Mine 2019

Resourcing the future

www.pwc.com/mine
Shifting
expectations
Welcome to our annual review of futures markets, not present markets. And Copper and battery metals, which stand to
global trends in the mining industry, when investors and other stakeholders gain as the energy mix moves away from
as represented by the Top 40 mining look at the future of the mining industry, combustion engines to electricity including
companies by market capitalisation. it is clear they have concerns about the renewable energy, are receiving the bulk
industry’s perception on vital issues such of capital investment. (However, as coal
Judged by traditional metrics, things are as safety, the environment, technology and contributes 38% to global electricity
looking good for the world’s top miners. consumer engagement. generation, it remains an important part
In 2018, the world’s 40 largest miners of the basket and continues to receive
consolidated the stellar performance In spite of the strong operating substantial capital investment and
of 2017. As a group, they increased performance, both investors and transaction focus.)
production, boosted cash flow, paid down consumers seem to be down on the brand
debt, and provided returns to shareholders of mining. They question whether the Mining companies are also streamlining
at near record highs. And there was still industry can responsibly create sustainable their operating portfolio by disposing of
cash left to increase capital expenditure value for all stakeholders. Discrete events, non-core assets and optimising project
for the first time in five years. All while such as safety or environmental incidents, portfolios in line with long-term strategies.
delivering significant value to stakeholders have contributed to these challenges. In 2018 and early 2019, a key focus of
like employees, governments and merger activity among the Top 40 was
communities, as well as supplying the raw consolidation in the gold sector. It remains
materials underpinning global economic
growth. The benefits of mining have
‘Big questions’ to critical that potential acquirers evaluate
their strategic options before taking action,
flowed far and wide. address but we may see further transactions to
drive efficiencies and improve productivity.
Yet investors seemed unimpressed,
But far-reaching structural changes in
at least judging by market returns and
the environment – and in the operating
valuations. What accounts for this
environment – are also raising questions
discrepancy? Stock markets are famously
about the industry’s future. Foremost
among them is the impact of climate
change, highlighted by the rising frequency
of extreme weather events. As the
finder and provider of carbon-based
raw materials in the form of coal and
a substantial creator of CO2 emissions
via mining and metals processing, the
mining industry is firmly involved in the
climate change debate. The Top 40
response is varied: some have adopted
a climate change strategy and others are
seemingly indifferent.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  2

Can mining change Looking ahead to the rest of 2019
and beyond, we see a continuation of
The mining industry will have a window
of opportunity over the next few years,
fast enough? the strong operating performances,
and pockets of progress in these
created by strong operating fundamentals,
to adapt to the growing and changing
While they appreciate the efforts to contemporary factors. But we don’t see expectations of stakeholders. By
improve operations and engineer superior any signs of a quantum shift in priorities utilising technology to operate safely
results, it is clear that investors and that will allow the industry as a collective to and more efficiently, addressing global
other stakeholders are concerned that keep pace with changes delivered in other concerns, and maintaining a disciplined
the industry is lagging when it comes sectors. Without such a shift, we expect strategy to create ongoing value for its
to several factors that have not been a the growing awareness gap between the stakeholders, the industry can forge a
traditional focus of the mining industry. brand of mining and the benefits of mining better future for all beneficiaries of mining
These include dealing with emissions, to continue to widen. – industry, consumers, communities and
investing in differentiating technology and other stakeholders.
digitisation, engaging more proactively
with consumers and building brand.

Responsibly creating value for all stakeholders on a sustainable basis

Top 40 mining companies performance snapshot

Financial capital

Revenue Record dividends paid to EBITDA

$683bn up $51bn (8%) shareholders $43bn of $165bn up $7bn (4%)

Market cap
as at 31 December 2018 $757bn (down by 18%), M&A activity up to $30bn
as at 30 April 2019 $849bn

Manufactured capital

Costs up by 8.6% driven largely Capex up for first time in five years by
Modest growth in production
by commodity-based input costs 12% to $57bn

Human capital Social and environment capital

Reported Scope 1 and Scope 2 Value distributed

Safety focused, but 21% of new Board member emissions show a CAGR reduction of to government and
fatalities remain an issue appointments were female
5.2% from 2016 to 2018 employees - 43%

*All figures are US dollars

Source: Annual reports, PwC analysis

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  3

Industry overview

Steady but
the heat is on
The Top 40 continued to see steady
growth in revenue and profitability,
Figure 1: Top 40 mining companies performance trends ($bn)
as predicted in our forecast last year.
800 250
Dividends to shareholders are at an all-
time high and balance sheets are strong.
Capital expenditure showed an increase 700

for the first time in five years, albeit still 200

below 2008 pre-boom levels. 600

EBITDA, Capex, Dividends paid

Trade wars, geopolitical crises and climate 500
change continue to create industry 150
Revenue ($bn)

volatility. This uncertainty was particularly

400
evident at the end of December 2018,
when commodity prices and emerging 100
300
economy exchange rates decreased
substantially.
200
50

100

0 0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019*

Revenue EBITDA Capital expenditure Dividends

*2019 outlook
Source: Annual reports, PwC analysis

In the broader Despite the industry’s impressive

financial performance over the last
market context, two years, the mining index has barely
held its own against global market
mining continues indices. Notwithstanding multi-year high
profitability levels supported by strong
to struggle for financial positions, investors are seemingly
not willing to invest at historic price and
favour dividend yield levels, hence existing
investors have not been rewarded with an
equivalent market price performance.
Moreover, our long term analysis points to
only marginal market capitalisation growth
by the mining industry over a 15 year
period. In this period, its performance has
lagged that of the market as a whole, new
technologies and comparable industries,
such as oil and gas.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  4

 Mining companies do not measure their
Figure 2: Relative sector total shareholders return* performance
success based solely on their share price
performance. Nevertheless, the share
price movement relative to the rest of the
15 Year market is an indication of the market’s
view of the industry’s attractiveness.
Mining dividend yields have increased to
10 Year
above 3% since 2011 and are well in line
with those of other sectors (e.g. oil and
gas between 3–5%, technology between
1–2%). There has been a significant
5 Year increase in dividends paid in the last
two years. Despite the strong financial
position and recent track record, investors
2 Year seem concerned about mining’s negative
publicity, the future of certain commodities
and the industry’s ability to manage
stakeholder expectations. Additionally, the
1 Year
fact that only three mining companies are
in the 2018 Global 500 brand index (none
-50% -30% -10% 0 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 110% 130% 150% in the top 100), compared with 22 oil and
gas companies, indicates an unfavourable
MSCI Metals & Mining MSCI World MSCI Oil & Gas MSCI Financials MSCI Industrials MSCI Information Tech
or indifferent perception of ‘brand mining’.
*Annual capital growth (31-Dec over 1-Jan) plus dividend yield
Source: S&P Capital IQ

One thing is clear – mining

requires far more than good
financial performance to
continue to create and realise
value in a sustainable manner.
We believe the under-performance is
connected with the risk and uncertainties
of a changing world and the market
perception about the mining industry’s
ability to respond. The future success of
the mining industry will not only depend on
its ability to adapt but also its ability and
willingness to sell its brand as the primary
provider of raw materials to many essential
industries and products that humans rely
on everyday, whether it be the ten metals
and minerals - including gold, silver,
aluminium and nickel - that can be found
in their cell phone, the lithium in the battery
of their electric vehicle, the steel from iron
ore in their cooking pot or the coal fuelling
their electric lights.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  5

A changing world with risks and uncertainties
Mine 2018:Tempting times, highlighted
a number of regulatory and political
challenges. This year is proving no
different. Against the backdrop of US–
China trade disputes and upheaval in the
Eurozone, all spheres of business including
taxation, environment, politics, investment
and labour are marked by volatility and
uncertainty. This places further pressure on
the mining industry to create sustainable
value into the future.

