that is on the left.

&= Operator &= is the Bitwise AND operator that will first perform a
"Bitwise AND" with the current value of the variable on the
left with the value on the right, and the result is then
assigned to the variable that is on the left.
^= Operator ^= is a Bitwise Exclusive OR operator that will first perform a
"Bitwise Exclusive OR" with the current value of the variable
on the left with the value on the right and the result is then
assigned to the variable that is on the left.

|= Operator |= is a Bitwise Inclusive OR operator that will first perform a

"Bitwise Inclusive OR" with the current value of the variable
on the left with the value on the right, and the result is then
assigned to the variable that is on the left.

Operator Description

sizeof() sizeof() is used to return the data type size.

typeof() typeof() is used to return the class type.

Pointer to a variable (*) Pointer to a variable (*) operator is used to point to a

operator variable.

Address of (&) operator: Address of (&) operator is used to return the variable's
address.

Conditional operator (?:) Conditional operator (?:) determines if any condition is true?
If yes then first value: otherwise second value.

is: "is:" finds out if an object is of a certain type or not.

Precedence of Operators in C#

Category (By Operator(s) Associativity

Precedence)

Unary + - ! ~ ++ -- (type)* & Right to Left

sizeof

Additive +- Left to Right

Multiplicative %/* Left to Right

Relational < > <= >= Left to Right

Shift << >> Left to Right

Equality == != Right to Left

Logical AND & Left to Right

Logical OR | Left to Right

Logical XOR ^ Left to Right

Conditional OR || Left to Right

Conditional AND && Left to Right

Null Coalescing ?? Left to Right

Ternary ?: Right to Left

Assignment = *= /= %= += - = Right to Left

<<= >>= &= ^= |=
=>

C# Control
 C# If Example

1. using System;      
2. public class IfExample  
3.     {  
4.        public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.         {  
6.             int num = 10;  
7.             if (num % 2 == 0)  
8.             {  
9.                 Console.WriteLine("It is even number");  
10.             }  
11.               
12.         }  
13.     }  

Output:

It is even number

C# If-else Example

1. using System;      
2. public class IfExample  
3.     {  
4.         public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.         {  
6.             int num = 11;  
7.             if (num % 2 == 0)  
8.             {  
9.                 Console.WriteLine("It is even number");  
10.             }  
11.             else  
12.             {  
13.                 Console.WriteLine("It is odd number");  
14.             }  
15.               
16.         }  
17.     }  

Output:

It is odd number
 C# If-else Example: with input from user
In this example, we are getting input from the user using Console.ReadLine() method. It returns string. For
numeric value, you need to convert it into int using Convert.ToInt32() method.

1. using System;      
2. public class IfExample  
3.     {  
4.        public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.         {  
6.             Console.WriteLine("Enter a number:");  
7.             int num = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());  
8.   
9.             if (num % 2 == 0)  
10.             {  
11.                 Console.WriteLine("It is even number");  
12.             }  
13.             else  
14.             {  
15.                 Console.WriteLine("It is odd number");  
16.             }  
17.               
18.         }  
19.     }  

Output:

Enter a number:11
It is odd number

Output:

Enter a number:12
It is even number

C# IF-else-if ladder Statement

1. using System;      
2. public class IfExample  
3.     {  
4.         public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.         {  
6.             Console.WriteLine("Enter a number to check grade:");  
7.             int num = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());  
8.   
9.             if (num <0 || num >100)  
10.             {  
11.                 Console.WriteLine("wrong number");  
12.             }  
13.             else if(num >= 0 && num < 50){  
14.                 Console.WriteLine("Fail");  
15.             }  
16.             else if (num >= 50 && num < 60)  
17.             {  
18.                 Console.WriteLine("D Grade");  
19.             }  
20.             else if (num >= 60 && num < 70)  
21.             {  
22.                 Console.WriteLine("C Grade");  
23.             }  
24.             else if (num >= 70 && num < 80)  
25.             {  
26.                 Console.WriteLine("B Grade");  
27.             }  
28.             else if (num >= 80 && num < 90)  
29.             {  
30.                 Console.WriteLine("A Grade");  
31.             }  
32.             else if (num >= 90 && num <= 100)  
33.             {  
34.                 Console.WriteLine("A+ Grade");  
35.             }  
36.         }  
37.     }  

