EIA Ion Plant Namwater 03 March 2009

EIA for the Proposed Desalination Project at Mile 6 near Swakopmund, Namibia
DRAFT SCOPING REPORT
Title: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Desalination

Project at Mile 6 near Swakopmund, Namibia – DRAFT SCOPING
REPORT
Prepared for: NamWater

Private Bag 13389
Windhoek, Namibia
Contact person: N P du Plessis
Prepared by: CSIR, P O Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa

Tel: +27-21-888 2400
Fax: +27-21-888 2693
Contact person: Stephanie Dippenaar
Enviro Dynamics, Post Box 20837, Windhoek, Namibia

Tel: +264-61-223336
Fax: +264-61-307437
Contact person: Stephanie van Zyl
Email: stephanie@envirod.com
Authors: Stephanie Dippenaar, Paul Lochner, Stephanie van Zyl,

Annick Walsdorff, Christabel Geland
Date: March 2009
To be cited as: Dippenaar S C, Lochner P, Van Zyl S, Walsdorff A and Geland C,

2009. Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed
Desalination Project at Mile 6 near Swakopmund, Namibia, CSIR
Report No. CSIR/CAS/EMS/IR/2009/0001/C, Stellenbosch.
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Project Description
Chapter 3 Legal Requirements
Chapter 4 Description of the Affected Environment
Chapter 5 Approach to the Scoping Process (including Public Participation)
Chapter 6 Summary of Issues
Chapter 7 Plan of Study for EIA
Chapter 8 References
APPENDICES:
A Curriculum Vitae – Paul Lochner
B Application to MET
C Issues Trail
D Newspaper Advertisements
E Correspondence sent to I&APs
F Background Information Document
G Meeting Notes
H Comments from I&APs
I Stakeholder List
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Summary
The Namibia Water Corporation Ltd (referred being made available to Interested and
to as “NamWater”) is currently challenged by a Affected Parties (I&APs) for comment.
situation where, due to an anticipated
unprecedented growth in the uranium mining The purpose of the Draft Scoping Report is to:
industry adjacent to Namibia’s central coastal
area, large volumes of potable water will be Provide a description of the proposed
required in the medium term to meet the project, including a sufficient level of detail
growing demand of NamWater’s existing and to enable stakeholders to raise issues and
prospective new mining clients. This additional concerns;
water can no longer be supplied from the
Describe the local environment and
current groundwater sources in the area.
planning context within which the project
NamWater is therefore proposing to construct
is proposed, to assist further in identifying
and operate a desalination plant and
issues and concerns;
associated infrastructure near Mile 6 north of
the Swakopmund municipal area. The project Provide an overview of the process being
is planned to produce 25 million cubic metres followed in the Scoping Phase, in particular
of potable water per year and have a minimum the public participation process, as well as
lifespan of 20 years. present the draft Plan of Study for EIA that
would be followed in the subsequent EIA
In order for the Namibian Ministry of phase;
Environment and Tourism (MET) to make an Present the issues and concerns identified
informed decision as to whether or not the to date by specialists and stakeholders,
project should receive an environmental together with an explanation of how these
clearance certificate and be allowed to issues will be addressed through the EIA
proceed, it is essential that potentially process.
significant environmental and social impacts
(both negative and positive) are investigated I&APs (including organs of state) are invited to
and well understood. It is therefore necessary submit comments on the Draft Scoping Report,
to conduct an Environmental Impact with all comments to be submitted to
Assessment (EIA) process. This led to the CSIR Stephanie van Zyl at Enviro Dynamics by 20
being appointed by NamWater to undertake March 2009. Issues raised in response to
the EIA for the proposed project, with Enviro the Draft Scoping Report will be added to the
Dynamics conducting the public participation Issues Trail and included in the Final Scoping
component. Report and Plan of Study for EIA. The Final
Scoping Report will then be submitted to the
The EIA is currently in the Scoping Phase. The competent authority, the Ministry of
findings of the Scoping Phase are presented in Environment and Tourism.
the Draft Scoping Report (this report), which is
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The following specialist studies are proposed Visual impacts

to address the issues identified in the Scoping Socio-Economic (incl. tourism, planning &
Phase: land use)
Water and waste-water management
Coastal physical characteristics and Noise.
shoreline dynamics
Marine modelling and impacts of intake All information on the EIA process, including
and discharge structures I&AP inputs, is being placed on the following
Marine ecology website:
Terrestrial and shoreline ecology http://www.namwater.com.na/data/Pro
Avifauna (birds) jects_Desalination.htm
Heritage (archaeology)
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Glossary of
Terminology and
Abbreviations
Algal blooms An abundant growth of phytoplankton, typically triggered by sudden favourable
environmental conditions e.g. excess nutrients.
Benthos The sum total of organisms living in, or on, the sediments of aquatic habitats.
BID Background Information Document
Biofouling The undesirable accumulation of micro-organisms, plants, algae, and animals

on submerged structures
CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs

Desalination The process of removing salts and other minerals from seawater
Dissolved oxygen (DO) Oxygen dissolved in a liquid, the solubility depending upon temperature, partial
pressure and salinity, expressed in milligrams/litre or millilitres/litre
DSR Draft Scoping Report
EA Environmental Assessment
EAP Environmental Assessment Practitioner
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMA Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007)
EMP Environmental Management Plan
FSR Final Scoping Report
HIA Heritage Impact Assessment
I&AP Interested and Affected Party
IFC International Finance Corporation

Macrofauna Animals >1 mm.
MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry

Meiofauna Animals <1 mm
MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism

MW Megawatt
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PSEIA Plan of Study for EIA
RO Reverse Osmosis, a filtration process that removes dissolved salts and metallic
ions from water by forcing it through a semi-permeable membrane
Surf zone Also referred to as the ‘breaker zone’ where water depths are less than half the
wavelength of the incoming waves with the result that the orbital pattern of
the waves collapses and breakers are formed
Suspended material Total mass of material suspended in a given volume of water, measured in
mg/l.
Suspended sediment Unconsolidated mineral and organic particulate material that is suspended in a
given volume of water, measured in mg/l
SWRO Sea Water Reverse Osmosis
TDS Total dissolved solids
ToR Terms of Reference
Toxicity The inherent potential or capacity of a material to cause adverse effects in a

living organism.
TSP Total Suspended Particulates
Turbidity Measure of the light-scattering properties of a volume of water, usually

measured in nephelometric turbidity units.
WRMA Water Resources Management Act (No. 24 of 2004)
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT 1-1

1.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) 1-3
1.3 EIA TEAM 1-4
1.4 EXPERTISE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PRACTITIONER (EAP) 1-4
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE SCOPING PHASE 1-5
1.6 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT 1-6
FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Location of the proposed NamWater Desalination Project on the central coast of Namibia,
north of Swakopmund (Map source: Seely and Pallett, 2008) 1-2
TABLES
Table 1.1: EIA Team 1-5
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Namibia Water Corporation Ltd (referred to as “NamWater”) is currently challenged by a

situation where, due to an anticipated unprecedented growth in the uranium mining industry
adjacent to Namibia’s central coastal area, large volumes of potable water will be required in the
medium term to meet the growing demand of NamWater’s existing and prospective new mining
clients. This additional water can no longer be supplied from the current groundwater sources in
the area.
The Erongo Region on the central coastal area of Namibia currently consumes about 12 million
cubic metres of water annually, with Walvis Bay accounting for 4.3 million cubic metres of this
total, Rio Tinto's Rössing Uranium mine 3.3 million cubic metres, and Swakopmund 3 million
cubic metres. Most of the water is sourced from alluvial aquifers in the Kuiseb and Omaruru
Rivers.
NamWater is proposing to construct and operate a desalination plant near Mile 6 north of the
Swakopmund municipal area (Figure 1.1). The facility (including the infrastructure required to
convey the water to the NamWater Swakopmond Reservoir) will be built on Namibia's Atlantic
coastline at a cost of approximately 1.8 billion Namibian dollars. The plant is expected to be
commissioned in 2011 and will have the capacity to produce 25 million cubic metres of potable
water per year. It will have a minimum lifespan of 20 years.
1.1 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT

Due to a worldwide increase in the demand for uranium in the early 2000's and a resultant
unprecedented rise in the uranium price, the Langer Heinrich Uranium Mine was developed and
commissioned by the end of 2006. Although NamWater could meet the water demand of the
mine by increasing its abstraction rate of water from the Omdel aquifer, the Ministry of
Agriculture, Water and Forestry (MWAF) in its permit conditions for the additional abstraction
only allowed a five year period for such abstraction. MWAF required that NamWater should
develop a desalination facility during that time to supply potable water to meet the demands of
the Langer Heinrich Mine as well as that of other existing and prospective industrial water users
at the central west coast of Namibia.
In February 2007, UraMin Namibia (Pty) Ltd (referred to below as “UraMin”, and which forms
part of the French company, Areva) informed NamWater of their decision to proceed on their
own with the development of a seawater intake and desalination plant near Wlotzkasbaken,
approximately 30 km north of Swakopmund. This plant is intended to provide desalinated water
to their planned Trekkopje Mine.
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Figure 1.1: Location of the proposed NamWater Desalination Project on the central coast of
Namibia, north of Swakopmund (Map source: Seely and Pallett, 2008)
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In June 2007, NamWater obtained confirmation from the representatives of the Rössing and
Langer Heinrich Mines, as well as the Valencia, Goanikontes, Ida Dome, Marenica and Tubas /
Tumas uranium deposits, that they were willing to sign agreements with NamWater for the
supply of desalinated seawater to their projects. In addition to the requirements of the
Trekkopje Mine that will be supplied from the UraMin desalination project at Wlotzskasbaken,
additional desalination capacity will have to be developed to supply 13 Mm3/year of desalinated
water to the Rössing Phase 1, Langer Heinrich and Valencia Uranium Mines by approximately
April 2011; and a further 11 Mm3/year to Rössing Phase 2, Goanikontes and Ida Dome from mid
2012.
This led to the NamWater Board of Directors, in July 2007, giving approval to NamWater's
Management to proceed to plan the development of a 25 Mm3/year desalination plant with a sea
water intake and water transfer and storage infrastructure, to meet these demands.
Subsequently, NamWater has conducted an extensive market analysis into the future demand
for potable water in the central west coast area, established the willingness of the existing and
emerging uranium mines to commit themselves to NamWater as their preferred bulk water
supplier. NamWater also appointed an expert desalination consultant and conducted preliminary
engineering work to obtain firm development offers and to make reliable cost and profitability
estimates for the proposed desalination project. It is anticipated that the current slowdown in
global economic growth may in the short-term lead to a reduction in the growth rate of the
Namibian uranium industry. However, in the medium to long-term the predicted growth in water
demand is unchanged and the need for the project remains unchanged.
Against this background, on 27 June 2008, the CEO of NamWater and the Permanent Secretary
of the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry made a presentation to the Ad-hoc Cabinet
Committee on High Level Priorities, chaired by His Excellency, the President of the Republic of
Namibia, on the need for the development of seawater desalination capability on the central
Namibian coast in order to be able to meet the anticipated increased demand for bulk water by
the uranium mining companies. The concept of a desalination project was then approved by
Cabinet in July 2008.
1.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT (EIA)
In order for the Namibian Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) to make an informed
decision as to whether or not the project should receive an environmental clearance certificate
and be allowed to proceed, it is essential that potentially significant environmental and social
impacts (both negative and positive) are investigated and well understood. It is therefore
necessary to conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process and compile an
Environmental Management Plan (EMP), to ensure that the project complies with the goals of
the Namibian Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007). The objectives of the Act are
that:
the developer consider the impact of the proposed activities on the environment carefully
and in good time;
all interested and/or affected people are encouraged to participate in environmental
assessments; and
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the findings of environmental assessments are considered before any decisions are made
about activities which might affect the environment.
The objectives of the Environmental Management Act of 2007 are underpinned by the previously
existing Namibia Water Corporation Act (No. 12 of 1997), which provided for the establishment
of The Namibia Water Corporation Ltd (“NamWater”) on 1 April 1998. This Act of 1997
(commonly referred to as “NamWater Act”) presents that the objects, functions and powers of
NamWater are to (Government Gazette, 1997, emphasis added):
Carry out efficiently, and in the best interest of the Republic of Namibia –
(a) the primary business of bulk water supply to customers, in sufficient quantities, of a quality
suitable for the customers purpose, and by cost-effective, environmentally sound and
sustainable means; and
(b) the secondary business of rendering water-related services, supplying facilities and granting
rights to customers upon request.
1.3 EIA TEAM

In November 2008, the CSIR was appointed by NamWater to undertake the EIA for the
proposed desalination project. Enviro Dynamics, a Windhoek-based consultancy, has been sub-
contracted by CSIR to manage the public participation component of the EIA. The full EIA team,
included specialists, is listed in Table 1.1.
1.4 EXPERTISE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

PRACTITIONER (EAP)
The EIA Project Team is being led by Paul Lochner, who has 15 years experience in
environmental assessment and management studies, primarily in the leadership and integration
functions (refer to Appendix A for his CV). This has included Strategic Environmental
Assessments (SEA), EIAs and EMPs. He has been a certified Environmental Assessment
Practitioner for South Africa (EAPSA) since July 2003; and has conducted several EIA processes
both in South Africa and internationally. Examples of EIAs include the Coega Aluminium Smelter
EIA, EIA for the expansion of the container terminal and construction of an administration craft
harbour at the Port of Ngqura near Port Elizabeth, Thesen Island EIA at Knysna, Century City
Wetlands EIA in Cape Town, EIA for a resort development on Fregate Island in the Seychelles,
and ESIA for a proposed alumina refinery at Sosnogorsk in the Komi Republic of Russia. He has
also prepared various EMPs, such as the EMP for the Rietvlei Wetland Reserve (Cape Town),
EMP for Century City wetlands, EMP for Eskom Wind Energy Project (Klipheuwel) and the EMP
for the Coega Aluminium Smelter. He has authored several Guidelines, such as the “Overview of
Integrated Environmental Management” information document for the South African
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) in 2004; and the “Guideline for EMPs”
published in 2005 by the Western Cape government. Paul will be supported by a CSIR Project
Manager, Stephanie Dippenaar, who also has substantive experience in veld management and a
track record in management and integration of environmental assessments.
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Table 1.1: EIA Team
EIA Management Team

Paul Lochner CSIR Project Leader (EAPSA)
Stephanie Dippenaar CSIR Project Manager
Annick Walsdorff CSIR Report Writing
Christabel Geland CSIR Legal & Policy Review
Specialist Team
André Theron CSIR Coastal physical characteristics and
shoreline dynamics
Dr Gerhardus Diedericks CSIR Marine modelling and impacts of intake
and discharge structures
Dr Andrea Pulfrich & Pisces Environmental Marine ecology
Dr Nina Steffani Services
Dr Juliane Zeidler Integrated Environmental Terrestrial and shoreline ecology
Consultants Namibia
Chris van Rooyen Chris van Rooyen Avifauna (birds)
Consultants
Philip de Souza Emanti Management Water and wastewater management
Henry Holland Mapthis Visual impacts
Brett Williams Safetech Noise
Dr John Kinihan Quaternary Research Heritage (archaeology)
Services
Ernst Simon & Stephanie van Zyl Enviro Dynamics Socio-Economic (incl. tourism,
planning & land use)
Prof Jan Glazewski University of Cape Town Legal Review
Johan van Rensburg Geo Business Solutions GIS specialist
Public Participation Process

Stephanie van Zyl Enviro Dynamics Public consultation
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE SCOPING PHASE

The Scoping Phase of the EIA refers to the process of determining the spatial and temporal
boundaries for the EIA. In broad terms, this involves three important activities:
Confirming the process to be followed and opportunities for stakeholder engagement;

Clarifying the project scope and alternatives to be covered; and
Identifying the key issues to be addressed in the impact assessment phase and the
approach to be followed in addressing these issues.
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This is done through parallel initiatives of consulting with the lead authorities involved in the
decision-making for this EIA application; consulting with the public to ensure that local issues
are well understood; and consulting with the EIA specialist team to ensure that their scientific
and professional expertise informs the identification of issues. The scoping process is supported
by a review of relevant background literature on the local area. Through this comprehensive
process, the environmental assessment can identify and focus on key issues requiring
assessment and identify reasonable alternatives.
The primary objective of the Draft Scoping Report is to present key stakeholders (including
affected organs of state) with an overview of the project and key issues that require assessment
in the EIA Phase; and allow the opportunity for the identification of additional issues that may
require assessment.
Issues raised in response to the Draft Scoping Report will be added to the Issues Trail and
included in the Final Scoping Report and Plan of Study for EIA. The Final Scoping Report will
then be submitted to the competent authority, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, for
approval. This approval is planned to mark the end of the Scoping phase, after which the EIA
process moves into the impact assessment and reporting phase.
1.6 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT

Chapter 1 of this Draft Scoping Report presents the need for the project and the requirement for
an EIA to be conducted. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the proposed project. Chapter 3
outlines the relevant environmental legislation that applies to this project. The affected
environment of the central Namibian coastal region is described in Chapter 4, in order to assist
stakeholders in identifying potential impacts that could arise from the project. Thereafter, the
approach and methods used in the EIA and public participation are presented in Chapter 5,
including discussion on the alternatives included in this EIA. A summary of the issues identified
to date from the Scoping process is provided in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 presents the plan of study
for the subsequent EIA phase, listing the issues that are to be addressed in the specialist
studies. Lastly, references used in compiling the report are provided in Chapter 8.
Appendices at the end of the report provide the project leader’s CV, copies of newspapers
advertisements regarding the EIA process, a comprehensive issues trail together with responses
from the client or the CSIR team to the issues raised to date, records of correspondence sent to
I&APs, notes from meetings with stakeholders, and records of correspondence received from
I&APs to date.
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Chapter 2: Project Description
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2-1
2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 2-1