Figure 3: Top 40 reach and external market drivers

US-China trade
and tariff disputes

Trade sanctions
against Russia, Iran

Ongoing Brexit
uncertainty

9%
6%
9%
7%

6%
9%
12% 9% China abolishes presidential term
6% India: auction of new coal limits in 2018
46% 8%
and other mineral mines are
behind schedule and 14%
9% Philippines: new
possible supply disruptions
regulations restricting
as a result 8% mining activities
15%

Divestment policy deadline

12% Indonesia:
looms - Indonesia
consolidation in the
20% Increased royalty 66% 24% 6%
taxes and GST in state-owned sector
12%
2019 presidential and Zambia, new mining
national elections code for DRC
60%
28% 36% 9%
(Algeria, Australia, Canada, 7% Natural disasters
Finalisation of mining
Eurozone parliamentary charter in South Africa 7% and extreme
elections, India, Indonesia, 10% weather events
19%
South Africa and Tunisia ) Brazil: increases in royalty
taxes and mining code
changes
7%

Top 40 representation Global production

None Low Copper Gold Cobolt Coal

Medium High Iron ore Nickel Lithium

Source: USGS, PwC analysis

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  6

A chance to fix
‘brand mining’
With strong balance sheets and cash
flows, now is the time for the Top 40 to
address the issues weighing down market
valuations. Climate change, technology
and changing consumer sentiment are
among the defining business challenges of
our age. To restore faith in ‘brand mining’,
leading miners need to prove they are
keeping up with the pace of change. As
an industry, this means transforming their
reputation as efficient ‘converters of dirt’
to prominent builders of both economic
and societal capital. Prioritising green
and customer-centric strategies, enabled
by technology, will help earn the trust of
stakeholders and enable miners to create
sustainable value into the future.

Action and words needed on carbon

As producers of fossil fuels and high users Miners have already done a lot to improve
of energy, miners are squarely in the public internal efficiencies for the reduction in
eye on the issue of carbon emissions. Any groundwater consumption and other
misstep results in significant reputation risk environmental impacts. Most of the Top
and impacts the entire industry’s social 40 have also targeted a further reduction
licence to operate. Mining must, therefore, in greenhouse gas emissions between
be among the quickest to respond to 3% and 5% by 2020. While this is a
the changing landscape. While Top 40 positive step, miners do not appear
miners are performing strongly in terms to have gone as far as their peers in
of sustainability reporting, stakeholders adjacent sectors. For example, oil and
have made it clear that disclosure is gas companies such as Shell and BP
not enough. Direct, measurable and have set clear reduction targets, linked
visible progress is required for trust to be their carbon footprint with executive pay
regained and maintained. and invested up to 8% of total capex in
green technology in FY18. In formulating
their actions on carbon reduction, miners
need to consider the impact of their
activities as well as the downstream uses
of their commodities. By investing in more
environmentally friendly solutions for their
respective commodity end uses, they
can make a real difference in creating
demand for their products with a tangible
environmental benefit.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  7

Accelerate and
widen technology Miners have a critical role
to play in addressing the
adoption awareness gap between
Technology is becoming a critical the brand of mining and
differentiator for the world’s leading miners. the benefits of mining.
Automation and digitisation continue
to gain momentum, as companies are
focused on harnessing technology to
reduce the cost of maintenance and
extraction. But compared with many other
industries, mining’s level of technological
maturity is still relatively low. Only seven Consumers need
of the Top 40 have a Chief Technology
Officer, Chief Information Officer or
mining: engage
Chief Digital Officer in their senior
management team.
with them
Miners need to look beyond their Mining supplies many of the raw materials
backyard to learn from the best of digital behind the technology and products
and Industry 4.0 and apply that thinking that consumers love. And, like other
to mining. They also need to take a sectors, mining is responding to consumer
broader view of technology adoption concerns around the sustainability of these
to encompass sustainability, safety and goods. For example, Rio Tinto and Alcoa
changing consumer sentiment. The formed a new venture with Apple to create
benefits of becoming a ‘digital champion’ the world’s first carbon-free aluminium
are significant. A 2018 study by PwC’s smelting process. RCS Global has
Global Digital Impact Centre found that partnered with a number of organisations
companies who achieve digital technology to use blockchain technology to trace and
mastery earn higher revenues and lower validate ethically sourced cobalt, which
their costs consistently over time. is in high demand for use in lithium-ion
batteries for electric motor vehicles.
Investment in technology should
not, however, stop at the mine gate. But the growing demand for the end
Miners have a significant opportunity products of mining also puts the industry –
to push research and innovation into and consumers – in a double bind. Miners
the downstream application of their must ramp up production to maintain an
products. Such efforts could include coal economical supply of commodities. Yet it
companies investing in technologies for is not clear that consumers are fully aware
carbon capture and storage, or platinum that mining supports and underpins their
group metal (PGM) miners working on choices. Miners have a critical role to play
the commercialisation of hydrogen fuel in addressing the awareness gap between
cells. Thinking about technology in the the brand of mining and the benefits
context of the whole supply chain not only of mining, in particular for the younger
demonstrates responsibility but begins to generation who represent the future
build a culture of innovation. investors and workforce. To do this, they
need to become more consumer-centric
and more brand-savvy. As there is no real
alternative to the primary supply of these
essential commodities, miners need to
clearly articulate the essential role that they
play – and will play – in meeting existing
and emerging consumer needs.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  8

Top 40 financial
performance and metrics
Income statement 2019 outlook starts
$bn 2019 Outlook 2018 2017 Change (%)
showing pressure
Revenue 686 683 632 8%
on margins
Operating expenses (511) (505) (465) 9% Our 2019 outlook assumes flat revenue
Other operating expenses (6) (13) (9) 44% as marginally increased production and
higher average iron ore prices are offset
EBITDA 169 165 158 4% by weaker coal and copper prices. We
Impairment charges (4) (12) (3) 300% expect operating costs to rise because
Depreciation and of inflationary pressures on input costs.
(46) (47) (47) 0% The expected outcome for margins will be
amortisation
largely in line with the current year.
Net finance cost (10) (13) (13) 0%
Our projections are based on historic
PBT 109 93 95 (2%)
performance, in conjunction with estimates
Income tax expense (33) (27) (30) (10%) of future key variables such as price,
Net profit 76 66 65 2% production and input costs. (Please refer
to page 26 for additional information on
*2019 is our outlook methodology and data limitations.)
Source: Annual reports, PwC analysis

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  9

2018 revenue Figure 4: Price index for key commodities

up, buoyed by 160

commodity price 140

increases
120
In 2018, revenue increased 8% with most
commodities experiencing increased
Index value
average prices for the year. The decreases 100
in prices towards the end of 2018 reflected
the economic uncertainty at the time and
the evident pressure on economic growth. 80

Production increased on average by 2%

60
for most commodities.

