Masonry

Level-III

Learning Guide-13
Unit of Competence: Constructing decorative brickwork
Module Title: Construct decorative Brickwork

LG CODE: CON MAS3 M04 LO3-LG-013

TTLM CODE: CON MAS3 M04 TTLM 0519V1

LO 3: Lay bricks to form corbels and

protrusions

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 Instruction Sheet Learning Guide # 13

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Corbel design specifications
 Laying, bonding and leveling bricks
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to:
 Check Corbelling design from specifications to ensure overhang design in
accordance with job drawings and specifications.
 Identify Bricks to lay maintain bond and level alignment to form corbels to
design and specifications.
 Discuses Bricks lay to form featured protrusions in accordance with job
drawings and specifications.

Learning Instructions:
1. 1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below 3 to 6.
3. Read the information written in the information “Sheet 1, and, Sheet 5”.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1, and Self-check 2” in page, 5 and 10 respectively.
5. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation from the “Self-check” proceed to “Operation Sheet
1, and Operation Sheet 2” in page -11.
6. Do the “LAP test” in page – 11.

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 Corbel design specifications
Information sheet-1

1.1. Introduction of corbel

A corbel is an architectural element. It is designed for support ion weight above it. Corbels
are often seen supporting doorways and various stone arches in castles but they can also be
made of wood.
Adequate support of brick masonry is vital for proper and long-term performance of wall
assemblies. To ensure proper masonry support, the designer must consider structural, safety
and construction tolerance issues. This Brick Brief addresses some of the common problems
And solutions of brick masonry support.

1.1.1 Bearing Material

Brick masonry must be supported on materials that:

• Are permitted by the local building code. For structural masonry these are non-
combustible - such as concrete, steel or masonry. Brick veneer can be
supported on wood construction.
• Have sufficient bearing area to properly transmit the brick masonry weight and
any loads to the supporting member or foundation.

1.1.2 Recommended Bearing

The first course of brick should always have at least two-thirds (2/3) the thickness of the brick
wy the (unit) bearing directly on its support. This keeps the weight of the brick masonry over
the support. This limitation applies to foundations and shelf angles and is consistent with the
Corbelling requirements of the International Residential Code and International Building Code.
Projecting more than one-third (1/3) the thickness of the brick why the can lead to wall
instability, cracking of the brick masonry and failure by collapse.
Occasionally, the differing construction tolerances of various materials and errors in
construction make achieving adequate bearing challenging.

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Figure 1.1. Brick corbel

1.2 function of corbel

Corbels were developed as a load-bearing element used in classical architecture. Corbels

would help to bear the weight of an excessively heavy architectural piece such as a roof or
ledge. Corbel is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a
superincumbent weight, a type of bracket. Most corbels are made of resin or wood and are
applied after construction but before painting.

Corbels were always masonry and should not be confused with wood jutting of similar
purpose that is known as a bragger. Corbels can be added to an existing installation to, in
similar fashion and purpose to adding moldings, completely change or revitalize the look of
standard cabinetry.

1.3 design of corbel

There are several typical modes of failure in the corbel. The most common of which are
yielding of the tension tie, failure of the end anchorages of the tension tie, either under the
load point or in the column, failure of the compression strut by crushing or shearing, and local
failures under the bearing plate.
The following figures shows the failure mode of corbel

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 Figure 1.2 failure mode of corbel

Self-Check -1 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page:
1. __________is an architectural element. ( 2 point )
A. A corbel B. a brick C. header bond D. None
2. Write the function of corbel ( 4 point )

Note: Satisfactory rating – 3 and above points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Workout answer sheet
1. ______

2. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________

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Information sheet 2 Laying, bonding and leveling bricks

2.1 featured protrusions

Masonry construction is nowadays only rarely used in industrial applications where high
lateral load resistance is required. Among such applications are retaining walls and
containment structures, noise barriers, traffic lane delimiters ... A Belgian manufacturer of
traditional concrete blocks has recently conceived and developed a dry wall masonry
construction system called Master block consisting of massive concrete units featuring
trapezoidal protrusions on the upper bed face and similar 'frogs' on the lower bed face. The
system is described more extensively in the following section. It is clear that the full potential
of such a system can only be determined through experimental verification. An extensive
research program has been performed by the BBRI in collaboration with the manufacturer in
order to determine the necessary design parameters. The tests are essentially focused on
shear strength and bending strength.