2.2 PROJECT CONCEPTUALISATION AND SITE SELECTION 2-3
2.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2-7
2.3.1 Sea water intake and discharge 2-10
2.3.2 Reverse Osmosis Plant 2-12
2.3.3 Brine Effluent 2-16
2.3.4 Water storage and reticulation infrastructure 2-18
2.3.5 Transmission power lines and power supply 2-18
FIGURES
Figure 2.1: World uranium oxide demand and supply capacity forecast (Source: www.world-nuclear.org
August 2008) 2-2
Figure 2.2: Conceptual layout of the proposed desalination project 2-6
Figure 2.3: Conceptual design of the desalination project 2-8
Figure 2.4: Proposed route for a new 132 kV transmission line of 44 km from the existing Dolerite line to
the new substation at the Mile 6 site 2-9
Figure 2.5: Conceptual layout of key components of the desalination plant at buildout (for the pipeline
intake alternative) 2-11
Figure 2.6: Conceptual design of the intake onshore channel with breakwater, stilling basin, and onshore
pump station (Alternative 2) 2-12
Figure 2.7: Basic process flow diagram for the RO Desalination Plant 2-14
Figure 2.8: Typical 132 kV power line from Keetmanshoop to Luderitz 2-19
TABLES
Table 2.1: Predicted water demands of mines (Mm3/year) on the central Namibian coast. (Source: Dr
Wotan Swiegers, Chamber of Mines in Namibia, 24 February 2009) 2-3
Table 2.2: Typical raw seawater quality from the NamWater pilot studies at Swakopmund 2-13
Table 2.3: Range of raw seawater quality to be considered for design of the pre-treatment processes 2-13
Table 2.4: Pre-treated water quality and Namibian Water Quality Guidelines Class A (requirements for
potable water) 2-15
Table 2.5: Expected composition and flow of the brine discharge from the proposed desalination plant 2-17
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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This chapter is based on information provided by the project proponent (i.e. NamWater), as well
as relevant information contained in the EIA conducted for the UraMin Trekkopje Desalination
Project at Wlotzkasbaken (Turgis, 2008). Inputs on the power line component of the project
(section 2.3.5) are provided by NamPower.
With the higher price of uranium, the uranium deposits of the Erongo region have become
increasingly economically viable. At present, the existing mine at Rössing is expanding, while
new mines have been or are being developed at Trekkopje, Valencia and Langer Heinrich, with
several others at the exploration phase. Large volumes of potable water which can no longer be
supplied from the current groundwater sources in the area will be required in the medium term
to provide for the growing demand of existing and prospective new mines.
As such, NamWater is proposing the establishment of a Sea Water Reverse Osmosis (SWRO)
desalination plant near Mile 6, north of the Swakopmund municipal area, on the Atlantic
coastline. The plant is planned to produce approximately 25 million cubic metres of potable
water per year and will have a minimum lifespan of 20 years. The proposed project comprises a
desalination plant located near Mile 6 (including a sea water intake structure and a brine
disposal system), a 20 000 m3 storage reservoir on site, a pipeline to the existing Omdel
Swakopmund pipeline and a new 132 kV power transmission line extending for a distance of
approximately 44 km inland to connect with existing an power line.
2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The Erongo Region on the central coastal area of Namibia currently consumes about 12 million
cubic metres of water annually, with the main users being Walvis Bay accounting for 4.3 Mm3,
the Rössing Uranium mine using 3.3 Mm3 and Swakopmund using 3 Mm3. Most of the water is
sourced from alluvial aquifers in the Kuiseb and Omaruru Rivers.
Due to a worldwide increase in the demand for uranium in the early 2000's and a resultant
unprecedented rise in the uranium price, the Langer Heinrich Uranium Mine was developed and
commissioned by the end of 2006. Figure 2.1 indicates the forecast for uranium demand from
2008. Although NamWater could meet the water demand of the mine by increasing its
abstraction rate of water from the Omdel aquifer, the Ministry Agriculture, Water and Forestry
(MWAF) in its permit conditions for the additional abstraction only allowed a five year period for
such additional abstraction. MWAF required that NamWater should develop a desalination facility
during that time to supply potable water to meet the demands of the Langer Heinrich Mine as
well as that of other existing and prospective industrial water users at the central west coast of
Namibia. At present, the existing mines at Rössing and Langer Heinrich plan expansion, while
new mines have been or are being developed in the surrounding areas, with several others at
the exploration phase. All these mines will require water and the current groundwater supplies
are insufficient to meet the anticipated demand. Table 2.1 details the predicted water
requirements of the various new mines, illustrating the need for the development of seawater
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desalination capability on the central Namibian coast. In the current global economic recession
it is likely that the rate of water demand will be reduced in the short-term.
The implementation of the desalination project will enable NamWater to supply desalinated
water to its current and prospective new mining clients and to significantly reduce the
abstraction rate from the Omdel aquifer. Reduced abstraction will have a major positive effect
on the preservation of the sustainability of future water supplies from this national asset. The
desalination project is therefore of strategic importance to Namibia, since it will facilitate
substantial growth in the uranium mining industry in the Central Namib Area with benefits to the
central-west coast area and Namibia in terms of economic growth, job opportunities and income
to the State in the form of taxes and royalties.
The first phase of the project is to produce approximately 15 Mm3/year of water, with an
expansion of the plant capacity to approximately 25 Mm3/year of water during the second phase
of the project as water demand from the mines increases. This EIA covers the full plant capacity
of 25 Mm3/year. The time period between the expansion from 15 to 25 Mm3/year is uncertain at
present, and will depend on the growth in water demand in the region.
Figure 2.1: World uranium oxide demand and supply capacity forecast
(Source: www.world-nuclear.org August 2008)
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Table 2.1: Predicted water demands of mines (Mm3/year) on the central Namibian coast.
(Source: Dr Wotan Swiegers, Chamber of Mines in Namibia, 24 February 2009)
2.2 PROJECT CONCEPTUALISATION AND SITE SELECTION
During the conceptualisation phase of the project, NamWater investigated a range of options for
supplying potable water to the central coastal area of Namibia to meet the anticipated growth in
demand. As part of the “Water supply to the central Namib area” feasibility study undertaken in
August 1996, a diversity of alternative water supply sources has been investigated to assess
their potential as a supplement to the presently utilized groundwater resources. The potential
sources investigated are Antarctic iceberg harvesting, solar distillation, utilisation of coastal fog,
tankering of water from the mouth of the Zaire (Congo-) River, wastewater reclamation, water
supply from the eastern national water carrier, extended exploitation of existing surface water
resources (dams) and saltwater desalination.
These investigations identified desalination as the only viable option to provide a reliable supply
of bulk water to meet the anticipated growth in the water demand in the Erongo Region. From
June 2007, NamWater therefore undertook preliminary engineering design, technical
investigations and a pilot study for a proposed reverse osmosis desalination plant near
Swakopmund. The concept of a desalination project was approved by Cabinet in July 2008.
The next step was to conduct a site selection study. The following factors influenced the
selection of the site for the proposed desalination plant:
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The mines requiring water from NamWater are located further south than Trekkopje,
therefore rendering the Wlotzkasbaken site unsuitable for the location of a desalination
plant to serve these mines. Locating a desalination plant close to the mines that are in
need of water has strategic advantages. For example, the cost of the infrastructure
associated with the building of two desalination plants is not much different than that for
building of one large combined plant (i.e. making it financially justifiable to build two
separate plants). Moreover, the pipeline leading to Trekkopje cannot be used to supply
the other mines further south due to the carrying capacity being too small. The same
constraint applies to the existing power line to Trekkopje.
An inland site is restricted by the high costs associated with the length and associated
costs of the inlet and discharge pipelines that connect the plant to the marine
environment. In order to obtain seawater with reduced sediment content, the intake
pipeline(s) for the desalination plant needs to reach a water depth of 10 metres. The
plant therefore needs to be as close to the coast as possible.
For cost efficiency, the plant should be as close as possible to Swakopmund which is
currently the hub of the water distribution network for the Erongo Region. This would
allow use of existing water supply and storage infrastructure at Swakopmund, thus
reducing costs associated with the construction of new infrastructure as well as avoiding
additional operational and maintenance costs. The proposed desalination plant and
associated infrastructures should preferably be in an area used for industrial purposes
(such as the proposed site close to the salt works) and away from pristine areas with
high tourism potential and sense of place. The coast north of Swakopmund is part of the
National West Coast Recreation Area, and it is preferable to locate the plant at the
southernmost end of this area to reduce the impact on tourism potential.
Locating the desalination project south of the Swakop River is considered technically
unfavourable, as the water pipeline from the plant would then have to cross the Swakop
River to connect with existing infrastructure and reach the mines located north of the
Swakop River. There are currently two pipe bridges crossing the Swakop River,
supporting the pipeline to Langer Heinrich and from Swartzekuppe to Swakopmund
respectively. These bridges are currently used at their maximum load capacity and have
not been designed to carry an additional 25 Mm3/year of water planned to be transferred
from the desalination plant. Moreover, the Swakop-Walvis area is of great conservation,
tourism and development importance (Central Area of the Namib-Skeleton Coast National
Park), thus making it unsuitable for a desalination plant.
From a land use planning perspective, locating the desalination plant south of the Mile 4
salt works within the Swakopmund residential areas was not considered appropriate, as
the noise impact will be high for sensitive receptors (i.e. neighbouring residential areas).
In addition, during operations the trucks required for removal of chemicals and solids
could potentially be a significant cause of concern. Locating the proposed plant on the
northern side of the existing industrial area (i.e. Mile 4 Salt works) was considered
appropriate, as the salt works already create an industrial ambience.
The offshore bathymetry also influences the site selection, in that a site is required where
the intake pipeline can reach a sea water depth of approximately 10 m as rapidly as
possible. The shallow bathymetry around Walvis Bay therefore does not lend itself to the
development of a desalination plant.
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-4
The above factors led to the identification of a study area for the desalination plant of
approximately 4 km of shoreline in the vicinity of Mile 6. Within this 4 km study area,
bathymetric studies conducted by CSIR in October 2008 show that the central portion of this
study area offers the steepest offshore gradient, resulting in the opportunity to construct the
sea water intake most cost effectively in this portion. This survey led to the identification of
two potential locations for the intake and brine disposal structures, in the central portion of
the study area in the vicinity of Mile 6 (Figure 2.2).
Factors affecting the site selection and route planning for supporting infrastructure for the
desalination plant are discussed below:
The desalination plant requires a power line connection to the power grid. Given the
importance of the Mile 4 salt works for flamingos and other birds, it was not considered
ideal to locate the plant immediately adjacent to the salt works, because of the potential
impact of the new power lines on birds using the salt works.
The influence of the proposed Swakop sewage works east of the proposed bypass road
and north of the Mile 4 salt works on the downstream pipeline and power line routes
needs to be considered. The SWRO plant and pipeline to the existing Swakopmund
Reservoir should be routed as to avoid potential impacts on the abovementioned
proposed developments. In addition, there is the potential to use the proposed bypass
road corridor for the pipeline servitude.
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-5
Figure 2.2: Conceptual layout of the proposed desalination project
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-6
2.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The proposed Sea Water Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Desalination Plant is designed for a
maximum of 110 Mm3/year seawater intake, with an installed abstraction capacity of
63 Mm3/year, of which approximately 25 Mm3/year will constitute the output (treated water)
and 38 Mm3/year the brine to be discharged back into the sea. The planned capacity of the
intake pipes (or an alternative intake structure, such as a stilling basin) is 110 Mm3/year to make
provision for future extension and for the potential impact of bio-fowling (i.e. growth in the
pipes). A minimum water recovery of approximately 40% will be achieved, meaning that at least
40% of the sea water is converted into treated water, while the remaining 60% constitutes the
brine which is returned to the sea. Figure 2.3 represents a conceptual design of the SWRO
desalination plant and associated infrastructure.
An area of 400 m x 250 m is required for construction and lay-down (i.e. temporary storage of
equipment and construction materials). During operation, the footprint will be 200 m x 250 m,
which includes the on-site water reservoir but excludes the new sub-station at Mile 6.
The project requires approximately 20 MW of power. A new 132 kV transmission line (Figure
2.4) will therefore be routed over approximately 44 km from Dolerite on the existing power line
to Wlotzkasbaken, to the desalination plant at Mile 6. A new substation is required at Mile 6.
The processed water will be transported to NamWater’s distribution facilities in Swakopmund via
a common pipeline that will also carry groundwater supplied from NamWater’s Omdel Borehole
Scheme near Henties Bay for residential and industrial consumption in the Town of
Swakopmund. Therefore, the treated water must comply in all respects with Namibian Water
Quality Guidelines Class A (requirements for potable water), with the exception of boron (see
Table 2.4). Boron is not specified in the Class A Guidelines and was taken from the World Health
Organisation (WHO) criteria.
The plant shall be designed, and the process equipment selected, for continuous operation 24
hours per day, for 350 days per year, with approximately 15 days per year allowed for
maintenance. The actual operational time may vary, depending on the maintenance
requirements. This could result in the plant operating for 20 hours per day, with a higher hourly
through-put, to reach the required annual water production.
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-7
CONCEPTUAL
CONCEPTUAL PROJECT
PROJECT LAYOUT
LAYOUT
Groundwater
Groundwater
Desalination
Desalination Plant
Plant from
from Omdel
Omdel
25 3 20
20 000
000mm3
3 55Mm
Mm3/a
3
/a
Mm 3/a
25Mm /a
Seawater Reservoir
Reservoir
Seawater
Intake
Intake
Capacity
Capacity
110
110Mm
Mm3/a
3
/a Pump
Pump
Station
Station Figure 2.3: Conceptual design of
25
25Mm
Mm 3/a
3
/a
Bri
Brine Mile the desalination project
ne Mile 66
Disposal
Disposal
35 3
35MmMm 3/a
/a
Salt
Salt
Works
Works
14
14km,
km,1200
1200mm
mmPipeline
Pipeline
30 Mm3/a
30Mm
3
/a
Atlantic
AtlanticOOcean
cean
Swakopmun 20
20000
000m
3
Swakopmundd m3
Reservoir
Reservoir Rössing
Rössing
Arandis
Arandis
&
&
44Mm3
Mm3/a
/a Valencia
Valencia
Swakopmund
Swakopmund
Bas
Basee Langer
Langer
Heinrich
Heinrich and
and
others
others
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-8
Figure 2.4: Proposed route for a new 132 kV transmission line of 44 km from the
existing Dolerite line to the new substation at the Mile 6 site
The proposed project consists of the following principle components:
seawater abstraction infrastructure (i.e. intake pipe system or possibly a stilling basin,
connected to an inlet sump and a transfer pump station and pipeline to the SWRO plant);
a SWRO desalination plant located on land;
intermediate water storage reservoir located at the desalination plant and pipeline to link
with the existing Omdel-Swakopmund Pipeline;
infrastructure for disposal of brine into the sea; and
132 kV transmission line of approximately 44 km from the existing Dolerite line to the
desalination plant.
The following sections provide a more detailed description of the project components.
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-9
2.3.1 Sea water intake and discharge
In the pre-preliminary phase of the project, two alternative design options for the intake
structures are being considered. The maximum capacity of the water intake would be
110 Mm3/year with an actual seawater abstraction of 63 Mm3/year.
Alternative 1 is to use pipelines for seawater intake at 8 to 10 meter water depth. There
are two location alternatives for the pipelines, a North option with a marine pipeline to
approximately 8 m water depth approximately 1 200 m offshore; or a South option with a
marine pipeline of approximately 1 900 m length and an inlet structure in approximately
10 m depth. The 10 m water depth is considered preferable in order to source cleaner
water (e.g. less suspended sediment). However, the shorter pipeline to 8 m depth does
provide cost savings. Two submerged anchored HDPE pipes (alternatively two cement
coated and cathodic protected steel pipes) will connect the inlet structure to the onshore
sump from where the intake pump station will transfer water to the SWRO plant. The
pipelines will be trenched through the surf zone. The option of locating the pipeline in a
sandy gully was considered, but seems unlikely as the shoreline and offshore areas are
very rocky. Beyond the surf zone the pipeline will be placed on the seabed and
secured/anchored. On the shore, the pipeline will run underground into the sump. A
caisson will be placed offshore at the inlet with the top of the caisson protruding about
5 m above the seabed so that sea water will be abstracted from approximately mid-depth
between the surface and the seabed to minimize the amount of sediment in the intake
water (also called ‘feed water’). The intake will have fixed screens, with travelling screens
located on the onshore structure. The fixed screen opening has been specified to 100 mm
with a maximum intake velocity of 0.15 m/sec to minimize impingement/entrainment.
Alternative 2 would involve the construction of a J-shaped breakwater extending
approximately 500 m out to sea to a water depth of approximately 3-4 m below mean
seawater level (MSL), thus creating a stilling basin. A dredged open channel would
connect the stilling basin with the intake pump station (Figure 2.6). The intake pump
station will be equipped with trash racks, fixed and travelling screens prior to the transfer
pumps to reduce the effect of entrainment and the intake of sediments.
Both are open water intakes, necessitating the need for extensive pre-treatment of intake water.
Pre-treatment and screen maintenance is likely to be higher for Alternative 2 (breakwater basin)
as this is a surface water intake.
For both options, the intake lift pump station will be located close to the shore, with the pumps
being protected by a screen system. The feed water will be transferred from the pump station
to the desalination plant through a transfer pipeline. A pipe ‘pigging’ system for regular
maintenance and cleaning of the seawater supply lines (only intake) will be installed. This
involves the use of a ‘pig’ (bullet-shaped device with bristles), which is introduced into the
pipeline to mechanically clean out the structure.
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-10
Figure 2.5: Conceptual layout of key

components of the desalination plant at
buildout (for the pipeline intake
alternative)
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-11
Figure 2.6: Conceptual design of the intake onshore channel with breakwater,
stilling basin, and onshore pump station (Alternative 2)
2.3.2 Reverse Osmosis Plant
Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a membrane filtration process utilised to reduce the salinity of the feed
(source) water. The process essentially works by applying pressure to overcome the natural
osmotic pressure of seawater, forcing the feedwater through a membrane, from a region of high
salinity (i.e. seawater side) to a region of low salinity (treated water). This process retains the
brine (high salinity) on one side and allowing the water containing very low salinity to pass to
the other side.
Table 2.2 summarizes typical raw/feed water quality data which has been collected by
NamWater at the pilot facility at the Swakopmund pier during 1998 and 2006 to 2007. “Red
tides” associated with algal blooms and sulphur eruptions are common occurrences all along the
coast, leading to seawater being both nutrient rich and of highly variable quality. Pre-treatment
processes to provide water suitable as feed to RO membranes must be designed to
accommodate the full range of physical and biological quality expected.
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-12
Table 2.2: Typical raw seawater quality from the NamWater pilot studies at Swakopmund
Given potential high variations in water quality, the design of the treatment processes will
incorporate the range of raw water quality conditions as shown in Table 2.3 below.
Table 2.3: Range of raw seawater quality to be considered for design of the pre-treatment processes
The engineering technologies to be applied at the desalination plant will be flocculation,