40

Jan 17 Mar 17 May 17 Jul 17 Sep 17 Nov 17 Jan 18 Mar 18 May 18 Jul 18 Sep 18 Nov 18 Jan 19 Mar 19

Index Coal Index Copper Index Gold Index Iron Ore Index Nickel Base Metal Index

Source: World Bank

Changing Figure 5: Top 40 revenue-based commodity mix

consumer
sentiment and the 2018
Coal Iron Ore

commodity mix of
23%
28%
2006

the future 23%

25%
Gold Copper

In response to demands for a sustainable Other

future, many companies are embracing
the need to lower their carbon footprints.
The challenge to provide environmentally- 11%
14%
friendly products extends across all
25%
sectors and industries from technology
15%
companies and automotive manufacturers,
right through to energy, utilities and mining. 23%
How has this trend shaped the commodity 11%
mix over the past decade? The answer -
very little! We compared the 2018 revenue
mix to 2006 (a typical pre-boom year,
with 2006 revenue adjusted for price 2006 calculated on revenue reported in PwC’s Mine 2007: Riding the wave
movements to make it comparable). The Source: Annual reports, PwC analysis
similarities in revenue mix are striking. Coal
retains an equivalent weighting, although
the top-line results mask the underlying
sector realignment within the Top 40, as
the US coal producers were replaced by
Indian and Asian coal miners. Copper
also remained steady and iron ore grew
its share on the back of infrastructure-
driven growth.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  10

Commodity performance highlights

Copper Coal Iron Ore

Price up 6%, Revenue up 12% Price up 21%, Revenue up 12% Price down 3%, Revenue up 2%

Over half of the Top 40 produce copper, Coal remains the largest revenue- Mine and plant closures in China, driven
either as a primary metal or as a by- or co- generating commodity, supporting 38% of by environmental concerns, supported
product. These producers are responsible global electricity generation. Top 40 coal demand for seaborne coal and iron ore
for ~55% of global copper production. production has increased despite the sell- and therefore increased the price in
Year on year copper production grew off of coal assets by some. Glencore and 2017. In 2018, the increase in iron ore
almost 7% for the Top 40, as companies Yangzhou acquired Rio Tinto’s remaining production caught up with demand and
responded to higher copper demand. coal assets in Australia. prices are expected to flatten over time.
In general, copper producers forecast a Top 40 production of iron ore increased
decline in 2019 production, as declining Coal offtake agreements are often not at as Australian and Brazilian producers
grades and higher costs make it difficult spot, explaining the difference between expanded mines. However, the tragic
to meet demand and new projects are not revenue and price growth. Many parts of tailings dam collapse at Brumadinho has
able to come online fast enough to avoid the world — e.g. China, India and South cut back supply in the first half of 2019.
a supply deficit. Inventory levels are at ten- East Asia — are expected to continue to
year lows, but this is not yet reflected in use coal to meet primary energy needs. The
the copper price. above average economic growth in these
countries suggests that the coal demand
will continue in the near to medium term.
In the long term, renewable energy
will reshape the energy mix and coal
consumption is expected to plateau
from 2023*. *IEA, Coal 2018

And for the future? Continued focus on productivity and cost

The future commodity mix will be driven in
part by changing consumer consumption
reduction, however headwinds prevail
patterns, new energy sources in the
energy transition, and the increased use of In Mine 2018: Tempting times, we highlighted that production and cost efficiencies would
technological devices. dominate the Top 40’s strategies to drive sustainable growth in the future. We continue
to see concerted efforts and increased investments in technology to create a ‘mine of the
The mining sector continues to deliver future’, where technology will enable companies to unlock resources, improve costs and
the raw materials to support the Fourth ensure employee safety.
Industrial Revolution. From lithium to
copper, tantalite to rare earths and PGMs We have seen the likes of BHP unlock cumulative productivity gains of more than $12bn
to cobalt, these metals support the delivery in recent years, Rio Tinto form three centres of excellence to deliver an annual $1.5bn
of new energy sources, energy storage in additional cash flows from productivity improvements and Anglo American commit
solutions, electricity transmission and to delivering an additional $3–4bn EBITDA improvement by 2022. AngloGold Ashanti
various end-user consumer products. But has rebased current spend baseline cost in the South Africa region through a strategic
their impact on the aggregated Top 40 procurement transformation project.
financial performance will be incremental The productivity and efficiency gains by the Top 40 were more elusive this year due to
rather than transformational, as production higher than expected inflation, unexpected closures and accidents. Operating costs rose
volumes will continue to be dwarfed by 8.6%, significantly higher than general inflation with only a moderate production increase.
the dominant commodities for many years
to come. The increase in operating costs has largely been driven by commodity-driven
consumables up 12%, freight and transport up 11% and employee remuneration up 6%.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  11

The mining industry is facing a skills
Profitability measures 2019 Outlook 2018 2017
shortage, as noted in some of the Top 40
company risk profiles. More investment is EBITDA margin 25% 24% 25%
needed to ensure the right mix of skills are
Net profit margin 11% 10% 10%
available for a sustainable future. Ongoing
investment in tertiary education by the Return on capital employed 11% 10% 9%
Top 40 is essential. Mining also needs to
form deep alliances with complementary Return on equity 13% 12% 12%
industries such as technology and logistics
to supply the necessary skills. Source: Annual reports, PwC analysis

For other operating expenses in 2018,

there was a significant increase in foreign
exchange losses attributable to US dollar
denominated borrowings for companies
with emerging market functional
currencies. Notably, Vale recognised a
foreign exchange loss of $2.7bn and
Norilsk Nickel $1bn.