Output:

Enter a number to check grade:66

C Grade

Output:

Enter a number to check grade:-2

wrong number

using System;
namespace Dec_making

class IfConditions

public static void Main(string[] args)

int number = 20;

if (number < 5)

Console.WriteLine("{0} is less than 5", number);

else

if(number < 10)

Console.WriteLine("{0} is less than 10", number);

else

Console.WriteLine("{0} is greater than 10", number);

Console.WriteLine(" Lastly, this statement will be executed.");

}
 C# Switch Example
1. using System;  
2.   public class SwitchExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.           Console.WriteLine("Enter a number:");  
7.           int num = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());  
8.   
9.           switch (num)  
10.           {  
11.               case 10: Console.WriteLine("It is 10"); break;  
12.               case 20: Console.WriteLine("It is 20"); break;  
13.               case 30: Console.WriteLine("It is 30"); break;  
14.               default: Console.WriteLine("Not 10, 20 or 30"); break;  
15.           }  
16.       }  
17.     }  

Output:

Enter a number:
10
It is 10

Output:

Enter a number:
55
Not 10, 20 or 30

Note: In C#, break statement is must in switch cases.

 using System;
namespace NestedSwitch
{

class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string title = "student";
int grade = 1;
switch( title ) {
case "teacher":
Console.WriteLine("You are a teacher.");
break;
case "student":
Console.WriteLine("You are a student.");
switch( grade ){
case 1:
Console.WriteLine(" You are in pre-school ");
break;
case 2:
Console.WriteLine(" You are in high-school ");
break;
case 3:
Console.WriteLine(" You are in college ");
break;
case 4:
Console.WriteLine(" You are in university ");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("Result Unknown");
break;
}
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine(" Office Staff ");
break;
}
Console.Read();
}
}

10. Infinite Loops

What Are Loops in C#?

Loop is a concept that is used in almost all programming language for executing a single statement or

collection of statements several times depending on the condition.

The loops in C# are basically of two types depending on their behavior. These are:

 Entry controlled loop

 Exit controlled loop
 C# For Loop Example

1. using System;  
2. public class ForExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.           for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){    
7.             Console.WriteLine(i);    
8.           }    
9.       }  
10.     }  

Output:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

nested for loop in C#.

1. using System;  
2. public class ForExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.         for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){    
7.                 for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){    
8.                     Console.WriteLine(i+" "+j);    
9.                 }    
10.         }    
11.       }  
12.     }  

Output:

1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1
2 2
2 3
3 1
3 2
 3 3

C# Infinite For Loop

1. using System;  
2. public class ForExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.           for (; ;)  
7.           {  
8.                   Console.WriteLine("Infinitive For Loop");  
9.           }    
10.       }  
11.  }  

Output:

Infinitive For Loop

Infinitive For Loop
Infinitive For Loop
Infinitive For Loop
Infinitive For Loop

C# While Loop

C# While Loop Example

1. using System;  
2. public class WhileExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.           int i=1;    
7.           while(i<=10)   
8.           {  
9.               Console.WriteLine(i);  
10.               i++;  
11.           }    
12.      }  
13.    }  
 Output:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

C# Nested While Loop Example:

1. using System;  
2. public class WhileExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.           int i=1;    
7.           while(i<=3)   
8.           {  
9.               int j = 1;  
10.               while (j <= 3)  
11.               {  
12.                   Console.WriteLine(i+" "+j);  
13.                   j++;  
14.               }  
15.               i++;  
16.           }    
17.      }  
18.    }  

Output:

1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1
2 2
2 3
3 1
3 2
3 3
 C# Infinitive While Loop Example:

1. using System;  
2. public class WhileExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.           while(true)  
7.           {  
8.                   Console.WriteLine("Infinitive While Loop");  
9.           }    
10.       }  
11.     }  

Output:

Infinitive While Loop

Infinitive While Loop
Infinitive While Loop
Infinitive While Loop
Infinitive While Loop

C# do-while Loop Example

Let's see a simple example of C# do-while loop to print the table of 1.