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF), pre-treatment membrane filtration (with a minimum recovery of
90%), cartridge filtration, reverse osmosis and post treatment (refer to Figure 2.7). A maximum
of 60% of the sea water abstracted will be returned to the sea as brine. The selected design
temperature of the water in the plant is 15 ºC. The plant will perform over the range of
temperatures noted, with the RO feed pressure decreasing if the temperature is above 15 ºC
and the required feed pressure increasing when the water temperature is below 15 ºC.
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-13
Figure 2.7: Basic process flow diagram for the RO Desalination Plant
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-14
The table below shows the expected RO feed water quality after pre-treatment, together with a
summary of the required finished water quality.
Table 2.4: Pre-treated water quality and Namibian Water Quality Guidelines Class A
(requirements for potable water)
Of particular importance is the boron concentration in the finished product water. The proposed
acceptable Namibian standard, consistent with the World Health Organisation, is <0.5 mg/l, with
a Namibian ideal guideline of <0.3 mg/l. It is recognized that in a single pass seawater RO
system, the boron concentration in the permeate will in all probability be greater than 0.5 mg/l.
It is NamWater’s intent to achieve the best possible potable water quality while minimizing plant
capital and operating cost. Therefore, the SWRO desalination plant will be designed to comply
with the WHO requirements for boron.
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-15
It is likely that the use of a biocide is required to inhibit biological growth in the pipelines and on
the screens. If sodium hypochlorite is used, this needs to be neutralised with sodium
metabisulfite (SMBS) before the feed water enters the RO membranes as the chlorine damages
the membranes. In addition, the RO membranes need to be cleaned at certain intervals.
Depending on the quality of the feed water, this is typically undertaken at intervals of three to
six months. The chemicals used are mainly weak acids, bases and detergents. Further
chemicals are often added to improve the cleaning process, such as complexing agents or non-
oxidising biocides for membrane disinfection. It is proposed that the used cleaning solutions
(i.e. water and chemicals used for cleaning membranes) will be kept combined with the other
residual streams from the DAF and ultra-filtration systems, treated in the sludge handling
facilities, and the solids disposed of to an accredited landfill site. The quantity of organic and
inorganic matters (i.e. nutrient rich solids) generated by the SWRO plant is anticipated to be in
the upper limit of 65 tonnes dry matter/day. No solids will be disposed of to sea from the
desalination plant and as part of the EIA, potential recycling/re-use alternatives will be assessed,
with the disposal of these matters being the last resort. The identification of suitable waste
disposal facilities, if required, will also form part of the ongoing EIA investigations.
2.3.3 Brine Effluent
During the operational life time of the plant, brine (which is approximately 1.7 times the salinity
of seawater) will be returned into the sea at a maximum rate of 60% of the seawater
abstracted. At the maximum production capacity of the proposed facility, this volume will be
approximately 37.5 Mm3/year. A brine return system conveys brine from the desalination plant
back to the sea at approximately 3 to 4 m water depth (below Mean Sea Level) via a pipeline of
approximately 600 to 800 m in length, either at the North or the South option (refer to Figure
2.2). The discharge system will be designed in such a manner as to avoid re-circulation of the
brine back into the intake system. Diffusers will be located along the final 200 metres of the
discharge pipeline in order to facilitate dispersed release of brine and minimise impacts on
marine ecology. The diffusers are to be designed so that the effect of the brine is only
detectable within a maximum of 100 m from the discharge pipeline, i.e. ambient background
seawater concentrations are reached within 100 m as per the UNEP Guidelines on EIA for
Desalination plants (UNEP, 2008).
Chemicals utilised in the process streams will be required to meet quality and purity standards
necessary for drinking water production processes. The brine may contain an organic scale
inhibitor which will be an approved chemical for potable water systems (certified by NSF
International) and will be bio-degradable. Other chemicals utilised in the pre-treatment and feed
water conditioning process become disassociated, such as acid for pH conditioning and,
possibly, sodium metabisulfite to scavenge available chlorine.
Table 2.5 lists the expected composition of the brine effluent and the typical cleaning reagents
and pre-treatment chemicals to be used. The brine effluent at build-out capacity is anticipated
to have a temperature of approximately 16.5ºC (i.e. projected 1.5 degree Celsius temperature
elevation above the ambient average seawater temperature of 15ºC), a salinity of 60 708 mg/l
(based on the maximum feedwater salinity) and a density of 1 046 kg/m3 with an effluent flow
of a maximum of 35 Mm3/year.
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-16
The brine is negatively buoyant and will tend to sink towards the seabed; however the brine
temperature will increase slightly over the feed water temperatures. To ensure optimum
dilution in the near-field, the port is configured to discharge at an angle of 60º above horizontal,
at a depth of approximately 3 to 4 m below MSL. Further investigation with regard to the
application of potential depth standards in Namibia will be undertaken during the EIA. The brine
will be dispersed into the ambient seawater in a fast moving current and at a rate which will
depend on the diffuser design and the current velocity.
The cleaning of each RO train (8 trains) is expected to be undertaken 3 times per year and will
generate approximately 100 m3 of cleaning solution and rinse water per train. Therefore, the
maximum expected volume of cleaning solution and rinse water for the RO unit will be
approximately 2 400 m3/year, with an estimated recovery of 45%. The maximum expected
volume of backwash, chemically enhanced backwash, cleaning solutions and rinse water for the
pre-treatment membrane filtration system is expected to average 2.5 Mm3/year (7 150 m3/day)
on a continuous basis. These streams will be mixed with the DAF sludge and treated in the
sludge handling facilities where they will be neutralized, solids removed, prior to the wastewater
being discharged/blended into the RO concentrate volume of 90 216 m³/day.
Table 2.5: Expected composition and flow of the brine discharge from the proposed desalination plant
Description Units Quantity

3 3
Feed-water Intake for 80 000 m /day production m /h 8 333
3 3
Average brine discharge for 80 000 m /day m /h
5 000
production
SWRO concentrate at 80 000 m3/day production m3/h 3 759
3
Co-discharges (Pre-treatment Membrane Filtration m /h
298
Backwash and CIP rinse water)
Supernatant from DAF sludge treatment m3/h 943
To be determined as part
Discharge velocity m/s of engineering design, to
meet UNEP 100m criteria
mg/ℓ 60 071
Salinity
psu 60.1
ΔT °C 1-1.5
pH 7.3 – 8.2
Antiscalant (manufacturer TBD) mg/ℓ 4.0
Chlorine mg/ℓ <1
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)
mg/ℓ 0.013
Intermittent
Coagulant: Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) will
precipitate into Ferric Hydroxide which will be mg/ℓ <0.1
removed in the sludge handling facility as a solid.
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-17
Note: The above estimated brine concentration is based on an 80 000 m3/day water production to make provision for a
reduced number of operational days/hours of the plant, while still reaching the same annual water production (i.e. 25
Mm3/year).
2.3.4 Water storage and reticulation infrastructure
The processed water will be pumped at a maximum rate of 3 759 m3/hour from the desalination
plant to a 20 000 m3 capacity above ground reservoir at Mile 6. From the reservoir, a new
pipeline will be built to the Omdel-Swakopmund pipeline making use of the synergy of one
pipeline route, reduction in maintenance costs and the blending opportunity the connected
pipeline is offering. The material, route and location (above or below ground) will be
investigated during the EIA.
2.3.5 Transmission power lines and power supply
NamPower has assessed various options to supply power to the desalination plant. The option
described below is considered the ideal solution both technically, economically as well as
considering the impact of the saline weather conditions on power lines (with associated
maintenance outages and costs). NamPower must align the power line route along existing
infrastructure corridors, particularly roads which could provide the required access, instead of
creating a new roads breaking up the desert even further and increasing access into the desert.
It is important to align the route in a west-east direction to avoid the main bird migration paths
along the coast.
The plant will be connected to the national grid via a new 44 km long 132 kV transmission line
from the existing Trekkopje-Wlotzkasbaken power line. The new line will tee off at Dolerite to
the proposed desalination plant and will source approximately 20 MW of power for the
operational phase.
The pylon design which supports the electrical conductors will be the standard timber H-pole
configuration, with twin copper conductors for each phase and a single earth wire on top of the
structure. The timber is used to limit the risk of failure due to corrosion in this specific
atmospheric environment. The tower structure of the power line is 13.5 m high, with towers
spaced approximately 180 m apart depending on the terrain. An example of a similar pylon is
shown in Figure 2.8. The transmission line will also require a 44 m servitude within which a
service road (a two-track road) will be constructed. No other activities are permitted within the
servitude.
A new 132/11 kV step-down enclosed substation will be constructed in close proximity to the
desalination plant. The substation will be comprised of a large shed to ensure all equipment
contained within the substation is isolated from the adverse and corrosive weather conditions
prevalent along the Namibian coast, thus ensuring long life of equipment and improved quality
of supply to the desalination plant. The estimated dimensions of the shed are 55 m x 35 m and
14 m high.
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-18
Figure 2.8: Typical 132 kV power line from Keetmanshoop to Luderitz
CSIR, March 2009

p.2-19
Chapter 3: Legislative Requirements
p.i
LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS
3. LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS 3-1
3.1 NAMIBIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK REGIME 3-1

3.1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia (1990) 3-1
3.1.2 Environmental Assessment Policy, 1995 3-1
3.1.3 Coastal Policy for Namibia (the Green Paper, Feb 2009) 3-2
3.1.4 Environmental Management Act 7 of 2007 – EMA 3-2
3.2 NAMIBIAN SECTORAL LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS 3-3

3.2.1 Water Resources Management Act 24 of 2004 (the ‘WRMA’) 3-3
3.2.2 Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone of Namibia Act 3 of 1990 3-4
3.2.3 Nature Conservation Ordinance 4 of 1975 3-4
3.2.4 Marine Resources Act 27 of 2000 (and accompanying regulations) 3-4
3.2.5 Hazardous Substances Ordinance 14 of 1974, and amendments 3-5
3.2.6 Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Ordinance 11 of 1976 3-5
3.2.7 Draft Pollution Control and Waste Management Bill (1999) 3-5
3.2.8 National Monuments Act 28 of 1969 3-6
3.2.9 Other Legislation 3-6
3.3 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 3-8

3.3.1 SADC Protocol on Shared Water Systems 3-8
3.3.2 UN Law of the Sea Convention, 1982 (UNCLOS) 3-8
3.3.3 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 3-9
3.3.4 Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, particularly in Africa, 1994 3-9
3.4 LEGISLATIVE AND PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS 3-9

3.4.1 Permits Required 3-9
3.4.2 International Standards and Guidelines 3-10
3.4.3 Water Quality Guidelines 3-11
TABLES
Table 3.1: Applicability of the relevant Acts and Regulations for industrial activities adjacent to Namibian
waters 3-7
Table 3.2: Water quality guidelines for the discharge of a high-salinity brine into the marine environment 3-12
p.ii
3. LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS
The environmental assessment policy adopted by the Namibian Government in 1995 aims to
ensure that the aims and objectives of sustainable development concerning the natural
resources and the biophysical environment is achieved and maintained. To realise this, the
Government has developed and adopted policies, promulgated Acts, and set up structures within
Ministries, such as the Directorate of Environmental Affairs in the Ministry of the Environment
and Tourism, to deal with various environmental issues. Included in these policies is the
Namibian Coastal Management Green Paper which sets the overall framework for coastal
projects such as this.
Any proposed project, such as the desalination plant, with potentially significant environmental
effects would therefore have to comply with the legislative requirements before the project can
commence.
The following sections summarise the relevant national and international legal requirements for
the desalination plant project. This chapter is divided as follows: i) the first section considers
the framework for environmental management in Namibia; ii) the second section presents the
national sectoral legislative requirements for the different components of the desalination plant;
iii) the third section considers the relevant international obligations which Namibia is obliged to
adhere to; and iv) the fourth section discusses the permitting requirements for the desalination
plant.
3.1 NAMIBIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK REGIME

3.1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia (1990)
Namibia’s environmental policies are based on the requirements of the Namibian Constitution to
endorse the concept of sustainable development. Article 95 (1) of the Constitution states that
“…the State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting, inter
alia, policies aimed at.... maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes and
biological diversity of Namibia and utilization of natural resources on a sustainable basis for the
benefit of all Namibians both present and future; in particular the Government shall provide
measures against dumping or recycling of foreign nuclear and toxic waste on Namibian
Territory."
Article 101 of the Namibian Constitution further states that the principles embodied within the
constitution "shall not of and by themselves be legally enforceable by any court, but shall
nevertheless guide the Government in making and applying laws .... The courts are entitled to
have regard to the said principles in interpreting any laws based on them."
3.1.2 Environmental Assessment Policy, 1995
The Environmental Assessment Policy prescribes that all listed policies, programmes and
projects, which could have an impact on the environment, whether initiated by the government
CSIR, March 2009

p.3-1
or the private sector, should be subjected to the established Environmental Assessment (EA)
procedure.
The Policy provides that once a project has been approved, the proponent (both Government
and Private Enterprise) shall enter into a binding agreement based on the procedures and
recommendations contained in the EA report. This will help ensure that the mitigatory and other
measures recommended in the EA, and accepted by all parties, are complied with. This
agreement should address the construction, operational and decommissioning phases as
applicable, as well as monitoring and auditing.
This policy contains two appendices: 1. Appendix A explains the EA procedure that should be
followed; and Appendix B contains the listed activities that require an EA. The relevant listed
activities as they appear in Appendix B for this project, include, but not limited to, the following:
12 Power generation facilities with an output of 1 megawatt or more.