Impairments
Impairment provisions were unexpected
and substantial at $12bn. Impairments
were mostly transaction related and
regulatory induced. The impairments
of Goldcorp ($4.7bn) and BHP Billiton
($3.1bn) became evident through
transactions, with sale prices being
less than carrying amounts. Glencore’s
impairment ($1.6bn) related to copper Change
assets in the Democratic Republic $bn 2019 Outlook 2018 2017
(%)
of Congo and Zambia and changes
to regulatory and tax requirements. Cash flow relating to operating activities
Approximately half of Barrick’s impairment Cash generated from operations 168 168 152 11%
($0.9bn) related to increased government
imposts and higher energy costs in Income taxes paid (32) (32) (26) 23%
Argentina.
Other (1) (2) (6) (67%)
Market capitalisation covered net asset
Net operating cash flows 135 134 120 12%
value by 1.4 times, well below the 1.7 ratio
from 2017. Although the overall position Source: Annual reports, PwC analysis
doesn’t indicate further impairments,
12 of the Top 40 companies had net
asset values exceeding their market Return on capital employed and Return on equity remained relatively stable on the back
capitalisation at 31 December 2018. At 30 of lower denominators because of the significant distributions to shareholders and the
April 2019, this position improved to 10. weakening of emerging market exchange rates at year end.
Cash generated from operations was $16bn, or 11%, stronger in 2018 and $3bn better
than EBITDA primarily because of a $5bn reduction in debtors across the group.
Taxes paid were also $5bn higher than the income statement tax expense. The Top 40
income tax expense reduced by 10%, with cash taxes paid to government authorities
increasing by 23%. The difference relates to the recognition of previously unrecognised
deferred tax assets, the prior year impact of US tax reform measures on deferred taxes
and the deferred tax impact of the large impairments.
The Top 40 currently have a significant balance of unrecognised tax losses, which may
confer a future tax benefit of approximately $12.7bn. Interestingly, of the Top 40, Vale
recognised a deferred tax asset of $1.5bn on its carry-forward tax balance. This move
perhaps suggests the start of a shift in the tax landscape, and we could see other miners
follow suit where forecasts support the recoverability of any previously unrecognised
deferred tax balances.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  12

 Figure 6: Board and senior management profile – Top 40 miners

Diversity 19

Board size
11
improving, but 6
more to do Biggest Average Smallest

Total number of position

Gender split Board composition by age changes in 2018

>80 years 2%
Boards

65-80 years 27%

50-65 years 53% 13 female appointments,

21% women representing 21% of total

35-50 years 17%

11% women
Senior management

including two <35 years 1%

female CEOs

28% or 11 of
the Top 40 do not
have any females in 9 female appointments,
senior management
positions representing 12% of total

Source: Annual reports, PwC analysis

In 2018, the proportion of women on Developing a diverse, talented and future- This disaster, which is not reflected in
Top 40 boards was up marginally to fit workforce requires a robust workforce 2018 safety numbers, led to a significant
21%, putting miners on par with the strategy. But miners should not assume loss of life and reminds the industry of the
average for Fortune1000 companies their current approach will deliver the risk associated with mining activities, not
(21.3%). Disappointingly, there was no workforce they will need down the track. just for employees but for surrounding
improvement in the number of women in As we explored in our recent report communities.
senior management, which hovered at a Preparing for tomorrow’s workforce,
lacklustre 11%. Miners still have serious today, traditional talent practices can The second major tailings disaster in three
work to do to attract, retain and promote inadvertently filter out diversity and sideline years, it has already triggered significant
women into leadership roles. older workers. PwC has developed a legislative changes in Brazil, while a
diagnostic tool https://www.pwc.com/ number of the Top 40 are revisiting the
It’s less clear how miners are doing on gx/en/services/people-organisation/ governance and risk management of their
other critical aspects of diversity, such as workforce-strategy-diagnostic.html tailings facilities.
skills and generational composition. More that can help miners assess the longer-
than ever, shareholders and investors Despite a concerted effort to improve safety,
term effectiveness of their current there was an increase in fatalities from 96
are expecting companies to disclose workforce strategies.
progress against a wide range of diversity to 102 for the 20 companies in the Top 40
metrics that are known to be linked to that disclose safety statistics. While these
tragedies continue, safety does show an
improved performance. They want to
know whether miners have the right mix of Safety remains a overall improvement with fewer accidents
reported. There were also significantly
skills, ethnicity, gender and generations to
deal with the rapidly evolving challenges challenge fewer lost time injuries recorded by those
facing the industry. We encourage the who report additional injury metrics. As
It is impossible to reflect on safety in the PwC has mentioned in previous editions of
Top 40 to improve their diversity reporting,
mining industry without acknowledging Mine, using technology and automation in
particularly at the board and senior
the tragic impact of the Brumadinho particularly risky activities may go some way
management levels.
tailings dam failure in Brazil. to reducing the risk in the future.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  13

Sharing value -
what's mined is yours
Miners make Figure 7: Top 40 value distribution - 2017 and 2018

significant 1%
2%

contributions to 7%
2018

those with a stake 21%

Governments

in the industry 12%

2017
19%
Capital expenditure

This year, we analysed how the value that 25% 7% 1% Employees

mining generates is shared. We found that
governments, employees, shareholders Shareholder distribution
and the mining business itself – in the form
of capital expenditure – all benefited from 19% 21%
Return to providers of borrowings
mining and in relatively equal measure.
23%
Community investment
21%

Funds retained

22%

Source: Annual reports, PwC analysis

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  14

Government share Figure 8: Value distribution: 2018 vs five-year average industry comparison
Mining, along with oil and gas,
distributes a greater share of its value to 100%
governments than almost any other sector.
That’s because, on top of direct and
90%
indirect taxes, miners also pay substantial 24% 53%
32% 32%
royalties in the form of resources rent for 32%
34%
the finite resources extracted from the 80% 41%
37%

countries in which the Top 40 operate. 46%

Last year, the share of value distributed to 53%

70%
governments in the form of direct taxes 16% 15%
3% 2%
and royalties increased from 19% to 7% 6%
21%. In addition, a number of countries 60% 6%
have implemented carbon taxes and/ 8%
8%
or emissions trading schemes. Of the 25 6% 18% 20%
50%
countries in which the Top 40 operate, 13 5%
4%
42%

countries have already implemented these 5%

34% 26% 48%
taxes / schemes and nine countries are 40% 24%
3%
actively considering implementation. 21%
16%

14%
The following graph compares the mining 30% 24% 22%

industry to other industries in terms of

11% 17%
value provided to governments, providers 20% 16%
11% 16% 10%
of capital and capital expenditure. 13%
7%
10% 18% 19%
18% 14%
14% 13% 14%
11% 11% 11%

0%

2018 5YA 2018 5YA 2018 5YA 2018 5YA 2018 5YA
Top 40 Mining Oil & Gas Manufacturing Tech & Comm FAANG*