1. using System;  
2. public class DoWhileExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.           int i = 1;  
7.             
8.           do{  
9.               Console.WriteLine(i);  
10.               i++;  
11.           } while (i <= 10) ;  
12.     
13.      }  
14.    }  

Output:

1
2
 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

C# Nested do-while Loop

1. using System;  
2. public class DoWhileExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.           int i=1;    
7.             
8.           do{  
9.               int j = 1;  
10.                 
11.               do{  
12.                   Console.WriteLine(i+" "+j);  
13.                   j++;  
14.               } while (j <= 3) ;  
15.               i++;  
16.           } while (i <= 3) ;    
17.      }  
18.    }  

Output:

1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1
2 2
2 3
3 1
3 2
3 3
 C# Infinitive do-while Loop Example

1. using System;  
2. public class WhileExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.             
7.           do{  
8.               Console.WriteLine("Infinitive do-while Loop");  
9.           } while(true);   
10.       }  
11.     }  

Output:

Infinitive do-while Loop

Infinitive do-while Loop
Infinitive do-while Loop
Infinitive do-while Loop
Infinitive do-while Loop
ctrl+c
 Jump Statements in C#
Jumping of execution is another important concept of programming, and the different jump statements help us
to do so. These statements help in transferring control from one point to the other. Positioning the execution
based on a certain requirement is another concept that helps in jumping from a particular logic to others within
a program.

C# provides programmers with five different types of jump statements. These are:

1. goto
2. break
3. continue
4. return
5. throw

C# Goto Statement
The C# goto statement is also known jump statement. It is used to transfer control to the
other part of the program. It unconditionally jumps to the specified label.

It can be used to transfer control from deeply nested loop or switch case label.

Currently, it is avoided to use goto statement in C# because it makes the program complex.

1. using System;  
2. public class GotoExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.       ineligible:  
7.           Console.WriteLine("You are not eligible to vote!");  
8.   
9.       Console.WriteLine("Enter your age:\n");  
10.       int age = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());  
11.       if (age < 18){  
12.               goto ineligible;  
13.       }  
14.       else  
15.       {  
16.               Console.WriteLine("You are eligible to vote!");   
17.       }  
18.       }  
19.    }  

Output:

You are not eligible to vote!

 Enter your age:
11
You are not eligible to vote!
Enter your age:
5
You are not eligible to vote!
Enter your age:
26
You are eligible to vote!

C# Break Statement
The C# break is used to break loop or switch statement. It breaks the current flow of the program at the given
condition. In case of inner loop, it breaks only inner loop.

1. using System;  
2. public class BreakExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.           for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){      
7.                     for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){      
8.                         if(i==2&&j==2){      
9.                             break;      
10.                         }      
11.                         Console.WriteLine(i+" "+j);      
12.                     }      
13.           }      
14.       }  
15.    }  

Output:

1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1
3 1
3 2
3 3

C# Continue Statement
The C# continue statement is used to continue loop. It continues the current flow of the program and skips the
remaining code at specified condition. In case of inner loop, it continues only inner loop.

1. using System;  
2. public class ContinueExample  
3.     {  
4.       public static void Main(string[] args)  
5.       {  
6.           for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){      
7.                     for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){      
8.                         if(i==2&&j==2){      
9.                             continue;      
10.                         }      
11.                         Console.WriteLine(i+" "+j);      
12.                     }      
13.             }      
14.       }  
15.    }  

Output:

1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1
2 3
3 1
3 2
3 3

return

This jump statement is used to terminate any execution flow in any method and returns the control to calling

method. The value returned by this is optional and when the return type is void, the return statement can be

debarred.

Example:

using System;

class ProgEg {

static int Add(int aa)

int a = aa + aa;

return a;

static public void Main()

{
 int numb = 6;

int res = Add(numb);

Console.WriteLine(" Addition is: {0} : ", res);

Output:

Addition is: 12

throw

This is a concept of exception handling in C# which will be covered in the later chapters. But since it also jumps

program flows and executions by creating an object of valid exception class using the new

Example:

using System;

class ProgEg

static string s = null;

static void disp(string s1)

if (s1 == null)

throw new NullReferenceException("Exception Found.");

static void Main(string[] args)

try

disp(s);

}
 catch(Exception exp)

Console.WriteLine( exp.Message );

Output:

Exception Found.

The exception thrown by the throw statement will be taken care of by the catch statement which jumps the
execution flow directly from throw to catch.
C# Function