13 Electrical substations and transmission lines having equipment with an operating
voltage in excess of 30 000 volts rms phase-to-phase.
25 Major pipelines;
34 Small scale (formal) water supply schemes; and
38 Desalination plants.
Legislation has finally been passed to support this policy in the form of the Environmental
Management Act (No. 7 of 2007), which is discussed below.
3.1.3 Coastal Policy for Namibia (the Green Paper, Feb 2009)
The Coastal Policy Green Paper is a background document which sets the overall framework for
development in the coastal area. As such its sets out, firstly, the coastal policy process. This will
be followed by a White Paper and presumably an Integrated Coastal Area act which will replace
the outdated Sea Shore Ordinance (1958) referred to elsewhere in this report. As the coastal
policy process has still some time to go it does not impact on the project but the spirit and
general tenor of the Green Paper should be followed. In particular the project should conform
with Namibia’s existing planning and environmental polices as well as legislation dealing with
these topics.
3.1.4 Environmental Management Act 7 of 2007 – EMA
The Environmental Management Act (2007) (EMA) was promulgated in December 2007 and is
administered by the Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA), under the auspices of the
Ministry of the Environment and Tourism. It has as its main objectives: 1. to ensure that the
significant effects of activities on the environment are considered carefully and timeously; 2. to
ensure that there are opportunities for timeous participation by interested and affected parties
throughout the assessment process; and 3. to ensure that findings are taken into account
before any decision is made in respect of activities (section 2).
The EMA, in section 3(2), establishes a set of principles which give effect to the provisions of the
Constitution for integrated environmental management. Although these principles are not
CSIR, March 2009

p.3-2
enforceable, it is incumbent upon decision makers to take them into account when deciding on
the approval of a project. Although the Act is promulgated, it is not yet implemented.
The EMA stipulates that no party, whether private or Governmental, can conduct a listed activity
without an environmental clearance certificate obtained from the Environmental Commissioner 1 .
Dependent on the type of project activity being applied for, the Commissioner may request that
an environmental impact assessment (EIA) should be conducted. In the case of the desalination
plant, an EIA is required as there may be impacts on the environment, as purported by the
published listed activities. In any event, an EIA is required under the Water Resources
Management Act described below.
3.2 NAMIBIAN SECTORAL LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS

This section reviews the legislation as they are applicable to the different components of the
proposed development.
MARINE ENVIRONMENT
3.2.1 Water Resources Management Act 24 of 2004 (the ‘WRMA’)
The WRMA is central to the proposal in question. This is because the essence of the project will
be to abstract seawater, pipe it on-shore, and convert it to (semi) freshwater. While the Act
does not specifically define water to include seawater it is implicit that it does include seawater.
This is evident from the definition of both "water resource," and "water source" in section 1
which include a reference to the sea. More specifically "water source" is defined as " …water
from a watercourse, an aquifer or the sea, and includes meteoric water” while "water resource"
includes a “watercourse, an aquifer and the sea and meteoric water”.
The consequence is that NamWater will have to obtain a licence to abstract and use sea water
and will have to comply with the various provisions of the Act set out in Part VIII of the Act
(sections 32 to 45). Section 32 prohibits the abstraction or use of water without a licence and
significantly specifically states that the term “abstract water” includes the abstraction of marine
water for any purpose (section 32(1)).
Section 33, titled “Application for licence to abstract and use water” goes on to list a number of
requirements which must accompany the application to abstract water. Of particular importance
is section 33(3) which stipulates that an application for a licence to abstract and use water must
be accompanied by a number of requirements including “an environmental impact analysis of
the proposed abstraction of water upon the environment and existing water users and water
resources” (section 33(3)(c)). This phrase sets the template for the current exercise.
The remainder of Part VIII goes on to detail a number of considerations which may or may not
apply to the application in question. These have been drafted with freshwater abstraction in
mind but nevertheless should be consulted by the proponent as these provide for matters such
1
The Environmental Commissioner is appointed by the Environmental Minister (according to section 16) to perform the duties
described in section 17.
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the contents of the licence (section 36), the terms and conditions of licence to abstract water
(section 37), the duration and renewal of the licence (sections 39 & 40) and so forth.
Also of potential relevance is Part XI of the Act (sections 56 to 71) which deals with Water
Pollution Control. The opening section stipulates that a person may not discharge effluent
directly or indirectly to any ‘water resource’ (defined to include the sea as seen above) unless
such person is in compliance with a permit issued in terms of section 60. The tem ‘effluent’ is
defined to mean “…any liquid discharged as a result of domestic, commercial, industrial or
agricultural activities”. On the face of it a desalination plant appears to include the discharge of
effluent but clarity about this has to be obtained from NamWater as to whether effluent will
indeed be discharged in the operation of the plant.
Environmental impact analysis is required under Chapter 33(3) of the Water Resources Act 24 of
2004, for the abstraction and use of water and sections 34 and 35 explain what factors the
Minister must take into account when considering issuing a license and what the license should
contain, respectively. Section 59 gives details on what information is required for an effluent
discharge permit and 60 describes the duties of the Minister when considering the issuing of a
permit for the discharge of effluent, including brine.
This Act replaces the Water Act 54 of 1956.
3.2.2 Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone of Namibia Act 3 of 1990
The objective of this Act is to determine and define the territorial sea, internal waters,
contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of Namibia; and to provide for
matters incidental thereto. It is only of passing relevance here.
3.2.3 Nature Conservation Ordinance 4 of 1975
This Ordinance covers game parks and nature reserves, the hunting and protection of wild
animals (including game birds), problem animals, fish, and the protection of indigenous plants.
It is administered by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism and establishes a Nature
Conservation Board. The Ordinance includes a number of schedules listing threatened and
endangered species of plants and wild animals. If any of these are identified as being affected
by the proposal, a permit may have to be obtained.
3.2.4 Marine Resources Act 27 of 2000 (and accompanying regulations)
This Act provides for the conservation of the marine ecosystem; the responsible utilisation,
conservation, protection, promotion of marine resources in a sustainable manner and for the
control of marine resources for these purposes.
The Minister of Fisheries is empowered to make regulations under section 61 on a broad

number of topics including “regulating or prohibiting the discharge in the sea or discarding on
the seashore and land of specified substances or materials, or substances or materials not
complying with specified requirements or having specified properties” (61(1)(r)). At time of
writing it is not known whether regulations have indeed been promulgated under this
subsection. If so they may well be relevant to the operations in question as pipelines will be
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deployed for the intake of sea water and the discharge of brine, out of and into the marine
environment.
This Act replaces the Sea Fisheries Act 29 of 1992, the Sea Birds and Seals Protection Act 46 of
1973, and the Fishing Boat and Factory Owners’ Committee Ordinance 16 of 1968. The Act
came into force on 1 August 2001.
The stated objective of this Ordinance is to provide for the determination of the position of the
highwater mark. As such it is not directly relevant to the project in question. More generally it
can be stated that the Ordinance is outdated and a vestige of the pre-independence position.
Namibia is in the process of developing a coastal area policy which will probably eventually
result in a new coastal area act.
3.2.5 Hazardous Substances Ordinance 14 of 1974, and amendments
This ordinance provides for the control of toxic substances. It covers manufacture, sale, use,
disposal and dumping as well as import and export.
3.2.6 Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Ordinance 11 of 1976
This Ordinance provides for the prevention of air pollution. Part 4 deals with control of dust and
provides for the proclamation of dust control areas. We have not ascertained whether the area
has been proclaimed a dust control area but if so the proponent will have to comply with section
24 which provides:
(1) Any person who in a dust control area-
(a) carries on any industrial process the operation of which in the opinion of the Director
causes or is liable to cause a nuisance to persons residing or present in the vicinity on
account of dust originating from such process becoming dispersed in the atmosphere;
or
(b) has at any time or from time to time, whether before or after the commencement of
this Ordinance, deposited or caused or permitted to be deposited on any land a
quantity of matter which exceeds, or two or more quantities of matter which together
exceed, twenty thousand cubic metres in volume, or such lesser volume as may be
prescribed, and which in the opinion of the Director causes or is liable to cause a
nuisance to persons residing or present in the vicinity of such land on account of dust
originating from such matter becoming dispersed in the atmosphere,
We are in any event of the view that even if the area is not a declared dust control area the
spirit of this section should be complied with as it could be categorised as causing a public
nuisance under common law
3.2.7 Draft Pollution Control and Waste Management Bill (1999)
The Pollution Control and Waste Management Bill (1999) amalgamate a variety of Acts and
Ordinances that provide protection for particular species, resources or components of the
environment. These include, but are not limited to, the Nature Conservation Ordinance No.4 of
1975, the Sea Fisheries Act 29 of 1992, the Sea Birds and Seals Protection Act 46 of 1973,
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Seashore Ordinance No. 37 of 1958, Hazardous Substances Ordinance No. 14 of 1974 and
amendments, the Namibia Ports Authority Act 2 of 1994, and the Atmospheric Pollution
Prevention Ordinance No. 11 of 1976.
3.2.8 National Monuments Act 28 of 1969
This Act establishes a National Monuments Council and provides for the preservation of certain
property as National Monuments and the maintenance of certain burial grounds.
TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
For the terrestrial environment, the following Acts, Ordinances and Bills apply:
Nature Conservation Ordinance 4 of 1975;

Hazardous Substances Ordinance 14 of 1974, and its amendments;
Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Ordinance 11 of 1976
Draft Pollution Control and Waste Management Bill (1999);
National Monuments Act 28 of 1969;
Water Resources Act 24 of 2004
Note: These Legislative texts have all been discussed above for the marine environment and
therefore no further discussion is required here.
3.2.9 Other Legislation
Other legislation which may be relevant to this project includes, but may not be limited to the
following:
Electricity Act 2 of 2000

This Act provides for the establishment and functions of the Electricity Control Board. It replaces
the Electric Power Proclamation 4 of 1922.
The table below presents the applicability of the Acts, Ordinances and Bills, discussed above, to
the NamWater Desalination Project:
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Table 3.1: Applicability of the relevant Acts and Regulations for industrial
activities adjacent to Namibian waters
Law/Ordinance Applicability
Article 95 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic Preservation of Namibia’s ecosystems, essential
of Namibia (1990) ecological processes and biological diversity
Sustainable use of natural resources
Environmental Assessment Policy of 1995 Prescribes Environmental Impact Assessments for any
developments with potential negative impacts on the
environment.
Water Resources Management Act 24 of 2004 Seawater abstraction permit required under section 32;
Effluent discharge permit required under sect 56
Water related pollution and abstraction
Environmental Management Act 7 of 2007 Establishes principles for EA
Ensures that the significant effects of activities are
considered timeously and carefully
Allows for opportunities for participation by I&AP’s
throughout the assessment process
Sea Birds and Seals Protection Act 46 of 1973 No disturbance of seabirds and seals
(Replaced by the Marine Resources Act, 27 of
2000)
Seashore Ordinance 37 of 1958 Removal of living and non-living resources from
seashore or seabed and depositing of rubbish within 3
nautical miles of the shore
Sea Fisheries Act 29 of 1992 Dumping at sea
(Replaced by the Marine Resources Act, 27 of Discharge of wastes in marine reserves
2000) Disturbance of rock lobsters, marine invertebrates or
aquatic plants
Prohibited areas for catching/disturbing fish, aquatic
plants or disturbing/damaging seabed
Nature Conservation Ordinance 4 of 1975 Protection of various species
Marine Resources Act 27 of 2000 (and Discharges into the sea
accompanying regulations)
Convention of Biological Diversity Protection of various species
Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Ordinance No. Pollution prevention
11 of 1976
Hazardous Substances Ordinance 14 of 1974, Pollution prevention
and amendments
Petroleum Products and Energy amendment Act Disposal of used oil
of 2000
Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone of Exploitation of natural resources in the EEZ
Namibia Act 3 of 1990
Inland Fisheries Resources Act 1 of 2003 Conservation and protection of aquatic ecosystems
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Law/Ordinance Applicability
Draft Pollution Control and Waste Management Protection for particular species, resources or
Bill (1999) components of the environment
SADC Protocol on Shared Water Systems Water related pollution and abstraction
National Monuments Act 28 of 1969 Disturbance of shipwrecks, archaeological and cultural
sites
United Nations Law of the Sea Convention of Marine pollution from seabed activities and land-based
1982 sources
Convention on Biological Diversity of 1992 Conservation and protection of biological diversity
Convention on Desertification of 1994 Combating desertification and mitigation of the effects
of drought
3.3 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

3.3.1 SADC Protocol on Shared Water Systems
This Protocol came into force in 1998. It provides for institutions to be established for the
different basins in the Region, known as Permanent River Basin Water Commissions or
Operating Authorities to manage the shared water resources in a sustainable way.
This protocol provides for water related pollution and abstraction.
3.3.2 UN Law of the Sea Convention, 1982 (UNCLOS)
To govern the seas and oceans of the world, the UNCLOS presents a comprehensive
international legal framework. A central feature of the Convention is the descriptions of the
various maritime zones, i.e. internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic
zone, continental shelf, and high seas.
Part XII, titled “Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment” deals more specifically
with marine pollution. Article 192 states that: ‘States have an obligation to protect and preserve
the marine environment’. Article 194(2) requires States to take necessary measures to ensure
that activities under their jurisdiction or control do not “cause damage by pollution to other
States and their environment” and to take measures to minimise “the release of toxic, harmful
or noxious substances, especially those that are persistent, from land based sources, from or
through the atmosphere, or by dumping” (Article 194(3)(a)), as well as “pollution from vessels,
installations and devices used in exploration or exploitation of the natural resources of the
seabed and subsoil” and “pollution from other installations and devices operating in the marine
environment” (Article 194(3)(b)).
Article 196 requires states to take necessary measures to “prevent, reduce and control pollution
of the marine environment resulting from the use of technologies under their jurisdiction or
control, or the intentional or accidental introduction of species, alien or new, to a particular area
of the marine environment, which may cause significant and harmful changes thereto”.
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3.3.3 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992
The overall objective of the Convention is the “…conservation of biological diversity and the
sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits…”.
3.3.4 Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious

Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa, 1994
The Convention aims to “…combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in
countries experiencing drought and / or desertification, particularly in Africa, through effective
action at all levels…in the framework of an integrated approach which is consistent with Agenda
21, with a view to contributing to the achievement of sustainable development in affected
areas…” As this Convention is directly relevant to Namibia given its water-stressed nature
Namibia’s action plans under this convention should be taken into consideration. This is is line
with the Convention’s objective namely “to achieve “…long term integrated strategies that focus
simultaneously, in affected areas, on improved productivity of land and the rehabilitation,
conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources, leading to improved
living conditions, in particular at the community level” should be employed.
This Convention further obligates parties to take effective action by developing action
programmes, scientific and technical co-operation and supporting measures, and also invokes
the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, thus having different obligations for
affected developing countries versus developed countries.
3.4 LEGISLATIVE AND PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS

3.4.1 Permits Required
Following the Environmental Assessment Policy of 1995 and the Environmental Management Act
(No. 7 of 2007), an environmental clearance certificate is required from the Directorate of
Environmental Affairs (DEA) prior to commencement of operations for the desalination plant
project. This Policy and Act stipulate that an Environmental Impact Assessment is required for
any policy, programme or project with potential negative impacts on the environment, whether
initiated by Government or private sector.
Under Namibian legislation, both the abstraction from and discharge into the sea requires a
permit under Sections 32 and 56 of the Water Resources Management Act (No. 24 of 2004),
respectively. This Act is based on the National Water Policy (Ministry of Agriculture, Water and
Rural Development 2000). The effluent water discharged (and potential associated co-
discharges) from the proposed RO plant is classified as “industrial effluent” and thus requires a
license under the Act. A combined licence to abstract and use water and to discharge effluent is
covered under Section 38 of the Act. Licenses are provided through the Ministry of Agriculture,
Water and Forestry (MAWF).
The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) is the custodian of Namibia’s natural
environment and discharges this duty via environmental regulations. The MET is thus the lead
agent for EIAs; however licensing of water abstraction, use and disposal is only considered once
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an EIA acceptable to MAWF has been submitted and a Record of Decision has been handed
down.
3.4.2 International Standards and Guidelines
In addition to the regional, national and international legislative requirements, there are
international standards, protocols and guidelines that are applicable for a desalination plant
project:
In August 2007, the Department of Water Affairs & Forestry (DWAF 2007) of South Africa
published the “Guidelines for the evaluation of possible environmental impacts during the
development of seawater desalination processes”. This document gives general guidance
on the assessment procedure, lists possible environmental impacts which can be
expected during implementation of seawater desalination, and provides recommendations
for specialist and monitoring studies.
The International Finance Corporation, a member of the World Bank Group, has
developed operational policies (IFC 1998) that, inter alia, require that an impact
assessment is undertaken within the country’s overall policy framework and national
legislation, as well as international treaties, and that natural and social aspects are to be
considered in an integrated way. IFC has further published Environmental, Health, and
Safety Guidelines (known as the 'EHS Guidelines') containing guidelines and standards
applicable to projects discharging industrial wastewater (IFC 2007). The EHS Guidelines
contain the performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable to IFC and are
generally considered to be achievable in new facilities at reasonable costs by existing
technology. The EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and
industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP), as defined in
IFC's Performance Standard 3 on Pollution Prevention and Abatement (IFC 2006). This
Performance Standard has the objective to avoid and minimize adverse impacts on
human health and the environment by avoiding or minimizing pollution from project
activities. It outlines a project approach to pollution prevention and abatement in line
with internationally disseminated pollution prevention and control technologies and
practices. In addition, Performance Standard 3 promotes the private sector’s ability to
integrate such technologies and practices as far as their use is technically and financially
feasible and cost-effective in the context of a project that relies on commercially available
skills and resources.
Other guidance documents are those by the California Coastal Commission (Seawater
Desalination and the California Coastal Act, 2004), the United Nations Environmental
Programme (UNEP 2008) and the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2008) that include
international best practices and principles such as the precautionary approach and
describe how design and construction approaches can mitigate likely impacts.
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992), which calls for use of EIA
as an instrument of national decision making (Principle 17). Moreover, it establishes
important principles for sustainable development that should be reflected in EIAs, such as
the application of the precautionary principle (Principle 15, whereby, where there is
uncertainty in the nature and severity of a potential impact, conservative assumptions are
made with respect to the significance and potential severity of the impact being
assessed).
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As signatory to the Convention of Biological Diversity and Convention to Combat Desertification,