Direct Taxes Royalties Dividends Share Buyback Net Finance Cost Capex

* FAANG - Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix and Google

Source: Annual reports and S&P Capital IQ

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  15

Despite high levels of dividends, total Shareholder return analysis
shareholder returns in the form of
dividends, share buybacks and market
capitalisation growth are lower than most 2019
US$ bn 2018 2017 Var (%)
Outlook
of the comparable industries as a result of
the need for long-term and ongoing capital Operating cash flows 135 134 120 12%
expenditure. In a world where corporations Purchase of PP&E (68) (57) (51) 12%
are under increasing scrutiny over the tax
they pay, the Top 40 miners need to make Free cash flow 67 77 69 12%
an extra effort to ensure stakeholders
understand their true tax contribution. Dividends (43) (43) (38) 13%
Simple disclosure is not enough: miners Share buybacks (6) (15) (4) 275%
need to explain that income tax is
only part of their total contribution. For Total shareholder returns (49) (58) (42) 38%
example, over the last five years, royalties
paid by the Top 40 was almost equal
to the amount of direct taxes paid to Free cash flow less total shareholder returns 18 19 27 (30%)
governments, excluding employee taxes
and other indirect taxes also paid. And, in
many jurisdictions, miners are also facing Dividends as a % of operating cash flows 32% 32% 32% 0%
substantial carbon taxes or emissions Share buybacks as a % of operating cash flows 4% 11% 3% 8%
trading scheme levies.
Total shareholder distribution as a % of operating
36% 43% 35% 9%
cash flows
Shareholders rewarded Dividends as a % of free cash flows 65% 56% 55% 1%
A lift in operating cash flow has allowed Share buybacks as a % of free cash flows 9% 20% 6% 14%
the Top 40 to increase both capital
Total shareholder distribution as a % of free
expenditure and shareholders distribution 74% 76% 61% 15%
cash flows
in 2018. Dividend yield for the year was
5.5%. Those miners with formalised Dividend yield 5.5% 5.5% 4.7% 17%
divided policies – 23 out of the Top 40 –
paid out 67% of net earnings as dividends
Source: Annual reports, PwC analysis
and 30% of net earnings as share
buybacks, on average.

The jump in share buybacks in 2018

was notable. Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton M&A activity
accounted for 70% of the activity, mainly
as a result of their large-scale disposal
picks up
process during the year. While their After a period of sluggish activity, M&A
shareholders may see buybacks as is back on the agenda for the Top 40. In
welcome news in the short-term, miners 2018, the value of announced transactions
need to ask whether this has come at a jumped 137% to $30bn, driven by a flurry
cost given the challenges of attracting of activity in the gold sector, the ongoing
long-term capital. As we stressed in push by miners to optimise their portfolios,
Mine 2018: Tempting times, miners need and momentum in acquiring energy metal
to distribute value in a way that will ensure projects to meet future demand. This
a sustainable future for all stakeholders. renewed appetite for large transactions
appears set to continue throughout 2019,
with the deal value announced to 30 April
2019 already surpassing the value of all
the announced deals in 2017.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  16

Figure 9: Top 40 M&A snapshot: deal value and number* Optimisation continues
Miners are making the most of
60 60 opportunities to optimise their portfolios
and collaborate with other majors or
mid-tiers to find synergies. For example,
50 50 Rio Tinto’s decision to exit coal resulted
in $4bn in coal asset sales in 2018, up
from $3bn in 2017. BHP, Vale and Alrosa
all sold off non-core assets. According
40 40
to company presentations, Barrick and
Newmont’s joint venture over their Nevada
assets will generate $5bn of operational
Revenue ($bn)

30 30 synergies over 20 years.

Securing supply of battery

20 20
metals
There is an ongoing push by the Top 40
10 10 and others to secure battery metals amid
a growing uptake of electric vehicles
and other mobile electrical devices. For
example, China’s Tianqi Lithium acquired
0 0
Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile S.A.
2017 2018 YTD 2019
(“SQM”) to secure sufficient raw materials
Total Deal Value Total Number of Deals for China’s push for lithium. SQM allows
Tianqi to obtain the raw materials required
*Calculated on deal announcement date i.e. deal value and number
for the production of lithium, a metal
Source: S&P Capital IQ essential for electric vehicle batteries, at a
lower cost owing to vertical integration.

Notable transactions among Top 40 miners

$4.1bn
$6.5bn $4.1bn ($2.2bn+$1.7bn+ $0.2bn) $3.9bn
Barrick Gold Corp merged Tianqui’s acquisition Rio Tinto’s sale of coal Freeport and Rio Tinto
with Randgold Resources of 24% in SQM from assets to PT Adaro Energy sold a portion of a portion
to create “industry-leading Nutrien Ltd, as previously Tbk (Kestral mine - $2.2bn), of the Grasberg Mine to
gold company with the mentioned, to secure Glencore Plc (82% stake in PT Indonesia Asahan
greatest concentration of enough raw materials for Hail Creek Joint Venture and Aluminium (Persero)
Tier One Gold Assets in China’s push for lithium. 71.2% stake in Valeria Coal because of Indonesia’s
the industry”.1 Development Project - $1.7bn) divestment regulations.
and Whitehaven Coal Limited
(Winchester South coaking
coal project - $0.2bn).

1.
https://www.barrick.com/news/news-details/2018/Barrick-and-Randgold-Combine-to-Create-Industry-Leading-Gold-Investment-Vehicle/default.aspx

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  17

 Golden years
A shrinking pipeline of projects, fewer These numbers are even higher when
gold discoveries and high-grade deposits, the significant transactions involving
combined with a lack of funding for copper-gold assets are considered. As
junior developers is changing the gold newly merged entities move to sell off
sector. Fragmentation in the industry led non-core assets, mid-sized miners will be
to an inefficient allocation of capital and looking to purchase some of these assets
excessive competition for a shrinking list of and may merge or form joint ventures to
quality development-stage assets. become more competitive and attractive
to larger investors.
These factors are driving a renewed
round of consolidation with $7bn of gold Gold mining companies need to be
transactions in 2018 and $14bn so far in rigorous and disciplined with prospective
20191. Gold transactions increased from deals. With all the value generated by
8% of the total Top 40 deal value in 2017 mergers and acquisitions between 2005
to 25% in 2018 and are tracking at close and 2012 now lost, investors are still
to 95% in 2019 (as at end April 2019). reeling from past transactions where
purchasers overpaid for assets.

