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    Advection: Distinction Between Advection and Convection Meteorology Other Quantities Mathematics of Advection

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    Advection: Distinction Between Advection and Convection Meteorology Other Quantities Mathematics of Advection

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    Advection

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    Advection: Distinction Between Advection and Convection Meteorology Other Quantities Mathematics of Advection

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    Advection

    In the field of physics, engineering, and earth sciences, advection is the transport of a substance or quantity
    by bulk motion. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected
    substance is a fluid. The properties that are carried with the advected substance are conserved properties
    such as energy. An example of advection is the transport of pollutants or silt in a river by bulk water flow
    downstream. Another commonly advected quantity is energy or enthalpy. Here the fluid may be any
    material that contains thermal energy, such as water or air. In general, any substance or conserved, extensive
    quantity can be advected by a fluid that can hold or contain the quantity or substance.

    During advection, a fluid transports some conserved quantity or material via bulk motion. The fluid's motion
    is described mathematically as a vector field, and the transported material is described by a scalar field
    showing its distribution over space. Advection requires currents in the fluid, and so cannot happen in rigid
    solids. It does not include transport of substances by molecular diffusion.

    Advection is sometimes confused with the more encompassing process of convection which is the
    combination of advective transport and diffusive transport.

    In meteorology and physical oceanography, advection often refers to the transport of some property of the
    atmosphere or ocean, such as heat, humidity (see moisture) or salinity. Advection is important for the
    formation of orographic clouds and the precipitation of water from clouds, as part of the hydrological cycle.

    Contents
    Distinction between advection and convection
    Meteorology
    Other quantities
    Mathematics of advection
    The advection equation
    Solving the equation
    Treatment of the advection operator in the incompressible Navier Stokes equations
    See also
    References

    Distinction between advection and convection


    The term advection often serves as a synonym for convection, and this correspondence of terms is used in
    the literature. More technically, convection applies to the movement of a fluid (often due to density
    gradients created by thermal gradients), whereas advection is the movement of some material by the velocity
    of the fluid. Thus, somewhat confusingly, it is technically correct to think of momentum being advected by
    the velocity field in the Navier-Stokes equations, although the resulting motion would be considered to be
    convection. Because of the specific use of the term convection to indicate transport in association with
    thermal gradients, it is probably safer to use the term advection if one is uncertain about which terminology
    best describes their particular system.
    Meteorology
    In meteorology and physical oceanography, advection often refers to the horizontal transport of some
    property of the atmosphere or ocean, such as heat, humidity or salinity, and convection generally refers to
    vertical transport (vertical advection). Advection is important for the formation of orographic clouds
    (terrain-forced convection) and the precipitation of water from clouds, as part of the hydrological cycle.

    Other quantities
    The advection equation also applies if the quantity being advected is represented by a probability density
    function at each point, although accounting for diffusion is more difficult.

    Mathematics of advection
    The advection equation is the partial differential equation that governs the motion of a conserved scalar
    field as it is advected by a known velocity vector field. It is derived using the scalar field's conservation law,
    together with Gauss's theorem, and taking the infinitesimal limit.

    One easily visualized example of advection is the transport of ink dumped into a river. As the river flows,
    ink will move downstream in a "pulse" via advection, as the water's movement itself transports the ink. If
    added to a lake without significant bulk water flow, the ink would simply disperse outwards from its source
    in a diffusive manner, which is not advection. Note that as it moves downstream, the "pulse" of ink will also
    spread via diffusion. The sum of these processes is called convection.

    The advection equation

    In Cartesian coordinates the advection operator is

    where is the velocity field, and is the del operator (note that Cartesian coordinates are
    used here).

    The advection equation for a conserved quantity described by a scalar field is expressed mathematically
    by a continuity equation:

    where is the divergence operator and again is the velocity vector field. Frequently, it is assumed that
    the flow is incompressible, that is, the velocity field satisfies

    In this case, is said to be solenoidal. If this is so, the above equation can be rewritten as
    In particular, if the flow is steady, then

    which shows that is constant along a streamline. Hence, so doesn't vary in time.

    If a vector quantity (such as a magnetic field) is being advected by the solenoidal velocity field , the
    advection equation above becomes:

    Here, is a vector field instead of the scalar field .

    Solving the equation

    The advection equation is not simple to solve numerically: the


    system is a hyperbolic partial differential equation, and interest
    typically centers on discontinuous "shock" solutions (which are
    notoriously difficult for numerical schemes to handle).

    Even with one space dimension and a constant velocity field, the
    system remains difficult to simulate. The equation becomes

    A simulation of the advection


    equation where u = (sin t, cos t) is
    where is the scalar field being advected and is the solenoidal.
    component of the vector .

    Treatment of the advection operator in the incompressible Navier Stokes


    equations

    According to Zang,[1] numerical simulation can be aided by considering the skew symmetric form for the
    advection operator.

    where

    and is the same as above.

    Since skew symmetry implies only imaginary eigenvalues, this form reduces the "blow up" and "spectral
    blocking" often experienced in numerical solutions with sharp discontinuities (see Boyd[2]).
    Using vector calculus identities, these operators can also be expressed in other ways, available in more
    software packages for more coordinate systems.

    This form also makes visible that the skew symmetric operator introduces error when the velocity field
    diverges. Solving the advection equation by numerical methods is very challenging and there is a large
    scientific literature about this.

    See also
    Atmosphere of Earth
    Conservation equation
    Convection
    Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition
    Del
    Diffusion
    Overshoot (signal)
    Péclet number
    Radiation

    References
    1. Zang, Thomas (1991). "On the rotation and skew-symmetric forms for incompressible flow
    simulations". Applied Numerical Mathematics. 7: 27–40. Bibcode:1991ApNM....7...27Z (https://
    ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApNM....7...27Z). doi:10.1016/0168-9274(91)90102-6 (https://
    doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-9274%2891%2990102-6).
    2. Boyd, John P. (2000). Chebyshev and Fourier Spectral Methods 2nd edition (http://www-perso
    nal.engin.umich.edu/~jpboyd/BOOK_Spectral2000.html). Dover. p. 213.

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advection&oldid=956035208"

    This page was last edited on 11 May 2020, at 04:59 (UTC).

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