Namibia is committed to the preservation of rare and endemic species, and to provide protection
for ecosystems and natural life-support processes within the country’s boundaries. As a
signatory of the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention of 1982, Namibia is required to adopt
legislation to reduce marine pollution from seabed activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ) and on the continental shelf, and from land-based sources.
3.4.3 Water Quality Guidelines
The Water Resources Management Act does not contain any target values for water quality.
These will form part of the regulations associated with the new Water Act and will be
implemented at a future date. As far as can be established, South Africa is the only southern
African country that currently has an official set of water quality guidelines for coastal marine
waters. In terms of policy, legislation and practice South Africa’s operational policy for the
disposal of land-derived wastewater to the marine environment (DWAF 2004 a-c) is thus of
relevance. Specifically, environmental quality objectives need to be set for the marine
environment, based on the requirements of the site-specific marine ecosystems, as well as other
designated beneficial uses (both existing and future) of the receiving environment. The
identification and mapping of marine ecosystems and the beneficial uses of the receiving marine
environment provide a sound basis from which to derive site-specific environmental quality
objectives (Taljaard et al., 2006). To ensure that environmental quality objectives are practical
and effective management tools, they need to be set in terms of measurable target values, or
ranges for specific water column and sediment parameters, or in terms of the abundance and
diversity of biotic components. The South African Water Quality Guidelines for Coastal Marine
Waters (DWAF, 1995) provide recommended target values (as opposed to standards) for a
range of substances, but these are not exhaustive. Therefore, in setting site-specific
environmental quality objectives, the information contained in the DWAF guideline document is
supported by additional information obtained from published literature and best available
international guidelines (e.g. ANZECC, 2000; World Bank, 1998). Recommended target values
are also reviewed and summarized in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME)
document on water quality guidelines for the BCLME region (CSIR 2006). Recommended target
values are provided in Table 3.2 below.
Table 3.2/...
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Table 3.2: Water quality guidelines for the discharge of a high-salinity brine into the marine environment
SOUTH AFRICA AUSTRALIA/NEW ZEALAND WORLD BANK a

VARIABLE
(DWAF 1995) (ANZECC 2000) (World Bank 1998)
To be kept to a minimum, the acceptable dimensions of
Zone of impact
this zone informed by the EIA and requirements of 100 m radius from point of discharge for temperature
/ mixing zone
licensing authorities, based on scientific evidence.
Where an appropriate reference system is available,
and there are sufficient resources to collect the < 3°C above ambient at the edge of the zone where
necessary information for the reference system, the initial mixing and dilution take place. Where the zone is
The maximum acceptable variation in ambient
Temperature median (or mean) temperature should lie within the not defined, use 100 meters from the point of discharge
temperature is ± 1°C
range defined by the 20%ile and 80%ile of the when there are no sensitive aquatic ecosystems within
seasonal distribution of the ambient temperature for the this distance.
reference system.
Low-risk trigger concentrations for salinity are that the
median (or mean) salinity should lie within the 20%ile
and 80%ile of the ambient salinity distribution in the
Salinity b 33 – 36 psu -
reference system(s). The old salinity guideline
(ANZECC 1992) was that the salinity change should be
<5% of the ambient salinity.
3 µg Cl. ℓ-1 measured as total residual chlorine (low
No guideline, however deleterious effects recorded for
Total residual reliability trigger value at 95% protection level, to be
concentrations as low as 2 – 20 μg. ℓ-1. A 0.2 mg. ℓ-1 at the point of discharge prior to dilution
Chlorine used only as an indicative interim working level)
conservative trigger value is <2 μg.ℓ-1.
(ANZECC 2000)c
Where an appropriate reference system is available,
and there are sufficient resources to collect the
For the west coast, the dissolved oxygen should not fall necessary information for the reference system, the
below 10 % of the established natural variation. For median lowest diurnal DO concentration for the period
Dissolved
the south and east coasts the dissolved oxygen should for DO should be >20%ile of the ambient dissolved -
oxygen
not fall below 5 mg/ℓ (99 % of the time) and below 6 oxygen concentration in the reference system(s)
mg/ℓ (95 % of the time) distribution. The trigger value should be obtained
during low flow and high temperature periods when DO
concentrations are likely to be at their lowest.
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SOUTH AFRICA AUSTRALIA/NEW ZEALAND WORLD BANK a

VARIABLE
(DWAF 1995) (ANZECC 2000) (World Bank 1998)
Default trigger values of
Waters should not contain concentrations of dissolved
PO4-P: 100 µg. ℓ-1
nutrients that are capable of causing excessive or
NOx-N: 50 µg. ℓ-1
Nutrients nuisance growth of algae or other aquatic plants or +
NH4 -N: 50 µg. ℓ-1
reducing dissolved oxygen concentrations below the
for the low rainfall southern Australian region (Table
target range indicated for dissolved oxygen (see above)
3.3.8 in ANZECC 2000)
Marine moderate reliability trigger value for chromium 0.5 mg. ℓ-1 (total Cr) for effluents from thermal power
(III) of 10 μg. ℓ-1 with 95% protection plants
Chromium 8 μg. ℓ-1 (as total Cr)
Marine high reliability trigger value for chromium (VI) of
4.4 μg. ℓ-1 at 95% protection.
Insufficient data to derive a reliable trigger value. The 1.0 mg. ℓ-1 for effluents from thermal power plants
Iron
current Canadian guideline level is 300 μg. ℓ-1
Insufficient data to derive a marine trigger value for
molybdenum. A low reliability trigger value of 23 μg. ℓ-1
Molybdenum
was adopted to be used as indicative interim working
levels.
7 μg. ℓ-1 at a 99% protection level is recommended for
Nickel 25 μg. ℓ-1 (as total Ni)
slightly-moderately disturbed marine systems.
a
The World Bank guidelines are based on maximum permissible concentrations at the point of discharge and do not explicitly take into account the receiving environment, i.e. no cognisance
is taken of the fact of the differences in transport and fate of pollutants between, for example, a surf-zone, estuary or coastal embayment with poor flushing characteristics and an open and
exposed coastline. It is for this reason that we include in this study other generally accepted Water Quality guidelines that take the nature of the receiving environment into account.
b
The ANZECC (2000) Water Quality guideline for salinity is less stringent than, but roughly approximates, the South African Water Quality guideline that requires that salinity should remain
within the range of 33 psu to 36 psu.
c
In case of chlorine “shocking”, which involves using high chlorine levels for a few seconds rather than a continuous low-level release, the target value is a maximum value of 2 mg. ℓ-1 for up
to 2 hours, not to be repeated more frequently than once in 24 hours, with a 24-hour average of 0.2 mg. ℓ-1 (The same limits would apply to bromine and fluorine.).
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Chapter 4: Description of the Affected Environment
p.i
DESCRIPTION OF THE
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 4-1
4.1 SITE LOCALITY 4-1

4.2 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4-3
4.2.1 Climate 4-3
a) Temperature 4-3
b) Rainfall and evaporation 4-3
c) Relative humidity 4-5
d) Surface Wind 4-5
e) Fog 4-8
f) Sunshine and cloudiness 4-10
4.2.2 Landscape 4-10
4.2.3 Geology 4-13
4.2.4 Physical and Biological Oceanography 4-13
a) Waves 4-17
b) Tides 4-17
c) Coastal Currents 4-19
d) Surf-zone Currents 4-19
4.2.5 Marine Ecology 4-19
a) Sandy Substrate Habitats and Biota 4-20
b) Rocky Habitats and Biota 4-21
c) Pelagic Communities 4-22
4.2.6
Terrestrial Ecology 4-24
a) Terrestrial fauna and flora 4-24
b) Avifauna 4-26
4.3 HERITAGE RESOURCES 4-27
4.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC 4-27
4.4.1 Demographic Characteristics 4-27
4.4.2 Employment Rates and Poverty 4-28
4.4.3 Access to Services 4-29
4.4.4 Settlement Patterns 4-29
4.5 PLANNING CONTEXT AND SURROUNDING LAND USES 4-29
p.ii
FIGURES
Figure 4.1: Location map for the proposed desalination plant at Mile 6, near Swakopmund, Namibia 4-2
Figure 4.2: The proposed location for the desalination plant, from top left to bottom right: South end of
study area looking north, middle of study area showing beach berm, car tracks on beach,
north end of study area and gravel beds at northern end. 4-2
Figure 4.3: Average annual rainfall in Namibia (Source: Mendelsohn, Jarvis, Roberts and Robertson,
2002). 4-4
Figure 4.4: Seasonal wind roses for the offshore area near Swakopmund (22°-22.9°S; 14°-14.7°E
recorded from 21 March 1960 to 27 December 2008). 4-6
Figure 4.5: Wind directions and associated frequencies 4-7
Figure 4.6: Berg winds along the west coast of Namibia carrying aerosol plumes of sand far offshore 4-8
Figure 4.7: 1984 Fog day frequency using Meteosat Images 4-9
Figure 4.8: Landscape in Namibia (Source: Mendelsohn, Jarvis, Roberts and Robertson, 2002). 4-11
Figure 4.9: Topography at desalination site (left) and the dolerite ridges (right) 4-12
Figure 4.10: Perspective of all surface waters in Namibia (Source: Mendelsohn, Jarvis, Roberts and
Robertson, 2002). 4-12
Figure 4.11: Perspective of all surface waters in Namibia (Source: Mendelsohn, Jarvis, Roberts and
Robertson, 2002). 4-14
Figure 4.12: Seabed sediments in the study area. 4-15
Figure 4.13: Satellite image showing discoloured water offshore the Namib Desert resulting from a
nearshore sulphur eruption (satellite image source: www.intute.ac.uk). Inset shows a
photograph taken from shore at Sylvia Hill, north of Lüderitz, during such an event in March
2002 (photograph by J. Kemper, MFMR, Lüderitz). 4-16
Figure 4.14: Map of the Namibian coastline showing the positions of the upwelling cells and the
formation zones of low oxygen water 4-16
Figure 4.15: Seasonal wave roses for the Swakopmund Area (22°-23°S; 14°-15°E recorded during the
period 21 March 1960 and 23 December 2008). 4-18
Figure 4.16: Rocky outcrop in the study area backed by sandy beach (top), and large Perna perna
(bottom left) and a diversity of red foliose algae (bottom right) low at the shore. 4-22
Figure 4.17: Photo to the left: dolerites in the vicinity of the proposed power route line (photo taken in
the direction of Wlotzkasbaken) and photo to the right: Lichens on the dolerites. 4-25
Figure 4.18: Lichen Fields near Wlotzkasbaken (Source: Extract from Walvis Bay 2246 Topographic Map).4-25
Figure 4.19: Damara Tern 4-26
Figure 4.20: Growth Directions for Swakopmund (Source: Municipality Swakopmund, Engineering
Services Department, July 2008) 4-31
TABLES
Table 4.1: Tide statistics for Walvis Bay from the SA Tide Tables (SAN 2007). All levels are referenced
to Chart Datum. 4-17
Table 4.2: Main source of income for the Erongo Region1991-2001 4-28
p.iii
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
This chapter provides an overview of the affected environment and local planning context
(including surrounding land uses) for the proposed desalination plant at Mile 6, near
Swakopmund, Namibia. A broad understanding is given to the term ‘environment’, which
includes the biophysical, socio-economic and heritage environment. This chapter therefore
assists the reader in identifying potential impacts on the environment (positive or negative); and
opportunities or constraints which the affected environment may present for the development.
The environmental baseline description is based on information extracted from the following
sources: Atlas of Namibia (Mendelsohn, Jarvis, Roberts and Robertson, 2002), Namibia’s marine
environment (Molloy and Reinikainen, 2003), Namibia. Secrets of a desert uncovered (Seely and
Pallett, 2008), Biological Diversity in Namibia (Barnard, 1998), Preliminary baseline study prior
to exploration activities by Sasol on the Namibian continental shelf in licence area 2012 (CSIR,
1992) and the Marine Baseline study on the Potential Impacts of a Seawater Intake Structure
and a Brine Disposal System for a Proposed Desalination Plant North of Swakopmund (Pisces,
2008).
4.1 SITE LOCALITY

The proposed desalination plant will be located in the coastal zone of the Erongo Region (Region
in Namibia equates to a province in South Africa i.e. an governmental administrative area), on
the coast approximately 14km north-northwest of Swakopmund and is also situated within the
National West Coast Recreation Area which stretches from Swakopmund 200 km northwards to
the Ugab River. The coordinates of the northern site option are S 22o 32’58.01” and E 14o
30’28.37” and those of the southern site option are S 22o 33’17.92” and E 14o 30’40.89”.
The closest residential area is the town of Swakopmund. The closest major road, located
approximately 200m to the east of the proposed facility, is the C34 which connects all major
towns along the coast of Namibia. Figure 4.1 shows the locality of the proposed desalination
plant.
A new 132 kV power line is being built from Trekkopje Mine to the Uramin Desalination Plant
near Wlotzkasbaken and has already received environmental authorisation. For the NamWater
desalination plant, a new 132 kV line is planned from the proposed substation at Mile 6,
extending over 44 km to join the Trekkopje-Wlotzkasbaken line at a place called Dolerite,
located about 13 km south-west of the new Trekkopje Uranium Mine.
CSIR, March 2009

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Figure 4.1: Location map for the proposed desalination plant at Mile 6, near Swakopmund, Namibia
Figure 4.2: The proposed location for the desalination plant, from top left to bottom right: South end of study area
looking north, middle of study area showing beach berm, car tracks on beach, north end of study area and
gravel beds at northern end.
CSIR, March 2009

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4.2 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

4.2.1 Climate
The meteorological conditions along the Namibian coast are controlled by the ever-present
South Atlantic anticyclone, the northward-flowing Benguela Current (with associated upwelling)
and the divergence of the south-east trade winds along the coast.
Climatic conditions in the region vary from cool, foggy, windy and hyper-arid conditions along
the coast to dry and hot weather towards the inland areas from which it is separated by the
Great Escarpment.
a) Temperature
Namibia is considered to be a hot country, however, temperatures are highly variable daily and
seasonally. Therefore, animals and plants have evolved to tolerate a broad range of
temperatures. In the coastal area, temperatures are relatively constant, only exhibiting a slight
decrease from north to south. The average annual temperature in the study area for the
proposed desalination plant ranges between 16°C and 18°C, with an average maximum
temperature of 23°C during the hottest month of February and an average minimum
temperature of 11°C during the coldest month of August.
Average annual temperature along the proposed new transmission line will slightly increase
towards inland and will range from about 17°C at the coast to about 19°C in the proximity of
the Dolerite Tee-off from the UraMin line. The average maximum temperature will range from
23°C at the coast to 27°C inland during the hottest month (February) and the average minimum
temperature of 11°C (during the coldest month of August) will remain relatively constant along
the proposed line.
It is interesting to note that highest temperatures are recorded during the winter months and
always during Berg Wind episodes when cold air from the interior flows towards the coast and is
heated by compression (catabatic wind).
b) Rainfall and evaporation
The very low rainfall in the targeted area (mean annual rainfall of less than 15 mm in the
vicinity of Swakopmund) means that many plants and animals rely on fog to provide water. Most
rain falls in summer between January and April, with the wettest month being March for the
Swakopmund area. Heavy rainfall in the interior of the country rarely reaches the sea, although
water trapped underground in large aquifers may reach the coastline. Together with low
rainfall, evaporation rates in Namibia are generally high with southern and north-western areas
losing much more water through evaporation than the north-eastern and coastal areas. Lower
rates of evaporation at the coast are mainly due to cooler and more humid coastal conditions.
The whole country however loses more water through evaporation than it receives in rain.
CSIR, March 2009

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Figure 4.3: Average annual rainfall in Namibia

(Source: Mendelsohn, Jarvis, Roberts and Robertson, 2002).
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-4
c) Relative humidity
Climatic conditions in Namibia are also influenced by a steep humidity gradient from about 55%
humidity at the coast to less than 10% inland during the least humid month and from more than
90% humidity at the coast to 50% inland during the most humid month.
Relative humidity along the new proposed transmission line will range from about 55% humidity
at the coast to about 40% humidity at the Dolorite Tee-off during the least humid month. The
relative humidity during the most humid month will remain relatively constant along the
proposed line, ranging from about 90% humidity at the coast to 85% at the Dolorite Tee-off.
d) Surface Wind
The presence of the subtropical South Atlantic Anticylcone (SAA) off the coast of Namibia
strongly influences the wind pattern, generating gale force winds along the coast in all seasons,
but being most frequent during mid-summer and spring. Although their strength decreases
inland, their effect is noticeable for distances of up to 200 km from the coast. These strong
coastal south-westerly winds carry sand inshore from the coast to the Namib Sand Sea and
create upwelling cells which allow nutrient-rich water to be brought to the surface, therefore
increasing fish resources.
Occasional hot, dry and powerful easterly wind during winter (or Berg Wind) causes large
quantities of dust and sand to be blown offshore, affecting sediment input into the coastal
marine environment. These powerful offshore winds can exceed 50 km/h, producing sandstorms
that considerably reduce visibility at sea and on land (Figure 4.6). Although they occur
intermittently for about a week at a time, they have a strong effect on the coastal temperatures,
which often exceed 30°C during ‘berg’ wind periods.
At the coast, the prevailing wind is southerly to south south-westerly 1 with speeds reaching
10m/s, while the predominant wind inland is north-easterly to easterly with speeds reaching
approximately 3 m/s (refer to Figure 4.5). The coastal south-westerly winds bring cool, moist air
into the coastal region, and play an important role in the loss of sediment from beaches.
1
Direction from which wind blows
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Figure 4.4: Seasonal wind roses for the offshore area near Swakopmund (22°-22.9°S; 14°-14.7°E recorded from 21
March 1960 to 27 December 2008).
(Source: Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) data from the Southern Africa Data Centre for Oceanography (SADCO)).
CSIR, March 2009

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Figure 4.5: Wind directions and associated frequencies

CSIR, March 2009

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Figure 4.6: Berg winds along the west coast of

