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    Chapter Seven The Study of Language Grammar

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    مظفر منعم ميران عباس
    This document discusses grammar and the study of language. It defines grammar as describing the structure of grammatical units and sentences. There are two main types of parts of speech: open class items like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs; and closed system items like prepositions, articles, conjunctions, pronouns and demonstratives. Grammatical categories refer to classifying units, with the main categories being number, gender, person, and case for nouns, and tense, aspect, voice, and mood for verbs.

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    Chapter Seven The Study of Language Grammar

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    مظفر منعم ميران عباس
    32 views4 pages
    This document discusses grammar and the study of language. It defines grammar as describing the structure of grammatical units and sentences. There are two main types of parts of speech: open class items like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs; and closed system items like prepositions, articles, conjunctions, pronouns and demonstratives. Grammatical categories refer to classifying units, with the main categories being number, gender, person, and case for nouns, and tense, aspect, voice, and mood for verbs.

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    Chapter Seven

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    This document discusses grammar and the study of language. It defines grammar as describing the structure of grammatical units and sentences. There are two main types of parts of speech: open class items like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs; and closed system items like prepositions, articles, conjunctions, pronouns and demonstratives. Grammatical categories refer to classifying units, with the main categories being number, gender, person, and case for nouns, and tense, aspect, voice, and mood for verbs.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views4 pages

    Chapter Seven The Study of Language Grammar

    Uploaded by

    مظفر منعم ميران عباس
    This document discusses grammar and the study of language. It defines grammar as describing the structure of grammatical units and sentences. There are two main types of parts of speech: open class items like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs; and closed system items like prepositions, articles, conjunctions, pronouns and demonstratives. Grammatical categories refer to classifying units, with the main categories being number, gender, person, and case for nouns, and tense, aspect, voice, and mood for verbs.

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    of 4

    Chapter Seven

    The Study of Language


    Grammar

    7.0 Introduction
    It is a way of describing the structure of all the grammatical
    units and sentences which will account for all of the grammatical
    sequences and rule out all the ungrammatical sequences.

    7.1 Parts of Speech


    The structure realizing sentence element are composed of
    units which can be referred to as parts of speech. These can be
    shown in the following diagram.

    Sentence Elements

    open class items closed system items

    nouns verbs adjective adverbs


    (school) (go) (long) (slowly)

    Preposition articles conjunctions pronouns demonstratives

    In on at a an the or and if he she it this that these


    7.1.1 Open Class Items
    They are the real, basic, and concrete parts of speech. They
    can normally be expanded by the creation of additional members.
    They are unlimited such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

    7.1.2 Closed System Items


    They cannot normally be expanded by the creation of
    additional members. The are limited such as prepositions, articles,
    conjunctions, pronouns, and demonstratives………

    7. Grammatical Categories
    They refer to the establishments of a set of classificatory
    units. There are two types of grammatical categories: Grammatical
    categories of nouns and verbs. These can be shown in the
    following diagram: -
    Grammatical Categories

    grammatical categories of nouns grammatical category of verbs

    number tense
    gender aspect
    person voice
    case mood

    7.2.1 Grammatical Categories of Nouns

    1- Number
    In many languages verb forms show agreement with
    number and person of the subject.
    2- Person
    There are three persons in English:

    1st person used by a speaker to refer to himself (I, We)

    2nd person to refer to the addressee (You)

    3rd person to refer to people or things other than the speaker or the
    addressee (he, she, it, they)

    3- Gender
    Grammatical gender does not often coincide with the natural
    gender. E.g. a car, ship, or airplane may be referred to as she, a
    baby may be referred to as it, natural gender plays a role in the
    form of nouns, e.g., “actor: actress”.

    4- Case
    English only one case is marked in nouns (possessive), e.g.,
    the man’s book. Pronouns have more forms which could be
    described as subjective and objective and two possessive forms,
    e.g.,

    ( I, me, my, mine)

    Subj obj possessive


    7.2.2 The Grammatical Categories of verbs

    1- Tense
    In English, we have two basic tenses past and present, and
    several ways of indicating the future time.

    2- Aspect
    In English, we have two aspects:
    1- perfective referring to the completion of action
    2- progressive referring to the continuity of an action

    Examples:
    1- She has written a letter to Ali. (completion of activity)
    2- She is writing a letter to Ali. (continuity of activity)

    3- Voice:
    In English, the main distinction is between active and passive

    Examples:
    1- The dog bit the cat. (active)
    2- The cat was bitten by the dog. (passive)

    Good Luck
    Dr. Hatem Al-Janabi

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