CCN-Lab 9

FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY
Department Of Software Engineering
LAB#09
Summary:
Items Description
Course Title Computer Communication and Networks
Lab Title Routing (RIP)
Duration 3 Hours
Operating System Windows 10
/Tool/Language Cisco Packet Tracer Software
Objective Dynamic Routing & RIP
Dynamic Routing & RIPv1 & 2

A dynamic routing table is created, maintained, and updated by a routing protocol running on
the router. Examples of routing protocols include RIP (Routing Information Protocol), EIGRP
(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). Specific
dynamic routing protocols are covered in great detail in other guides.
Routers do share dynamic routing information with each other, which increases CPU, RAM, and
bandwidth usage. However, routing protocols are capable of dynamically choosing a different
(or better) path when there is a change to the routing infrastructure.
Do not confuse routing protocols with routed protocols:

 A routed protocol is a Layer 3 protocol that applies logical addresses to devices and
routes data between networks (such as IP)
 A routing protocol dynamically builds the network, topology, and next hop information
in routing tables (such as RIP, EIGRP, etc.) Static vs. Dynamic Routing v1.21 – Aaron
Balchunas
The following briefly outlines the advantages and disadvantages of dynamic routing:
Advantages of Dynamic Routing

 Simpler to configure on larger networks
 Will dynamically choose a different (or better) route if a link goes down
 Ability to load balance between multiple links
Disadvantages of Dynamic Routing

 Updates are shared between routers, thus consuming bandwidth
 Routing protocols put additional load on router CPU/RAM
 The choice of the “best route” is in the hands of the routing protocol, and not the
network administrator
Dynamic Routing Categories
There are two distinct categories of dynamic routing protocols:

 Distance-vector protocols
 Link-state protocols
Examples of distance-vector protocols include RIP and IGRP. Examples of link-state protocols
include OSPF and IS-IS.
EIGRP exhibits both distance-vector and link-state characteristics, and is considered a hybrid
protocol.
Distance-vector Routing Protocols
All distance-vector routing protocols share several key characteristics:

 Periodic updates of the full routing table are sent to routing neighbors.
 Distance-vector protocols suffer from slow convergence, and are highly susceptible to
loops.
 Some form of distance is used to calculate a route’s metric.
 The Bellman-Ford algorithm is used to determine the shortest path.
A distance-vector routing protocol begins by advertising directly-connected networks to its

neighbors. These updates are sent regularly (RIP – every 30 seconds; IGRP – every 90 seconds).
Neighbors will add the routes from these updates to their own routing tables. Each neighbor
trusts this information completely, and will forward their full routing table (connected and
learned routes) to every other neighbor. Thus, routers fully (and blindly) rely on neighbors for
route information, a concept known as routing by rumor.
There are several disadvantages to this behavior. Because routing information is propagated
from neighbor to neighbor via periodic updates, distance-vector protocols suffer from slow
convergence. This, in addition to blind faith of neighbor updates, results in distance-vector
protocols being highly susceptible to routing loops.
Distance-vector protocols utilize some form of distance to calculate a route’s metric. RIP uses
hopcount as its distance metric, and IGRP uses a composite of bandwidth and delay.
Link-State Routing Protocols

Link-state routing protocols were developed to alleviate the convergence and loop issues of
distance-vector protocols. Link-state protocols maintain three separate tables:
 Neighbor table – contains a list of all neighbors, and the interface each neighbor is
connected off of. Neighbors are formed by sending Hello packets.
 Topology table – otherwise known as the “link-state” table, contains a map of all links
within an area, including each link’s status.
 Shortest-Path table – contains the best routes to each particular destination (otherwise
known as the “routing” table”)
Link-state protocols do not “route by rumor.” Instead, routers send updates advertising the
state of their links (a link is a directly-connected network).
All routers know the state of all existing links within their area, and store this information in a
topology table. All routers within an area have identical topology tables.
The best route to each link (network) is stored in the routing (or shortest-path) table. If the
state of a link changes, such as a router interface failing, an advertisement containing only this
link-state change will be sent to all routers within that area. Each router will adjust its topology
table accordingly, and will calculate a new best route if required.
By maintaining a consistent topology table among all routers within an area, link-state
protocols can converge very quickly and are immune to routing loops.
Additionally, because updates are sent only during a link-state change, and contain only the
change (and not the full table), link-state protocols are less bandwidth intensive than distance-
vector protocols. However, the three link-state tables utilize more RAM and CPU on the router
itself.
Link-state protocols utilize some form of cost, usually based on bandwidth, to calculate a
route’s metric. The Dijkstra formula is used to determine the shortest path.
RIP version 1:
In Rip Version 1 use Broadcast and it is Class Full Routing protocol. No
Authentication Required in Rip Version 1
RIP version 2:
In Rip version 2 use Multicast (244.0.0.9) and it is class less routing protocol.
Authentication Required in Rip Version 2
Differences between Rip V1 and Rip V2
 Broadcast  Multicast 244.0.0.9
 Class Full Routing protocol (support  Class Less Routing Protocol (support
FLSM) VLSM)
 No Authentication  Authentication
Significant differences
Task1:Implement RIPv1 on last lab topology.