Namibia carrying aerosol plumes of sand far
offshore
(Source: Mendelsohn, Jarvis, Roberts
and Robertson, 2002).
e) Fog
Fog is the most distinct feature of the coastal climate in Namibia, with an average of more than
125 days of fog per year in the vicinity of Swakopmund (Figure 4.7). Fog usually forms when
moist maritime air is advected over cold upwelled water adjacent to the coast. It is therefore
more frequent at the coast, but its effect can be felt for distances of more than 100 km to the
interior. Fog precipitation often exceeds rainfall and is considerably more reliable, with an
average of about 34 mm/year at the coast, in the Central Namib. The amount of fog
precipitation rises from the coast to about 40 km inland, from where it decreases further inland.
Within 15 to 20 nautical mile zone offshore, fog frequency may be as high or even higher than
at the coastal stations. This fog is usually quite dense and appears as a thick bank hugging the
shore. However, it is often patchy further seawards, with clear areas indicating warmer water.
The presence of sea fog is influenced by the spatial extent of the upwelling filaments and
plumes. These may be extensive, often exceeding 200 km in length.
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-8
Oranjemund
Figure
4.7: 1984 Fog day frequency using Meteosat Images
(Source: Olivier, 1992 and 1995).
Note: Contours indicate iso-lines (days) of fog occurrence.
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-9
f) Sunshine and cloudiness
Low stratus and stratocumulus clouds are often formed during the early morning hours when
onshore breezes blow over the upwelling zone. These clouds may be advected inland,
intersecting the rising land to produce fog. The amount of cloud cover is thus highest at night
but decreases consistently throughout the day.
Given the greater level of cloud-cover and fog along the coast, the amount of sunshine is
generally lower than inland regions which receive more sunshine than anywhere else. Since the
rainy season is confined to the summer months, the amount of cloudiness peaks during that
season, i.e. from September to April.
4.2.2 Landscape
The study area is located on the Namib Central-western plains (Figure 4.8) which stretch from
the coast inland for about 450 km in places. The plains were largely formed by erosion cutting
back into higher ground and carving out the catchment areas of several major rivers. The
peneplain is dissected by numerous dry riverbeds, draining towards the coast.
The relief at the coast is very gentle, and the land slopes gradually upwards towards the east,
with dolerite ridges along the transmission line route providing some positive relief. The area in
the vicinity of the proposed desalination plant is generally flat, with few topographic features as
depicted in Figure 4.9.
The coastline of central Namibia is dominated by sandy beaches, with rocky habitats being
represented only by occasional small rocky outcrops. The largest dune seas occur in the central
Namib south of Walvis Bay, but for approximately 250 km north of Swakopmund, the coastal
area is relatively free of dunes. The coastal strip around Swakopmund is covered by a 2-3 m
thick layer of very loose, medium to fine grained sea sand, which stretches for approximately
200 m inland. Only in the vicinity of Henties Bay is the shore backed by low sandy cliffs. The
seabed at the northern end of the proposed location for the desalination plant is characterised
by an extensive area of gravel. In the intertidal and low-shore areas, sediments become coarser
and are generally dominated by moderately to well-sorted gravelly sand and fine sandy gravels
with mean particle sizes of 600-1700 μm.
Namibia is a hyper-arid country, with only 4 km3 of surface water produced internally, and a
groundwater recharge of 2 km3 (World Resources Institute). There are no perennial westward-
flowing rivers in the study area. The central portion of Namibia is drained by a number of
westward flowing ephemeral rivers that occasionally reach the sea when they flood after heavy
rains in the interior. The main rivers draining the surroundings of the study area are the
Omaruru, Swakop (of which the Khan River is a tributary) and the Kuiseb River (Figure 4.10).
These rivers, though only flowing occasionally, are very important ecologically as they support a
diverse biota that depends on the groundwater associated with the river course.
The closest major, non perennial river to the proposed desalination plant, is the Swakop River,
located directly south of the Swakopmund municipal boundaries. A dried-up catchment run-off
channel was observed reaching down to the coast in the middle of the proposed location for the
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-10
desalination plant. Anecdotal evidence suggest that during flash floods the river can swell to
100 m wide, but that such floods only happen every 20 to 30 years (J. de Kock, Civil
Construction Division, NamWater). A number of minor, non-perennial drainage channels are
located in the vicinity of the proposed site and power line.
Figure 4.8: Landscape in Namibia

CSIR, March 2009

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Figure 4.9: Topography at desalination site (left) and the dolerite ridges (right)
Figure 4.10: Perspective of

all surface waters in Namibia
(Source: Mendelsohn, Jarvis,
Roberts and Robertson, 2002).
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-12
4.2.3 Geology
The study area is underlain by schist (with granitic intrusions) of the Swakop group which forms
part of the Damara Supergroup and Gariep Complex, a group of rocks laid down approximately
850-600 millions years ago. In this area, much of the geology is exposed, because the harsh
climate limits soil development and vegetation growth. Extensive gypsum and calcrete deposits
have developed where the relief is low. Gypsum plains are found within 60 km of the coast,
coinciding with the zone of regular occurrence of fog. Calcrete crusts are a feature of the soils
further inland in the eastern part of the central Namib and pro-Namib and represent a moister
period of in situ formation of calcrete and calcareous soil.
Groundwater reserves in the vicinity of the study area are limited to the Kuiseb and Omaruru
alluvial bed aquifers, which supply Henties Bay, Swakopmund and Walvis Bay as well as Arandis,
Rössing and Langer Heinrich Mines. These aquifers are situated within the alluvial beds of the
Kuiseb and Omaruru rivers (Figure 4.11). A groundwater study undertaken for another proposed
desalination plant project at Wlotzkasbaken, ca. 30 km north of Swakopmund, detected no
freshwater table at the beach, although seawater penetrated inland to at least 500 m from the
high water mark at a depth of 1.5 m.
4.2.4 Physical and Biological Oceanography
Along much of the coastline, there is a prominent berm on the upper beach. From the berm, the
beach slopes steeply to the low water mark. At 1-2 m depth the slope flattens and the sand is
replaced by gently sloping, low-relief rocky seabed. This extends approximately 400 m offshore
to about the 5 m isobath (depth contour). Between the 5 m and 10 m depth contours, the
seabed is characterised by low-relief rock outcrops interspersed by depressions of fine to
medium sand. The sandy areas, which have a maximum thickness of 2.6 m, are underlain by
bedrock. Seaward of the 10 m depth contour, the seabed is dominated by a gently sloping flat
featureless sandy area.
Figure 4.11/...
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-13
Figure 4.11: Perspective of all surface waters in Namibia

Further offshore to beyond the 100-m depth contour, the seabed is dominated by a tongue of
sandy mud, which extends from south of Sandwich Harbour to the north past Henties Bay
(Figure 4.12).
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-14
Red tides (dinoflagellate and/or ciliate blooms), also referred to as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs),
low oxygen events and sulphur eruptions occur periodically in the Benguela system, with
potentially catastrophic effects on the ecology of the system. The sulphur eruption events
(Figure 4.13) are associated with the generation of toxic hydrogen sulphide and methane within
the organically-rich, anoxic muds (biogenic muds) following decay of extensive algal blooms.
The major feature of the Benguela system is upwelling and the consequent high nutrient supply
to surface waters leading to high biological production and large fish stocks. Figure 4.14 shows
a small upwelling cell in the vicinity of Swakopmund.
Figure 4.12: Seabed sediments in the study area.
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-15
Figure 4.13: Satellite image showing discoloured water offshore the Namib Desert resulting from a nearshore sulphur
eruption (satellite image source: www.intute.ac.uk). Inset shows a photograph taken from shore at Sylvia Hill, north of
Lüderitz, during such an event in March 2002
(photograph by J. Kemper, MFMR, Lüderitz).
Figure 4.14: Map of the Namibian coastline showing the positions of the upwelling cells
and the formation zones of low oxygen water
(Source: Shannon, 1985).
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-16
a) Waves
The central Namibian coastline is influenced by major swells generated in the Roaring Forties, as
well as significant sea waves generated locally by the persistent south-westerly winds. Apart
from Walvis Bay and Swakopmund wave shelter, in the form of west to north-facing
embayments and coasts lying in the lee of headlands, is extremely limited.
No measured wave data are available for the Swakopmund - Henties Bay area. However, data
collected by Voluntary Observing Ships (Figure 4.15) indicate that wave heights in the range of
1.5 m to 2.5 m occur most frequently, with a mean wave height of 2.14 m and mean wave
periods in the range of 8 s to 13 s. Longer period swells with mean periods of 11 s to 15 s
generated by mid-latitude cyclones occur about 30% of the time. Wind-induced waves on the
other hand have shorter periods (~8 seconds) and are generally steeper than the swells. Storms
occur frequently with significant wave heights over 3 m occurring 10% of the time.
The annual distribution indicates that 43% of the waves come from the south with 30% and
12% coming from the SSW and SW respectively. These values are based on a fairly limited
number of observations (583) but it is well accepted that the majority of waves are coming from
the SW to S sectors.
b) Tides
In common with the rest of the southern African coast, tides in the study area are regular and
semi-diurnal. The maximum tidal range is approximately 2 m, with a typical tidal range of
approximately 1 m. Variations in the absolute water level as a result of meteorological
conditions such as wind and waves can, however, occur adjacent to the shoreline and
differences of up to 0.5 m in level from the tidal predictions are not uncommon. Tidal currents
are minimal with measurements of 0.1 m/s reported at Walvis Bay. Table 4.1 lists mean tidal
levels for Walvis Bay.
Table 4.1: Tide statistics for Walvis Bay from the SA Tide Tables (SAN 2007).
All levels are referenced to Chart Datum.
Description Level in m
Highest Astronomical Tide HAT +1.97

Mean High Water of Spring Tide MHWS +1.69
Mean High Water of Neap Tide MHWN +1.29
Mean Level ML +0.98
Mean Sea Level MSL +0.966
Mean Low Water of Neap Tide MLWN +0.67
Mean Low Water of Spring Tide MLWS +0.27
Lowest Astronomical Tide LAT 0.00
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Figure 4.15: Seasonal wave roses for the Swakopmund Area (22°-23°S; 14°-15°E recorded during the period 21 March
1960 and 23 December 2008).
(Source: Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) data from the Southern Africa Data Centre
for Oceanography (SADCO))
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-18
c) Coastal Currents
Current velocities in continental shelf areas of the Benguela region range generally between 10
and 30 cm/s. The flows are predominantly wind-forced, barotropic and fluctuate between
poleward and equatorward flow. Fluctuation periods of these flows are 3 to 10 days, although
the long-term mean current residual, i.e. net flow, is in an approximate NW (alongshore)
direction. Currents in the nearshore environment along the coastline of the study area have not
been well studied, but some surface-current measurements were done at Swakopmund between
1971 and 1972. Surface currents in the area appear to be quite variable, with flows primarily
<30 cm/s and an average velocity of 14 cm/s. Current speeds in reverse flows observed
between Walvis Bay and Henties Bay range between 2 and 17 cm/s. Near bottom, shelf flow is
mainly poleward with low velocities of typically 5 cm/s.
d) Surf-zone Currents
Typically wave-driven flows dominate in the surf-zone (characteristically 150 m to 250 m wide),
with the influence of waves on currents extending out to the base of the wave effect (~40 m).
The influence of wave-driven flows extends beyond the surf-zone in the form of rip currents.
Longshore currents are driven by the momentum flux of shoaling waves approaching the
shoreline at an angle, while cross-shelf currents are driven by the shoaling waves. The
magnitude of these currents is determined primarily by wave height, wave period, angle of
incidence of the wave at the coast and the bathymetry. Surf-zone currents have the ability to
transport unconsolidated sediments along the coast in the littoral drift which, in the study area,
flows northwards.
Nearshore velocities have not been reported and are difficult to estimate because of acceleration
features such as surf-zone rips and sandbanks. However, computational model estimates using
nearshore profiles and wave conditions representative of this coastal region suggest time-
averaged northerly longshore flows with a cross-shore mean of between 0.2 to 0.5 m/s.
Instantaneous measurements of cross-shore averaged longshore velocities are often much
larger. Surf-zone-averaged longshore velocities in other exposed coastal regions commonly
peak at between 1.0 m/s to 1.5 m/s, with extremes exceeding 2 m/s for high wave conditions.
The southerly longshore flows are considered to remain below 0.5 m/s.
4.2.5 Marine Ecology
This section provides a brief overview of the marine and coastal environment in the vicinity of
the proposed Desalination plant. The reader is referred to the Marine Specialist Study (to be
included in the EIA report) for a detailed discussion of the area.
Biogeographically the central Namibian marine and coastal environment falls into the warm-
temperate Namib Province, which extends northwards from Lüderitz into southern Angola. The
wind-induced upwelling characterising the Namibian coastline is the principal physical process
which shapes the marine ecology of the central Benguela region. The harsh aridity of the Namib
coastline contrasts with the rich productive marine environment offshore.
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The coastline of central Namibia is dominated by sandy beaches, with rocky habitats being
represented only by occasional small rocky outcrops. Consequently, marine ecosystems along
the coast comprise a limited range of habitats that include:
sandy intertidal and subtidal substrates;

intertidal rocky shores and subtidal reefs; and
the water body.
The benthic communities within these habitats are generally ubiquitous throughout the Southern
African West Coast region, being particular only to substratum type, wave exposure and/or
depth zone. They consist of many hundreds of species, often displaying considerable temporal
and spatial variability. The biological communities ‘typical’ of each of these habitats are
described briefly below, focussing both on dominant, commercially important and conspicuous
species, as well as potentially threatened or sensitive species, which may be affected by the
proposed project.
a) Sandy Substrate Habitats and Biota
Intertidal Sandy Beaches
Sandy beaches are one of the most dynamic coastal environments. The composition of their
faunal communities is largely dependent on the interaction of wave energy, beach slope and
sand particle size.
Most beaches on the central Namibian coastline, i.e. between Swakopmund and Henties Bay,
are open ocean beaches receiving continuous wave action. The beaches tend to be
characterised by well-developed berms, and are well-drained and oxygenated.
The surf-zone in the study area is rich in phytoplankton (primarily dinoflagellates and diatoms)
and zooplankton, and particulate organic matter is commonly deposited on the beaches as foam
and scum. The organic matter, both in suspension and deposited on the sand, is thought to
represent the main food input into these beaches, thereby accounting for the dominance of
filter-feeders, such as mussels, in the macrofaunal biomass.
Most of the macrofaunal species recorded from beaches in central Namibia are ubiquitous
throughout the biogeographic province, and no rare or endangered species are known. The
beaches are characterised by a relatively depauparate invertebrate fauna, both with regard to
species diversity and biomass, which is typical of high-energy west coast beaches.
Subtidal Sandy Habitats
The structure and composition of benthic soft bottom communities is primarily a function of
water depth and sediment grain size, but other factors such as current velocity, organic content,
and food abundance also play a role.
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-20
b) Rocky Habitats and Biota
Intertidal Rocky Shores
In common with most semi-exposed to exposed coastlines on the southern African west coast,
the rocky shores in the region are strongly influenced by sediments, and include considerable
amounts of sand intermixed with the benthic biota which is characterised by seaweeds, mussels
and limpets (Figure 4.16). In the study area, mixed shores are limited to very few small low-
shore outcrops that are exposed only at low water spring, which alternate with long stretches of
sandy beaches.
The intertidal area of rocky shores can be divided into different zones according to height on the
shore. Each zone is distinguishable by its different biological communities, which is largely a
result of the different exposure times to air. The degree of wave action is particularly important
on the low shore. Generally, biomass is greater on exposed shores, which are dominated by
filter-feeders. Sheltered shores support a lower biomass, and algae form a large portion of this
biomass.
Mixed shores incorporate elements of the trophic structures of both rocky and sandy shores. As
fluctuations in the degree of sand coverage are common, the fauna and flora of mixed shores
are generally impoverished when compared with more homogenous shores. The macrobenthos
is characterized by sand-tolerant species whose lower limits on the shore are determined by
their abilities to withstand physical smothering by sand. As part of a natural sedimentary cycle,
these outcrops are subject to gradual accumulation of sand deposits during summer, and
subsequent erosion during winter.
Although not directly harbouring any rare faunal or floral species, the rocky intertidal shores are
food-rich habitats for seabirds and shorebirds, attracting higher numbers of birds than the
surrounding sandy beaches.
Rocky Subtidal Reefs
Information on the rocky subtidal habitats in central Namibia is lacking. No scientific surveys
have been undertaken of rocky subtidal habitats in the study area, and no information exists on
the faunal and floral communities.
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Figure 4.16: Rocky outcrop in the study area backed by sandy beach (top), and large Perna perna (bottom left) and a
diversity of red foliose algae (bottom right) low at the shore.
c) Pelagic Communities
Besides the plankton, pelagic communities comprise large invertebrates (squid), fishes,
mammals (seals, dolphins and whales) and turtles. Pelagic seabirds also form an important
component of the Benguela Current Pelagic ecosystem.
Plankton
Plankton is particularly abundant in the shelf waters off Namibia, being associated with the
upwelling characteristic of the area. Plankton range from single-celled bacteria to jellyfish of 2-
m diameter, and include bacterio-plankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and ichthyoplankton.
Off the Namibian coastline, the phytoplankton is dominated by diatoms, which are adapted to
the turbulent sea conditions. Diatom blooms occur after upwelling events, whereas
dinoflagellates are more common in blooms that occur during quiescent periods, since they can
grow rapidly at low nutrient concentrations.
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Namibian zooplankton has a relatively low diversity. The mesozooplankton (<2 mm body width)
includs egg, larval, juvenile and adult stages of copepods, cladocerans, euphausiids, decapods,
chaetognaths, hydromedusae and salps, as well as protozoans and meroplankton larvae.
Copepods are the most dominant group making up 70–85% of the zooplankton. The
zooplankton biomass appears to closely follow the changes in upwelling intensity and
phytoplankton standing crop.
Ichthyoplankton constitutes the eggs and larvae of fish. As the preferred spawning grounds of
numerous commercially exploited fish species are located off central and northern Namibia, their
eggs and larvae form an important contribution to the ichthyoplankton in the region.
Fish
Small pelagic species that may occur in the area include the sardine/pilchard (Sardinops sagax),
juvenile horse mackerel (Sadinops ocellatus), anchovy (Engraulis capensis), and round herring
(Etrumeus whiteheadi). Linefish species common off the central Namibian coastline include
snoek (Thyrsites atun), silver kob (Argyrosomus inodorus), West Coast Steenbras (Lithognathus
aureti), blacktail (Diplodus sargus), white stumpnose (Rhabdosargus globiceps), Hottentot
(Pachymetopon blochii) and galjoen (Dichistius capensis). Dusky kob (Argyrosomus coronus)
also occurs off northern Namibia.
Marine Mammals
Marine mammals occurring off the central Namibian coastline include 35 species of whales and
dolphins, including the endemic Heaviside’s Dolphin (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii), and the Cape
fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). On the central Namibian coast, Cape fur seals occur at
two main breeding sites on the mainland and on nearshore islands and reefs. The mainland
colony at Cape Cross is currently the largest in Namibia with an estimated 247 277. A further
colony of approximately 16 454 individuals exists on Hollam’s Bird Island south of Sandwich
Harbour (Kirkman SP, Oosthuizen WH, 2007). The Pelican Point (Walvis Bay) colony was a non-
breeding haul-out locality, but co-incident with the northwards shift in the Namibian seal
population in the past decade, Pelican Point has become a breeding colony with an estimated 6
392 individuals.
Turtles
Five of the eight species of turtle worldwide occur off Namibia. Turtles that are occasionally
sighted in the study area, include the Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), the largest
living marine reptile. Leatherback Turtles are known to frequent the cold southern ocean and
are often recorded off the southern African west coast. Although they tend to avoid nearshore
areas, they may be encountered in Walvis Bay and off Swakopmund between October and April
when prevailing north wind conditions result in elevated seawater temperatures. Observations
of Green (Chelonia mydas), Loggerhead (Caretta caretta), Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)
and Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) turtles in the area are rare.
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4.2.6 Terrestrial Ecology
The biodiversity of the Namibian coastline, specifically the Erongo and Kunene regions, is
recognised to be of global significance with unique landscapes, fauna and flora. The coastline
contains many endemic animals, breeding bird colonies, specialised fog-dependent lichens &
vegetation and succulent flora. The priority areas of significance close to the proposed
desalination plant development zone are:
a) The Lichen fields of the Central Namib.