1.
Does not include deal value associated with the Barrick/Newmont JV

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  18

Top 40 financial position
Positioned for $bn 2018 2017 Change (%)

growth Current assets

Cash 101 99 2%
Despite the real liquidity concerns during Inventories 77 79 (3%)
2014 and 2015, the Top 40 mining Accounts receivable 55 60 (8%)
companies have shored up their positions.
Other 52 38 37%
A further net borrowings repayment of
$11.5bn resulted in the gearing position Total current assets 285 276 3%
dropping below the ten-year average.
All liquidity and solvency ratios improved Non-current assets
during the year. Property, plant and equipment 610 644 (5%)
Goodwill and other intangibles 52 56 (7%)
Investment in associates and joint ventures 43 44 22%
Other investments and loans granted 30 24 (25%)
Other 60 66 (9%)
Total non-current assets 795 834 (5%)
Total assets 1,080 1,110 (3%)

Current liabilities
Accounts payable 87 89 2%
Borrowings 34 44 (23%)
Other 55 54 2%
Total current liabilities 176 187 (6%)

Non-current liabilities
Borrowings 217 229 (5%)
Other 147 150 (2%)
Total non-current liabilities 364 379 (4%)

Total equity 540 544 (1%)

Total equity & liabilities 1,080 1,110 (3%)

Key ratios
Gearing ratio 28% 32%
Current ratio 1.62 1.48
Quick ratio (times) 1.18 1.05

Source: Annual reports, PwC analysis

$bn 2019 Outlook 2018 2017 Change (%)

Cash flow related to financing activities
Dividends paid (43) (43) (38) 13%
Share buybacks (6) (15) (4) 275%
Proceeds from borrowings 69 67 61 10%
Repayment of borrowings (69) (78) (88) (11%)
Share issuances/ capital raisings 2 3 8 (63%)
Other - (4) 0 -
Net financing cash flows (47) (70) (61) 14%

Source: Annual reports, PwC analysis

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  19

Capital investment Figure 10: Top 40 capital velocity (%) compared with capital expenditure ($bn)

to create 200 18%

sustainable value 150

16%

14%

In line with expectations, capital 12%

expenditures started to rise again, albeit 10%

100
from historically low levels. Nevertheless, 8%
the modest increase – 12% over the
6%
previous year to $57bn – suggests
50
that miners are continuing to proceed 4%

cautiously. 48% of spending was for 2%

ongoing projects, with relatively few new 0 0%
ones approved and initiated in 2018. 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019*

Capital Expenditure Capital Velocity

*2019 Outlook
Source: PwC analysis

2019
$bn 2018 2017 Change
Outlook
Cash flow related to investing activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment (68) (57) (51) 12%
Purchase of investments (7) (19) (7) 171%
Proceeds from sale of property,
4 4 3 33%
plant and equipment
Proceeds from sale of investments 6 18 6 200%
Other (5) (9) (1) 1349%
Net investing cash flows (70) (63) (50) 26%

Source: Annual reports PwC analysis

Copper and gold dominated the Top

40 capital expenditure during 2018,
Figure 11: Capital expenditure by commodity: 2017 and 2018 ($bn)
attracting $30bn of investment. Coal
capital expenditure was consistent year on
year and we expect miners will maintain
2018
current production levels while the coal 10%
price is high to maximise their profit. 3% Copper Phosphate
With the long-term coal price forecast to
3% 2017 29%
soften, it is likely that capital expenditure 11%
for new development will be delayed. 3% Gold Potash
28%
Iron and nickel also show consistent 6% 3%
capital expenditure spending over the last 6% Coal Zinc
two years.

11% Iron ore Others

11%

Nickel
23%
16%

23%
15%

Source: PwC analysis

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  20

The time
is now
Here are five tactical and strategic areas to consider:
Mining companies have a
window of opportunity to
Push technology and innovation downstream
demonstrate that they are
essential to resourcing the • Identify downstream opportunities for innovation, particularly
future and that they have in reducing carbon emissions
what it takes to respond • Build collaborations across the broader technology and
to the rapidly changing industry ecosystem
world around them. They
should use their strong
balance sheets and cash
generating ability to make
the difficult yet essential
transformations for a low
carbon, high tech and Respond proactively to Build a culture of diversity
consumer-centric future. consumer preferences for a new world
With investors' sentiment
• Test the market with a • Assess diversity across a range
starting to turn, the time differentiated green product with of metrics including skills, thinking
for miners to act is now. premium pricing styles and ways of working
• Partner with product developers • Implement strategies that foster
for sustainable, ethical and diversity simultaneously at all levels
traceable inputs across the supply of the organisation
chain

Speak up about sharing value

• Communicate openly and regularly with all stakeholders

about how value is shared
• Build trust through independent verification

Bring consumers on the journey

• Build awareness and engagement about the connections

between mining and consumer products
• Demonstrate a willingness to listen and respond to
consumer feedback

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  21

 Top 40 global mining companies
We have analysed 40 of the largest listed mining companies by market capitalisation as at 31 December 2018

Commodity 2019 *2018

Name Country focus Year end Ranking Ranking
BHP Group Limited Australia/UK Diversified 30-Jun 1 1
Rio Tinto Limited Australia/UK Diversified 31-Dec 2 2
Vale S.A. Brazil Diversified 31-Dec 3 5
Glencore Plc Switzerland Diversified 31-Dec 4 3
China Shenhua Energy Company Limited China/Hong Kong Coal 31-Dec 5 4
MMC Norilsk Nickel Russia Nickel 31-Dec 6 6
Anglo American plc UK/South Africa Diversified 31-Dec 7 7
Coal India Limited India Coal 31-Mar 8 10
Newmont Mining Corporation United States Gold 31-Dec 9 12
Grupo México S.A.B. de C.V. Mexico Diversified 31-Dec 10 9
Barrick Gold Corporation Canada Gold 31-Dec 11 14
Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Ma’aden) Saudi Arabia Diversified 31-Dec 12 15
Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. United States Copper 31-Dec 13 8
Teck Resources Limited Canada Diversified 31-Dec 14 16
South32 Limited Australia Diversified 30-Jun 15 19
Newcrest Mining Limited Australia Gold 30-Jun 16 20
The Mosaic Company United States Potash 31-Dec 17 28
China Molybdenum Co. Limited China/Hong Kong Diversified 31-Dec 18 11
Shaanxi Coal Industry China/Hong Kong Coal 31-Dec 19 23
Zijin Mining Group Co. Limited China/Hong Kong Diversified 31-Dec 20 17
Polyus Gold International Limited UK Gold 31-Dec 21 27
ALROSA Russia Diamond 31-Dec 22 31
Antofagasta plc UK Copper 31-Dec 23 21
Agnico-Eagle Mines Group Limited Canada Gold 31-Dec 24 26
Fortescue Metals Group Limited Australia Iron Ore 30-Jun 25 24
Shandong Gold Mining Company Limited China/Hong Kong Gold 31-Dec 26 34
Goldcorp Inc. Canada Gold 31-Dec 27 25
Fresnillo plc Mexico Diversified 31-Dec 28 18
China Coal Energy Company Limited China/Hong Kong Coal 31-Dec 29 29
Sumitomo Metal Mining Company Japan Diversified 31-Mar 30 22
Jiangxi Copper Company Limited China/Hong Kong Copper 31-Dec 31 36
First Quantum Minerals Limited Canada Copper 31-Dec 32 30
Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd Canada Gold 31-Dec 33 New
Yanzhou Coal mining Company Limited China/Hong Kong Coal 31-Dec 34 35
AngloGold Ashanti Limited South Africa Gold 31-Dec 35 New
Polymetal International plc Russia/UK Gold 31-Dec 36 New
Tianqi Lithium Industries, Inc. China Lithium 31-Dec 37 33
KGHM Polska Miedz Spólka Akcyjna Poland Copper 31-Dec 38 39
China Northern Rate Earth (Group) High-Tech Co. China Rare Earth 31-Dec 39 37
Limited
PT Bayan Resources Tbk Indonesia Coal 31-Dec 40 New