The protrusions have a base section of 175 x 175 mm 2 and a slope of 60° to the horizontal
surface of the unit. The corresponding holes in the lower part of the units are slightly larger (a
few mm) to allow for production and execution tolerances. The production tolerances are
negligible due to the use of high precision molds. The execution process requires these
tolerances though to compensate for e.g. small sand or grave fragments, non-flatness of the
foundation
the units are produced in a press that is mounted on rails in a large production hall. The
concrete is placed and compacted in three courses. The compaction method is a combination
of vibration and pressure. The concrete composition is traditional and has a cement content of
300 kg/ m 3, a water-cement ratio of ± 0.5 and a volume mass of 2400 kg/m 3• The standard
unit weighs ± 1100 kg. The construction process is fairly simple. The blocks are taken directly
from the delivery truck and placed in successive courses using a crane with a special
'scissors' grip featuring rubber protective strips (see Figure 2). If the wall is accessible
from the road and not too high, even the crane from the truck can be used. In this way, a wall
of 75 cm width is rapidly constructed. It is a dry wall system, so no mortar is used at ali and
load is carried across the distinct elements through direct compression and mechanical shear
interlock made possible through the protruding trapezoidal elements.

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Figure 2.1. Standard unit of the dry wall masonry system.

2.2 What is brick bond?

A brick bond is the pattern in which bricks are laid. It applies to both brick walls and brick paving
for patios and paths, as well as to concrete block and other types of masonry construction.
There are many different types of brick bonds and each has its own look, installation
challenges, and in the case of walls, structural considerations.
2.2.1 How Brick Bonds Work

Most brick bonds require bricks (or other masonry units) of the same size, or at least compatible
sizes. Uniform sizing creates a regular, repeatable pattern that can be applied over any size of
area. Many bond patterns include some method of interlocking each row of brick (called
a course) to the neighboring courses. If you stack up bricks in single-file columns, the stacks
can easily topple. But if you stack them so that the joints are staggered, or are offset, between
neighboring courses, the bricks are essentially woven together. In this way, the bond adds
strength to the construction to make a mortared wall even stronger. When using mortar
between bricks, keep in mind that the thickness of the mortar is added to the unit size of each
brick.
2.2.2 Common Wall Brick Bonds

Brick walls may be structural, such as load-bearing walls, or they may be primarily decorative,
such as a brick-veneer wall. Structural walls require some type of structural bond, while
decorative walls may use any bond pattern. Here are some of the most traditional and popular
brick bonds used for walls:
 Common Brick Bonds: Common types used in Pakistan are
i. Stretcher Bond

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ii. Header Bond
iii. English Bond
iv. Flemish Bond
v. Stretcher Bond
Stretcher : Only used for walls of half brick thickness(partition wall) , this is the only practical
bond which can be used on a wall of this thickness.to break the vertical continuity ½ brick bat
is provided in alternating courses

Figure 2.1 stretcher bond

Header Bond: -

also known as Spanish bond) was a very common bond for bearing walls. It is composed of
header bricks, set in rows that are offset ¾ of a brick as a quoin brick in alternating courses,
which produces a solid easy to lay bond.

Figure 2.3 header bond

English Bond:-

• The strongest bond

• This bond maximizes the strength of wall
• Pattern on the face of the wall shows distinctive courses of headers &
stretchers.
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Figure 2.3 English bond

Flemish Bond:-

• Not such a strong as English bond

• Decorative pattern on face of the wall shows alternate headers & stretchers in
each with the headers centered under and over stretchers in adjacent courses.
• In this bond a queen closer is provided after every queen header in the alternate
courses to break the continuity of vertical joints.
• Brick bats are to be used for forming this bond when thickness of wall is multiple
of half brick.

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 Self-Check -2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page:
1. State and explain common brick bonds ( 5 point )
2. What is brick bond ( 3 point )

Note: Satisfactory rating – 4 and above points Unsatisfactory - below 4 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Work out answer sheet

1. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________

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 Operation Sheet 1 Techniques of Corbel design specification

Techniques for Corbel design specifications provide information’s are:

Steps 1- wear properly personal protective equipment (PPE).

Steps 2- Identifies tools and equipment’s depends on their job.
Steps 3- Identify proper materials for corbel.
Steps 4- set in order based on job
Steps 5- properly specify for required job.

Operation Sheet 2 Techniques of Laying, bonding and leveling brick

Techniques for Laying, bonding and leveling bricks provide information’s are :

Steps 1- wear properly personal protective equipment (PPE).

Steps 2- Identifies tools and equipment’s depends on their job.
Steps 3- Identify common types of brick bond.
Steps 4- prepare and clear practical working area.
Steps 5- properly laying with English bond by 1.2m *1.2m and height 0.35m used
Steps 6- level and check given your project.
Steps7- cleans each tools and equipment.

LAP Test Practical Demonstration

Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform
the following tasks within 4 hour.
Task 1. Corbel design specification.
Task 2. Laying, bonding and leveling bricks.

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 List of Reference Materials

 ENV 1996, Euro code 6. Design of Masonry Structures - Part 1-1: General Rules for
Buildings

 CEN, June 1995, Rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry

 CEN, March 1999. Methods of test for masonry - Part 2: Determination of flexural
strength.

 CEN, January 1996.Methods of test for masonry - Part 3: Determination of initial shear
strength.

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