b) South of Wlotzkasbaken is an important breeding zone for the Damara Tern, spreading
southward to approximately Mile 8. The small number of birds (up to 14 pairs) breeding
in the vicinity of Mile 6 do so mainly to the east of the C34 highway, up to 4 km inland.
c) Mile 4 salt works is a wetland of global importance and a recognized Important Bird Area.
IBAs are sites that provide essential habitat for one or more species of bird and include
sites for breeding, wintering, and/or migrating birds. To qualify as an IBA, sites must
support at least one of the following:
• Species of conservation concern (e.g. threatened and endangered species)

• Restricted-ranges species (species vulnerable because they are not widely
distributed)
• Species that are vulnerable because their populations are concentrated in one
general habitat type or biome
• Species, or groups of similar species (such as waterfowl or shorebirds), that are
vulnerable because they occur at high densities due to their congregatory behaviour.
a) Terrestrial fauna and flora
The proposed site of the desalination plant has been highly disturbed by developments, such as
the salt works to the south and also by off road driving which is evident on the site. The site is
dominated by sandy soils which are highly vulnerable to disturbance. A small percentage of the
site is covered by plants.
The 44 m wide power line servitude will be located within a 1.4 km wide strip which is being
assessed and which is mainly dominated by low lying areas with low biodiversity and dolerite
ridges with relevant high biodiversity. This area consists of sporadic lichens (depicted in Figure
4.17) and succulents such as Hoodia (Hoodia is currently listed in Appendix II to the Convention
on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which includes
species not currently considered endangered, but are at risk if trade is not controlled). The
lichen fields (Figure 4.18) between Wlotzkasbaken and Mile 8 are of global biodiversity
significance and will not be impacted by the proposed power line route.
Along the transmission line route, gemsbok (Oryx gazelle) and springbok (Antidorcas
marsupialis) are evident.
Most of the macrofaunal species recorded from beaches in Central Namibia are ubiquitous
throughout the biogeographic province, and no rare or endangered species are known.
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Figure 4.17: Photo to the left: dolerites in the vicinity of the proposed power route line (photo taken in the direction
of Wlotzkasbaken) and photo to the right: Lichens on the dolerites.
Figure 4.18: Lichen Fields near Wlotzkasbaken (Source: Extract from Walvis Bay 2246 Topographic Map).
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-25
b) Avifauna
Around 1.6 million birds, belonging to 73 species, regularly occur along the coastline of Namibia.
Up to 770 birds per km of beach occur on the coastline between Swakopmund and Walvis Bay.
The coast north of the saltworks (Mile 4) supports a number of resident and migrant sea- and
shore-birds, but is much less important than the coast between Walvis Bay and Swakopmund
(NA012), the Swakopmund Saltworks (NA011) and Cape Cross (NA009), which are recognized
as Important Bird Areas (IBAs).
Cape Cormorants breed on the guano platform at Walvis Bay and in the saltworks at
Swakopmund and Cape Cross. At times groups of non-breeding, Cape Cormorants roost on the
beaches north of the Swakopmund Saltworks. Similarly migrant Common, Arctic, Sandwich and
Black terns may roost on the beach, particularly when the sea is too rough for foraging. Of
greatest concern are the nesting sites of the Southern African endemic Damara Tern (Figure
4.19), although the area around the proposed Desalination Plant currently holds only a few
breeding pairs. Palaearctic migrant shorebirds (waders) such as Grey Plovers, Whimbrels and
Sanderlings feed opportunistically in the swash zone and Turnstones forage on the limited areas
of rocky shore.
The study area is subject to intense recreational activity and the backshore area is a maze of
vehicle tracks. The proposed desalination plant site is therefore highly degraded due to off road
driving. Consequently roosting and feeding birds are frequently disturbed, thus limiting its value
to sea- and shore-birds in the area. The Great White Pelican has adapted to human activity in
the area, particularly angling, and individuals often attend anglers in the expectation of being
fed the offal from gutted fish.
Figure 4.19: Damara Tern
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4.3 HERITAGE RESOURCES

No information and palaeontological and historical site in the study area could be obtained. Dr
John Kinahan presented a letter indicating that the desalination site does not warrant an
archaeological investigation. However, an archaeological investigation will be done for the
proposed power line route. Should middens or other historical artefacts be discovered during
construction, appropriate specialists will investigate and record them before construction
proceeds further.
4.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC
This section provides a brief introduction on the socio-economic characteristics of the Erongo
Region for scoping purposes. Substantial desk studies and information gathering for the detailed
review of the receiving socio-economic environment for the desalination plant is in progress.
The aim is to identify social and economic trends and anticipate the potential impacts of the
proposed project on the overall well-being of the region’s population in general and the coastal
towns in particular.
The Erongo Region is one of the most affluent regions in Namibia. Based on the food
consumption ratio, which uses the share of food consumption in a household as a proportion of
total consumption as a crude poverty measure, only 0.4% of households in the Erongo Region
spend more than 80% of their income on food while 5.3% of households spend 60 – 79% of
their income on food. Comparatively, 0.6% of households in the Khomas Region spend more
than 80% of their income on food while 3% of households spend between 60 and 79% of their
income from food. In the neighbouring Kunene Region, 11.2% of households spend more than
80% of income on food while 25.7% spend between 60 and 79% on food.
The adjusted per capita income (adjusted for household composition) in the Khomas Region is
the highest in the country and set at N$ 25 427 per annum, while Erongo has the second
highest per capita income of N$ 16 819 per annum. (NPC, 2006:105)
4.4.1 Demographic Characteristics
In 1991 the Erongo region accommodated a population of 55 470 people. This increased to 107
663 in 2001, partly due to the inclusion of Walvis Bay into Namibia and to migration to the
coastal towns. Excluding the figures for Walvis Bay, the regional population grew from 55 470
to 79 722, at an annual rate of some 3.7%. If this is compared to the national growth rate of
2.6%, and a fertility rate that is lower than the national average, the high rate of population
growth in the region should clearly be contributed to in-migration to the main coastal towns.
The mining development in the Region resulted in an increased in-migration to the coastal
towns.
57 616 of the total population are males and 50 040 are female, with a resultant sex ratio of
115 males for every 100 females. The region accommodates a total of 27 496 households with
an average household size of 3.8. The average number of children per woman declined from
5.1 in 1991 to 3.2 in 2001. The mortality index declined from 51 per 1000 live births in 1991 to
42 in 2001. Males head 65% of all households in the Erongo region (NPC, 2005:4).
CSIR, March 2009

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The literacy rate for 15 years and older is 92%, 7% more than the 85% recorded in 1991 and
higher than the national average of 81%. (PHC, 2001:4).
In 1991, 63% of the population lived in urban areas and 37 % in rural areas. In 2001, 80% of
the population lived in urban settings with only 29% living in the rural area. (PHC, 2001: 4).
The Walvis Bay Urban constituency is the most populous with 26% of the total regional
population. Arandis and Omaruru constituencies are the least populous. 20% of the population
living in the Erongo region was born in other regions. 65% of those are males, indicating the
migration of mainly male workers from the other regions to the coast in search of employment
(NPC, 2005: 4).

4.4.2 Employment Rates and Poverty
The economy of the region is mainly based on natural resources and is slowly becoming more
diversified due to expansion in the mining industry. The largest industry in the region is the
fishing industry, mostly based at Walvis Bay. This is also the industry which is least likely to
expand due to declining fish stocks and the resultant limitations on the fishing quotas issued by
the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources. The second biggest industry is the mining and
exploration industry. This industry is in the process of expanding rapidly through the
development of a number of uranium mines driven by the demand for uranium on the global
market. There are currently two working mines, namely Rössing Uranium and Langer Heinrich
with the Trekkopje mine due to become fully functional in 2009. The third biggest income
generating activity of the Erongo Region is tourism. In 1998 a total of 45 986 foreign tourists
visited the Erongo region while 14 517 Namibians paid a visit to the coastal areas (CZMP,
1999:121). Corresponding figures for 2008 are not yet available.
In 2001, 71% of the population of the region was regarded as “in the labour force”, up from
64% in 1991. The 2001 labour force, in turn, is made up of 66% employed and 34%
unemployed people. In 1991, 76% was employed and 24% unemployed. This indicates an
increase in the proportion of the population inside the labour force who is unemployed and
further suggests that not all migrants to the region succeed in finding gainful employment. The
proportion of employed females is 58 % compared to 72% for males (NPC, 2005: 6).
Table 4.2: Main source of income for the Erongo Region1991-2001
% of population % of population for

Main source of income
for 1991 2001
Farming 3 4
Wages and Salaries 73 67
Business 3 8
Other 21 18
Table 4.2 shows that there was a 6% decrease in wages and salaries as the main source of
income, yet a 5% increase in business activities from 1991 to 2001. This indicates that more
people in the region are establishing own businesses and that the economy is slowly becoming
more diversified (NPC, 2001: 4).
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4.4.3 Access to Services
Access to safe water and proper sanitation are two indicators for development and poverty
within a region. From 1991 to 2001 there was no increase or decrease of access to safe drinking
water (PHC, 2001:4). However, the Regional Poverty profile of the Erongo region of 2005
indicates that 3% of the population has to cover 1 km or more to get water. There are however
great disparities between urban and rural areas. One out of 5 households in the rural areas
relies on unsafe water for drinking and cooking. From 1991 to 2001, the proportion of the
population that did not have access to toilet facilities increased by 11%, showing that access to
proper sanitation in the Erongo region is decreasing instead of improving (NPC, 2005: 7). This
is most likely due to the inability of local authorities to provide sanitation services to the poor
migrants who settle in informal areas and are unable to afford basic township services.
The medical services in the Erongo region is provided by three state hospitals, two private
hospitals and 6 health centres (CZMP 1999: 82). In urban areas, 90% of households have their
garbage regularly collected, while 1 out of 5 people in rural households dumps their garbage at
the roadside (NPC, 2005:7).
4.4.4 Settlement Patterns
80 % of the population of the Erongo region lives in the urban areas and 60% of all households
in the Erongo region occupy detached or semi-detached houses. Only 20% of households live
in improvised housing (shacks). Detached and semi-detached housing dominate at constituency
level, whereas only a small percentage (20%) still reside in traditional houses (NPC, 2005:5).
32 % of housing units in the region are owner occupied without mortgage and 23% reside in
housing that is rented but not tied to a job. The same trend is reflected in the urban areas
(NPC, 2005:5).
Compared to other regions in the country, relatively little land has been acquired for
resettlement purposes. The major reason for this is that the Erongo Region has an arid
landscape which is not suitable for resettlement purposes (NPC, 2005:5).
4.5 PLANNING CONTEXT AND SURROUNDING LAND USES

The main urban areas that may be impacted by the desalination plant include the coastal towns
of Henties Bay, Wlotzkasbaken, Swakopmund, Langstrand, Walvis Bay and Arandis. With the
proposed facility being located at about Mile 6, close to Swakopmund, the brunt of the social
impact will most likely be borne by this town. Swakopmund, Henties Bay and Walvis Bay all
have long term development plans and the development of the region is guided by a regional
development plan which was last prepared in 2007/08 to guide the preparation of the National
Development Plan 3 (NDP III). A cursory review of these plans provides no indication that the
project or the site selected is likely to interfere with any of these plans. Swakopmund, during
the week of 2 – 8 February 2009, briefed its public and stakeholders about the future
development plans for the town. According to this briefing, urban growth is projected to take
place in an easterly direction. Expansion plans to allow the town to triple in size stop short of
the salt works. It is therefore unlikely that the proposed plant will be “in the way” of future
CSIR, March 2009

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development of the town. There may be some noise impacts related to the area marked 8 on
the map below (Figure 4.20) and this needs to be investigated.
In addition to the long term plans of the various local authorities, the Strategic Environmental
Assessment (SEA) for the coastal areas of the Erongo and Kunene Regions made
recommendations as to the zoning of the entire coastline. However, these are not yet clarified
and the legal status of these zonings is under investigation and will be included in the EIA.
Most of the required information for the social assessment have already been collected and are
being processed for the EIA. Additional information has been located and is in the process of
being procured.
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Figure 4.20: Growth
Directions for Swakopmund
(Source: Municipality
Swakopmund, Engineering
Services Department,
July 2008)
CSIR, March 2009

p.4-31
Chapter 5: Approach to the Scoping Process
p.i
APPROACH TO SCOPING
PROCESS
5. APPROACH TO THE SCOPING PROCESS (INCLUDING PUBLIC

PARTICIPATION) 5-1
5.1 PRINCIPLES FOR SCOPING AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 5-1

5.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE SCOPING PROCESS 5-2
5.3 TASKS IN THE SCOPING PHASE 5-3
5.4 APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES 5-7
5.4.1 No-go alternative 5-8
5.4.2 Water provision alternatives 5-8
5.4.3 General site selection alternatives 5-8
5.4.4 Land use alternatives 5-9
5.4.5 Activity and layout alternatives as part of the development 5-9
5.4.6 Technology alternatives as part of the development 5-9
5.4.7 Alternative power line routings 5-10
5.5 EIA SCHEDULE 5-10
TABLES
Table 5.1: Media announcements of the commencement of this EIA process 5-4
Table 5.2: EIA Schedule for the Proposed Desalination Plant at Mile 6 near Swakopmund, Namibia 5-11
p.ii
5. APPROACH TO THE SCOPING PROCESS

(including Public Participation)
This chapter presents the EIA process for the proposed development with particular attention to
the steps in the Scoping Phase and associated public participation.
The EIA process is a planning, design and decision making tool used to demonstrate to the
responsible authority, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET), and the project
proponent, NamWater, what the consequences of their decisions will be in biophysical, social,
and economic terms. As such it identifies potential impacts (negative and positive) that the
project may have on the environment; as well as identifying potential opportunities and
constraints the environment may pose for the development. The EIA and EMP make
recommendations to avoid or mitigate negative impacts, and to enhance positive benefits
associated with the project.
5.1 PRINCIPLES FOR SCOPING AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