* https://www.pwc.com/Mine-2018

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  22

Our analysis includes major companies All figures in this publication are reported
from all parts of the world whose primary in US dollars ($), except when specifically
business is assessed to be mining. The stated. The balance sheets of companies
results aggregated in this report have that report in currencies other than the US
been sourced from the latest publicly dollar have been translated at the closing
available information, primarily annual US dollar exchange rate and the cash flow
reports and financial reports available to and financial performance was translated
shareholders. Our report also expresses using average exchange rates for the
PwC’s point of view on topics affecting the respective years.
industry, developed through interactions
Some diversified miners undertake part of
with our clients and other industry leaders
their activities outside the mining industry,
and analysts.
such as the oil and gas businesses of
Companies have different year ends and BHP and Freeport, parts of the Rio Tinto
report under different accounting regimes, aluminium business and Glencore’s
including International Financial Reporting marketing and trading revenues and
Standards (IFRS), United States Generally costs. No attempt has been made to
Accepted Accounting Principles (US exclude such non-mining activities from
GAAP) and others. Information has been the aggregated financial information,
aggregated for the individual companies except where noted. Where the primary
and no adjustments have been made business is outside the mining industry,
to take into account different reporting they have been excluded from the
requirements. As far as possible, we Top 40 listing.
aligned the financial results of reporters
All streamers such as Franco Nevada and
to be as at, and for, the year ended 31
Silver Wheaton have been excluded from
December 2018. For companies that do
the Top 40 list. Entities that are controlled
not have December year ends, we added
by others in the Top 40 and consolidated
and deducted reviewed results to reflect
into their results have been excluded,
the comparable 12-month period.
even when minority stakes are listed.

Notable takeaways from this year’s Top 40:

• Four new entrants: in gold, Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd, AngloGold
Ashanti Limited and Polymetal International plc and coal
company PT Bayan Resources Tbk. They replaced PotashCorp
(now part of Nutrien where mining is a small part of their
business), Randgold Resources (now merged with Barrick Gold
Corporation), National Mineral Development Corporation and KAZ
Minerals.

• The dominance of Top 40 gold companies increased to ten

companies this year, coal companies increased to six and
diversified companies still accounted for 13.

• Two key movers in 2018 were The Mosaic Company, which

moved up 11 spots to 17 and Fresnillo which moved down ten
places to 28.

• The top five companies make up 50% of total Top 40 market

capitalisation.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  23

 2019 outlook methodology
The 2019 outlook information is based on Cash flow statement
historic performance with adjustment for a
range of factors including those described • Cash flow from operations was left in
in the summary below. line with 2018 as the marginal expected
increase in EBITDA was offset by an
expected increase in working capital.
Income statement • Investing cash flows assume that
• Revenue splits by product are broadly property plant and equipment additions
consistent with those for 2018. will increase taking into account the
Consideration was given to price EBITDA growth of two years ago and
forecasts from a range of sources, an increase in capital velocity from the
including the World Bank (April 2019), current low levels. Cash outflow from
IMF and consensus views from a wide other investing transactions is expected
range of market analysts. The prices to decrease given the high levels of
applied in each instance sit within the investments made in 2018.
ranges provided by these sources.
• Dividends paid is expected to remain
• Production increases are based on stable as pressures on free cash flows
guidance provided by Top 40 mining will prohibit an increase and shareholder
companies (where available) and expectations will require no decrease.
general industry forecast production A number of Top 40 companies have
levels. This resulted in an overall set fixed dividend policies that will
expected increase of approximately 2%. result in similar levels of dividends given
• The outlook remains extremely sensitive the relative flat earnings expectation
to commodity prices. As a guide, for 2019.
if resultant prices are at the more • The net outflow from borrowings repaid
conservative end of the expected is expected to slow down as many Top
range, then revenues would drop to 3% 40 companies have already resolved
below 2018 year levels and EBITDA excessive gearing positions and
drops even further to 2017 levels. gearing has dropped below the 10 year
Conversely, if the top end of the range average. Share issues are estimated
was achieved, then revenue increases to decrease, reflecting statements by
by more than 3% and EBITDA by 10% many Top 40 companies that they have
(compared with 2018). sufficient capital in the short term (and
• Operating costs took into account the in the absence of limited new large
estimated breakdown of operating project announcements).
costs as disclosed by the Top 40
and then applied expected increases Lease accounting impact (IFRS
provided from sources such as World
Bank, ILO and Baltic shipping index
16 and ASC 842)
forward rates. The new lease standards become effective
• Depreciation decrease reflects the for 2019. These standards will impact the
decrease in the PPE balance partially majority of our Top 40. For consistency,
off-set by the slight increase in we have not considered this impact in our
expected production volumes. outlook. However, there will be an impact
across the financial statements of our Top
• Net finance cost was reduced in line
40. Our expectations include the following:
with the net debt position.
• 1%–2% increase to 2018 PP&E
• The tax expense was increased using
balances through the recognition of
a normalised effective tax rate for 2018
right-of-use assets;
and applying that to the calculated
profit before tax. • 4%–6% increase to 2018 interest
bearing liabilities through the recognition
of lease liabilities, with a corresponding
increase to interest expense;
• 1%–2% increase to 2018 EBITDA due
to removal of leases expenses from
operating expenses; and
• 4%–6% increase to 2018 depreciation
due to the depreciation of right-of-
use assets.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  24

S&P Capital IQ waiver Glossary
Reproduction of any information, data Terms Definition
or material, including ratings (“Content”)
in any form is prohibited except with the Capital employed Property plant and equipment plus current assets less current liabilities
prior written permission of the relevant Purchases of property, plant and equipment plus exploration
Capital expenditure
Content Provider. expenditure
Capital velocity Ratio of capital expenditure to capital employed
Such party, its affiliates and suppliers
(“Content Providers”) do not guarantee CEO Chief Executive Officer
the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, amortisation and
timeliness or availability of any Content EBITDA
impairments
and are not responsible for any errors
EBITDA margin EBITDA/revenue
or omissions (negligent or otherwise),
regardless of the cause, or for the results Free cash flow Operating cash flows less purchases of property, plant and equipment
obtained from the use of such Content. Gearing ratio Net borrowings/equity
In no event shall Content Providers be IMF International Monetary Fund
liable for any damages, costs, expenses,
legal fees, or losses (including lost income M&A Mergers and acquisitions
or lost profit and opportunity costs) in The market value of the equity of a company, calculated as the share
Market capitalisation
connection with any use of the Content. price multiplied by the number of shares outstanding
A reference to a particular investment Net assets Total assets less total liabilities
or security, a rating or any observation
Net asset value based on analyst consensus estimates (not the net
concerning an investment that is part of Net Asset Value (NAV)
assets derived from the financial statements)
the Content is not a recommendation
to buy, sell or hold such investment or Net borrowings Borrowings less cash
security, does not address the suitability of Net profit margin Net profit/revenue
an investment or security and should not PBT Profit before tax
be relied on as investment advice. Credit
ratings are statements of opinions and are Quick ratio (Current assets less inventory)/current liabilities
not statements of fact. Return on capital
Net profit excluding impairment/capital employed
employed (ROCE)
Return on equity (ROE) Net profit/equity
40 of the world’s largest mining companies by market capitalisation as
Top 40
of 31 December 2018
Working capital Inventory and trade receivables less trade payables