Router 1
Router>ena
Router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface Serial2/0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config-if)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up
Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router#config t
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
Router(config-router)#^Z
Router# show ip route
Router 2
Router>enable
Router(config-if)#
ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)#

ip address 12.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router#config t
Router(config)#router r
Router#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router#
Router#config t
Router(config)#interface se3/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#ip address
% Incomplete command.
Router#
Router(config-if)#^Z
Router#
Router#
Router#
Router#show ip rou
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial2/0

R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:21, Serial2/0
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Router#config t
Router(config)#router ri
Router(config-router)#add net
Router(config-router)#add neto
Router(config-router)#add netw
Router(config-router)#net
Router#
Router#
Router#
Router#

R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:03, Serial2/0
Router 3
Router>ena
Router#config t
Router(config)#interface se2/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0

Router#config t
Router(config)#^Z
Router#
Router#show ip rout


Router#config t
Router(config-router)#
Router(config-router)#
Router(config-router)#net
Router#
R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 13.0.0.1, 00:00:08, Serial2/0

R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 13.0.0.1, 00:00:08, Serial2/0
R 12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 13.0.0.1, 00:00:08, Serial2/0
Router#config t
Router(config)#interface fa0/0
Router(config-if)#

Router(config-if)#^Z
Router#
R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 13.0.0.1, 00:00:05, Serial2/0

R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 13.0.0.1, 00:00:05, Serial2/0
R 12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 13.0.0.1, 00:00:05, Serial2/0

Task 2: Apply RIP V2 on the following topology. Add the third HOP in the below network and configure
with RIP V2.
Router 1
Router>ena
Router#config t
Router(config)#interface serial 2/0
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to down

Router(config-if)#clock rate 128000
Router#copy running-config startup-config

Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#
Router#config t
Router(config-router)#?
auto-summary Enter Address Family command mode
default-information Control distribution of default information
distance Define an administrative distance
exit Exit from routing protocol configuration mode
network Enable routing on an IP network
no Negate a command or set its defaults
passive-interface Suppress routing updates on an interface
redistribute Redistribute information from another routing protocol
timers Adjust routing timers
version Set routing protocol version
Router(config-router)#ver
Router(config-router)#version ?
<1-2> version
Router(config-router)#version 2
Router(config-router)#no auto-summary
Router(config-router)#exit
[OK]
Router#config t
Router(config-router)#exit
[OK]
Router#
Router#
Router 2
Router>
Router>en
Router(config)#interface serial 2/0
Router(config-if)#


[OK]
Router#config t
[OK]
Router#

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FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY

Department Of Software Engineering

Dynamic Routing & RIPv1 & 2

Do not confuse routing protocols with routed protocols:

Advantages of Dynamic Routing

Disadvantages of Dynamic Routing

Dynamic Routing Categories

There are two distinct categories of dynamic routing protocols:

Distance-vector Routing Protocols

All distance-vector routing protocols share several key characteristics:

A distance-vector routing protocol begins by advertising directly-connected networks to its

Link-State Routing Protocols

Differences between Rip V1 and Rip V2

Task1:Implement RIPv1 on last lab topology.

Gateway of last resort is not set

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial2/0

C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial2/0

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up

Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial2/0

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial2/0

Gateway of last resort is not set

R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 13.0.0.1, 00:00:08, Serial2/0

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

Router(config-if)#ip address 14.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

Gateway of last resort is not set

R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 13.0.0.1, 00:00:05, Serial2/0

R 12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 13.0.0.1, 00:00:05, Serial2/0

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to down

Router#copy running-config startup-config

Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.252

Router(config-if)#ip address 172.50.1.1 255.255.240.0

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