Disclaimer
This paper makes a number of predictions and presents PwC’s vision of the future environment for the mining industry. These
predictions are, of course, just that – predictions. These predictions of the future environment for the mining industry address matters
that are, to different degrees, uncertain and may turn out to be materially different from what is expressed in this paper. The information
contained in this report includes certain statements, calculations, estimates and projections that reflect various assumptions. Those
assumptions may or may not prove to be correct due to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors. PwC has exercised
reasonable care in collection, processing and reporting of this information but has not independently verified, validated, or audited the
data to verify the accuracy or completeness of the information. PwC gives no express or implied warranties, including but not limited
to any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or use and shall not be liable to any entity or person using this
document, or have any liability with respect to this document.
The information provided in this paper is not a substitute for legal, investment or any other professional advice. If any reader requires
legal advice or other professional assistance, each such reader should consult his or her own legal or other professional advisors and
discuss the specific facts and circumstances that apply to the reader.

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  25

10 year trend
$ billion 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009

Aggregate market capitalisation 757 926 714 494 791 958 1234 1202 1605 1259
Aggregated income statement
Revenue 683 600 496 539 690 719 731 716 435 325
Operating expenses (518) (454) (390) (448) (531) (554) (553) (487) (246) (217)
EBITDA 165 146 106 91 159 165 178 229 189 108
Impairment charges (12) (4) (19) (53) (27) (57) (45) (16) (1) (11)
Amortisation, depreciation and impairment (47) (41) (44) (42) (48) (42) (34) (26) (33) (20)
Net finance cost (13) (11) (9) (19) (15) (16) (6) (6) (7) (6)
PBT 93 90 34 (23) 69 50 93 181 148 71
Income tax expense (27) (29) (15) (4) (24) (30) (25) (48) (38) (22)
Net profit/(loss) 66 61 19 (27 45 20 68 133 110 49
EBITDA margin 24% 24% 21% 17% 23% 23% 24% 32% 43% 33%
Aggregated cash flow statement
Operating activities 134 119 89 92 127 124 137 174 137 83
Investing activities (63) (46) (40) (69) (93) (125) (169) (142) (79) (74)
Financing activities (70) (63) (44) (31) (31) (3) 21 (28) (35) 10
Dividends paid (43) (36) (16) (28) (40) (41) (38) (33) (22) (15)
Share buy backs (15) (7) (4) (7) (6) (4) (5) (26) (5) 0
Free cash flow 77 71 40 23 24 (6 11 76 70 19
Aggregated balance sheet
Cash 101 102 86 82 83 168 104 113 105 74
Property, plant and equipment 610 663 616 579 745 712 701 601 511 467
Total assets 1080 1129 1063 1047 1231 1256 1245 1139 943 801
Total liabilities 540 573 563 569 630 624 563 482 387 354
Total equity 540 556 500 478 601 632 682 657 556 447

Note: The information included above includes the aggregated results of the Top 40 mining companies as reported in each respective
edition of Mine

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  26

Mine 2019 writing team
For a deeper discussion, please
contact one of our regional leaders
in the PwC network or your local
PwC partner:

L-R: Lauren Bermack (PwC Canada), Tody

Sasongko (PwC Indonesia), Sheivaan Naidoo
(PwC South Africa), Scott Thompson (PwC
Australia), Michelle Botas (PwC South Africa),
Toby Lace (PwC Australia), Tyler Fraser (PwC
United Kingdom), Wendy Jip (PwC Australia),
Raphael Mozart (PwC Brazil) and Bhavesh
Singhavi (PwC India).

We’re also pleased to recognise contributions

from Andries Rossouw, Mine 2019 lead partner
(PwC South Africa), Xin Liang (PwC China) and
Pablo Arancibia (PwC Chile).

Written on location in Melbourne, Australia.

Global Mining Leadership Team

Global Mining Leader China
Jock O’Callaghan, PwC Australia Chong Heng Hon, PwC China
+61 3 8603 6137 jock.ocallaghan@pwc.com +86 10 6533 2244 chong.heng.hon@cn.pwc.com

Argentina India
Leo Viglione, PwC Argentina Yogesh Daruka, PwC India
+54 11 4850 4690 leonardo.viglione@ar.pwc.com +91 (33) 4404 4288 yogesh.daruka@pwc.com

Africa Indonesia
Michal Kotze, PwC South Africa Sacha Winzenried, PwC Indonesia
+27 (11) 797 4603 michal.kotze@pwc.com +62 21 5212901 sacha.winzenried@id.pwc.com

Australia
Chris Dodd, PwC Australia Wim Blom, Global Mining Deals Leader, PwC Australia
+61 3 8603 3130 chris.dodd@pwc.com +61 (7) 3257 5236 wim.blom@pwc.com

Franz Wentzel, Global Mining Consulting leader

+61 7 3257 8683 franz.wentzel@pwc.com

Brazil Russia and CIS

Ronaldo Valino, PwC Brazil Denis Gorin, PwC Russia
+55 21 3232 6139 ronaldo.valino@pwc.com +7 (495) 967 6439 denis.gorin@ru.pwc.com

Canada United Kingdom

Dean Braunsteiner, PwC Canada Jason Burkitt, PwC United Kingdom
+1 416 869 8713 dean.braunsteiner@pwc.com +44 (0) 20 7213 2515 jason.e.burkitt@pwc.com

Chile United States

Colin Becker, PwC Chile Niloufar Molavi, PwC United States
+56 229400689 colin.becker@cl.pwc.com +1 (713) 356 6002 niloufar.molavi@pwc.com

Marketing
Jacqui Thurlow, PwC Australia
+61 7 3257 5311 jacqui.thurlow@pwc.com

PwC Mine 2019: Resourcing the future  |  27

© 2019 PwC. All rights reserved.
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This content is for general information purposes only, and should not be used as a substitute for consultation with professional advisors.
At PwC Australia our purpose is to build trust in society and solve important problems. PwC is a network of firms in 158 countries with over 250,000 people who are
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