The public participation process for this Scoping and EIA process is being driven by a
stakeholder engagement process that includes inputs from authorities, interested and affected
parties (I&APs), technical specialists and the project proponent. The EIA Team considers public
participation to be one of the most important aspects of the environmental authorisation
process. This stems from the requirement that people have a right to be informed about
potential decisions that may affect them and that they must be afforded an opportunity to
influence those decisions. Consulting with all relevant stakeholders ensures that all
considerations receive attention, ultimately leading to a more informed decision.
An effective public participation process could therefore result in stakeholders working together
to produce better decisions than if they had worked independently. Namibia’s Environmental
Assessment Policy (1995), on which the Environmental Management Act of 2007 has been
based, states that the EIA procedure will, as far as practically possible, set out to inter alia:
(i) Better inform decision makers and promote accountability for decisions taken;
(ii) Consider a broad range of options and alternatives when addressing specific policies,
programmes or projects; and
(iii) Strive for a high degree of public participation and involvement by all sectors of the
Namibian community in the EA process
To the above, one can add the following universally recognised principles for public
participation:
Inclusive consultation that enables all sectors of society to participate in the consultation
and assessment processes;
Provision of accurate and easily accessible information in a language that is clear and
sufficiently non-technical for I&APs to understand, and that is sufficient to enable
meaningful participation;
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Active empowerment of grassroots people to understand concepts and information with a

view to active and meaningful participation;
Use of a variety of methods for information dissemination in order to improve
accessibility, for example, by way of discussion documents, meetings, workshops, focus
group discussions, and the printed and broadcast media;
Affording I&APs sufficient time to study material, to exchange information, and to make
contributions at various stages during the assessment process;
Provision of opportunities for I&APs to provide their inputs via a range of methods, for
example, via briefing sessions, public meetings, written submissions or direct contact with
members of the EIA Team.
Public participation is therefore a process and vehicle to provide sufficient and accessible
information to I&APs in an objective manner to assist I&APs to identify issues of concern, to
identify alternatives, to suggest opportunities to reduce potentially negative impacts or enhance
potentially positive impacts, and to verify that issues and/or inputs have been captured and
addressed during the assessment process.
At the outset it is important to highlight two key aspects of public participation:
There are practical and financial limitations to the involvement of all individuals within a
public participation programme (PPP). Hence, public participation aims to generate
issues that are representative of societal sectors, not each individual. Hence, the PPP will
be designed to be inclusive of a broad range of sectors relevant to the proposed project.
The PPP will aim to raise a diversity of perspectives and will not be designed to force
consensus amongst I&APs. Indeed, diversity of opinion rather than consensus building is
likely to enrich ultimate decision making. Therefore, where possible, the public
participation process will aim to obtain an indication of trade-offs that all stakeholders
(i.e. I&APs, technical specialists, the authorities and the development proponent) are
willing to accept with regard to the ecological sustainability, social equity and economic
growth associated with the project.
5.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE SCOPING PROCESS

This Scoping process is being planned and conducted in a manner that is intended to provide
sufficient information to enable the authorities to reach a decision regarding the scope of issues
to be addressed in this EIA process, and in particular to convey the range of specialist studies
that will be included as part of the Environmental Impact Reporting Phase of the EIA, as well as
the approach to these specialist studies.
Within this context, the objectives of this Scoping process are to:
Identify and inform a broad range of stakeholders about the proposed development;
Clarify the scope and nature of the proposed activities and the alternatives being
considered;
Conduct an open, participatory and transparent approach and facilitate the inclusion of
stakeholder concerns in the decision-making process;
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Identify and document the key issues to be addressed in the forthcoming Environmental
Impact Reporting Phase of the EIA, through a process of broad-based consultation with
stakeholders;
Ensure due consideration of alternative options in regard to the proposed development,
including the “No development” option.
5.3 TASKS IN THE SCOPING PHASE

This section provides an overview of the tasks being undertaken in the Scoping Phase, with a
particular emphasis on providing a clear record of the public participation process followed.
Task 1: I&AP identification, registration and the creation of an electronic database
Prior to advertising the EIA process in the local and regional print media, an initial database of
I&APs was developed for the Scoping process. This was supplemented with input from the EIA
Project Managers, CSIR and the project proponent, NamWater. A total of 52 I&APs were
included on the project database in this manner. Appendix E contains the current I&AP
database, which has been updated to include participation by I&APs at meetings and in
response to requests to register their interest in the project. At the time of producing this
report, the database stands at 161 registered I&APs.
While I&APs have been encouraged to register their interest in the project from the start of the
process, following the public announcements (see Task 2), the identification, and registration of
I&APs will be ongoing for the duration of the study. Stakeholders from a variety of sectors,
geographical locations, and/or interest groups can be expected to show an interest in the
development proposal, for example:
National, Regional and Local Government Departments

Local interest groups, for example, residents’ associations
Private organisations, for example those with a business interest
Environmental Groups and NGOs
Grassroots communities and structures
Private individuals who want to contribute towards sustainable development.
In terms of the electronic database, I&AP details are being captured and automatically updated
as and when information is distributed to or received from I&APs. This ongoing and up-to-date
record of communication is an important component of the public participation process.
Task 2: Announcement of the Scoping process
In order to notify and inform the public of the proposed project and invite members of the
public to register as I&APs, the project and EIA process was advertised in three national and
one regional newspaper, as shown in Table 5.1. Copies of the advertisements placed are
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contained in Appendix D of this report. Included in this media announcement was information
on the website address where information available on the project could be downloaded,
namely, http://www.namwater.com.na/data/Projects_Desalination.htm.
Table 5.1: Media announcements of the commencement of this EIA process
Newspaper Area of distribution Language Date placed

Namibian National distribution English 22 & 29 January 2009
Republikein National distribution English 23 January & 2 February 2009
New Era National distribution English 22 & 29 January 2009
Namib Times Regional distribution English 23 & 30 January 2009
In addition to the newspaper advertisements, letters with personal notification regarding the EIA
process were emailed in January 2009 to all pre-identified key stakeholders on the database,
which at the time consisted of 52 I&APs. The letter to the I&APs included the Background
Information Document (BID) developed for the project as well as a comment form. The
purpose of the BID is to inform the public of the proposed project, the EIA process and provide
an overview of the opportunities and mechanisms for public participation.
Task 3: Ongoing Communication and Capacity Building
Sound public participation principles require that we proactively solicit the involvement of
stakeholders representing all three dimensions of sustainability (i.e. biophysical, social and
economic dimensions), and that we provide them with sufficient and accessible information to
contribute meaningfully to the process. In this manner, the public participation process aims to
build the capacity of stakeholders to participate.
Within the context of the EIA process, capacity building is not viewed as a “once off” event, but
rather a series of events and/or information sharing which provides information on a continuous
basis thereby building the capacity and knowledge of I&APs to effectively participate in the EIA
process and raise issues of concern.
Public participation by its very nature is a dynamic process with various sectors of society having
varying needs, values, and interests. The core question for public participation is “How can I,
the interested and affected party, meaningfully participate in the process?” This varies
according to the needs of I&APs. The public participation process should be inclusive of all
I&APs, and afford them the opportunity to raise their issues and concerns in a manner that
suites them.
The following provides an overview of information sharing throughout the EIA process in order
to develop the capacity of I&APs to engage effectively in the public participation process:
Website – placing EIA related project information on the website

http://www.namwater.com.na/data/Projects_Desalination.htm
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Language – encouraging I&APs to use the language of their choice at meetings and
providing translations at meetings in English, Oshiwambo, Afrikaans, German, Otjoherero
(In this project, I&APs have been comfortable so far to use English as the only language
for communication).
Background Information Document (November 2008) – which contains information on
the project, EIA and public participation process. This document was e-mailed to all on
the stakeholder database, was distributed at the coast over the December period and at
the Uranium SEA meetings, and was distributed at all the consultation meetings
conducted so far for this EIA.
Personal discussions with stakeholders such as the Directorate of Environmental Affairs
and the Parks and Wildlife Division of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism to
broaden their understanding of the project. The Regional Council was also actively
involved to assist in inviting community representatives to the public meetings.
Newspaper Advertisements placed requesting I&APs to register their interest in the
project, raise issues of concern or notifying I&APs of public meetings to be held.
Letters to I&APs notifying them of the various stages of the EIA process, availability of
reports for comment and inviting them to attend public meetings to be held.
Report Distribution – providing hard and soft copies of the Scoping and EIA reports in
selected locations.
Public Meetings – where representatives of the project applicant and EIA team are
present to interact and engage with members of the public.
Focus Group Meetings – to target key I&AP groups and proactively invite them to attend
a meeting where they are provided with an overview of the project and EIA process.
Documents will be posted onto the website as and when they become available and I&APs will
be notified accordingly.
Task 4: Consultation with authorities
All public participation documentation will reach the competent authority (Directorate of
Environmental Affairs) as well as other relevant authorities included on the I&AP database.
Additionally, consultation with relevant authorities on a one-on-one basis will be effected where
necessary. The EIA project leaders, CSIR, will seek to hold meetings as necessary with the key
authorities at various milestones throughout the process. Notes will be provided summarising
the key outcomes from these meetings with authorities, and used to provide inputs into the EIA
process.
To date two meetings have been held with the authorities as part of the Scoping Process:
Scoping meeting of 4 December 2008 with authorities and mining companies held in
Swakopmund.
Meeting with Dr Fred Sikabongo of the Directorate of Environmental Affairs held on 26
January 2009, to present the approach to the EIA and handover the EIA letter of
application.
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Task 5: Technical Scoping with project proponent and EIA team
The Scoping process has been designed to incorporate two complementary components: a
stakeholder engagement process that includes the relevant authorities and wider interested and
affected parties (I&APs); and a technical process involving the EIA team and the project
proponent (i.e. NamWater).
The purpose of the technical Scoping process is to draw on the past experience of the EIA team
and the project proponent to identify environmental issues and concerns related to the proposed
project, and confirm that the necessary specialist studies have been identified. Consequently, a
site visit and workshop was held with the EIA team and the project proponent on Thursday 5
February 2009 at the Rössmund Golf Estate, Swakopmund. The results from this workshop
have informed the scope and Terms of Reference for the specialist studies. Based on the
experience of the EIA team in working on similar projects and the experience of the project
proponent and their technical team, the specialist studies are being initiated in parallel with the
Scoping process. This enables the specialists to analyse baseline information and conduct field
work that will assist the EIA team in understanding the key issues raised during the Scoping
phase. The findings of the Scoping process with the public and the authorities will inform the
specialist studies, which will only be completed after the public Scoping process is finalised.
Task 6: Consultation with wider I&APs (public) to identify issues and concerns
In order to accommodate the varying needs of I&APs as well as capture their views, issues and
concerns regarding the project, various opportunities have been provided for I&APs to have
their issues noted for inclusion in the Scoping Report, as follows:
Letters were emailed to I&APs in January 2009 notifying them of the initiation of the
Scoping process and providing them with a Background Information Document (BID) on
the project and comment form
Focus Group Meetings, consisting of one-on-one consultations with key I&APs or groups
of I&APs. At this stage, two such meetings have been held: a meeting with authorities
and uranium mining companies on 4 December 2008 in Swakopmund (discussed under
Task 7); and an introductory meeting with the Dr Fred Sikabongo of the Directorate of
Environmental Affairs in Windhoek on 26 January 2009 (meeting notes provided in
Appendix G).
Written, faxed or email correspondence.
Public Meeting was held on the Thursday 5 February 2009 at the Tamariskia Town Hall in
Swakopmund (See Appendix G containing the minutes of this meeting).
A Website, http://www.namwater.com.na/data/Projects_Desalination.htm is being
maintained throughout the process and all public documents have been made available
on this website for downloading by I&APs.
A second notice will be sent to I&APs in early March 2009 notifying them of the
availability of the Draft Scoping Report for review.
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Appendix H of this document contains a copy of the all the written comments received to date
on the project. Appendix G contains the notes taken at meetings held.
Task 7: Focus Group Meetings
A stakeholder meeting was held on 4 December 2008 in Swakopmund with the uranium mining
fraternity (i.e. all those represented on the Uranium Stewardship Committee) and key
authorities, including the Swakopmund Municipality, the Regional Council, the Ministry of
Fisheries and Marine Resources, Ministry of Works and Transport, Ministry of Health Social
Services, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and
Forestry. The notes from the meeting appear in Appendix G.
Task 8: Identification of Issues and Concerns
Issues and concerns raised by I&APs have been synthesized into the Issues and Responses Trail
(Appendix C), having been identified through the following mechanisms:
written submissions in response to advertisements and communications with I&APs;

issues raised and identified at the authority meeting, the specialist workshop as well as
the public meeting; and
issues raised by the specialist team.
The Issues Trail (Appendix C) also includes responses from members of the EIA Team (and, in
some cases, the project proponent) to the issues raised. In general, the responses indicate how
the issues will be addressed in the EIA process. In some cases, immediate responses and
clarification can be provided. Where issues are raised that the EIA team considers beyond the
scope and purpose of this EIA process, clear reasoning for this view is provided. Chapter 6
provides a summary of all issues raised so far in the Issues Trail.
5.4 APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES

The Namibian Environmental Management Act requires that alternatives to a proposed activity
be considered. Alternatives are different means of meeting the general purpose and need of a
proposed activity. This may include the assessment of site alternatives, activity alternatives,
process or technology alternatives, temporal alternatives and/or the no-go alternative.
Best practice in EIA requires that reasonable and feasible alternatives are considered in the
assessment process. I&APs must also be provided with an opportunity to provide inputs to the
process of formulating alternatives. The assessment of alternatives should, as a minimum,
include the following:
The consideration of the no-go alternative as a baseline scenario;
A comparison of the selected alternatives; and
The providing of reasons for the elimination of an alternative.
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5.4.1 No-go alternative
This alternative has been included in the EIA as a benchmark against which to assess the
impacts (positive and negative) of the proposed desalination project.
The “no-development” alternative for the desalination project therefore implies that further
development of the uranium mining industry may not proceed, and the proposed taxes and
other direct financial and economic benefits of the industry will not be realised. The “no-
development” option is from a marine perspective undeniably the preferred alternative, as all
impacts associated with beach disturbance and effluent discharge will no longer be an issue.
This, however, needs to be weighed up against the potential positive socio-economic impacts
undoubtedly associated both with the project itself, as well as the growth of the uranium mining
industry.
5.4.2 Water provision alternatives
Various alternatives were considered by NamWater for supplying the large volumes of water
required by the uranium mining industry. The possible alternatives investigated included a range
options, such as: further use of groundwater and surface water (this was considered to be
unsustainable); towing icebergs from Antarctica to the Namibian coast capturing fog; sourcing
freshwater water from the Congo River; and the establishment of a desalination plant. Only the
desalination option was considered reasonable and feasible.
5.4.3 General site selection alternatives
Section 2.2 of the Scoping Report describes in more detail the process followed that led to the
identification of the proposed site for the desalination project. In summary, several sites along
the coastline were considered:
An inland site, situated east of the proposed site and the C34 coastal road from
Swakopmund to Hentiesbay. This site is restricted by the costs associated with the
increased length of the inlet and discharge pipelines connecting the plant to the sea.
Areas north of the proposed Mile 6 site: Due to cost efficiency, the plant should be as
close as possible to Swakopmund to connect cost effectively with existing water storage
and supply infrastructure. The site should preferably be situated in an area used for
industrial purposes (such as the present site close to the salt works), and away from
pristine areas with high tourism potential and sense of place. Given that the area
northwards of Mile 6 has been earmarked for conservation, it is thus not preferred for
industrial development.
South of the salt works in the Swakopmund municipal area: The noise impact will be high
for sensitive receptors (i.e. nearby residential area). Furthermore, the bathymetry to the
south of the current 4km stretch is too gradual, thus requiring a longer pipeline to reach
the required water depth.
A desalination plant site south of the Swakop River is not considered technically
favourable, firstly due to the environmental and ecotourism sensitivity of that area, and
secondly due the fact that a pipeline connecting the project to the mines would need to
CSIR, March 2009

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cross the Swakop River, which is subject to seasonal flooding. The existing bridges across
the Swakop River cannot support additional pipelines.
Refer to Section 2.2 for more detail on the factors that influenced the site selection.
5.4.4 Land use alternatives
The Mile 6 site is located just north of the Swakopmund municipal boundary and at the southern
end of the National West Coast Recreation Area which stretches from Swakopmund 200 km
northwards to the Ugab River. A potential land use that was proposed by a participant in the
Scoping public meeting of 5 February 2009 in Swakopmund, was for the site to be used for
urban expansion northwards of the current municipal boundary. The industrial activity of the salt
works restricts such urban expansion northwards, as indicated in Section 4.5 of the Scoping
Report. Furthermore, at planning meetings held with stakeholders in Swakopmund during the
week of 2 to 8 February 2009 to discuss development plans for the town, urban growth was
projected to take place in an easterly direction. Even when enough space is provided for the
town to triple in size, urban expansion is still planned to stop south of the Mile 4 salt works. It is
therefore unlikely that the proposed desalination plant will be “in the way” of future
development of the town.
The area is at present utilized for quad biking, fishing and tourism. It is expected that these
activities will continue around the borders of the desalination plant during operation.
5.4.5 Activity and layout alternatives as part of the development
Best practice for desalination plants promotes the use of an array of sub-surface intakes (i.e.
pipes that are buried or inserted beneath a sandy sea bed, with the overlying layer of sand
acting as a filter for the sea water intake). The feasibility of sub-surface intakes is highly
dependant on local geological conditions. The geophysical survey conducted by CSIR in October
2008 for the Mile 6 site indicated that the sea bed offshore of the site is predominantly rock,
with thin layers of sand that are likely to be mobile. The study area therefore does not have the
right conditions to enable a sub-surface intake design.
5.4.6 Technology alternatives as part of the development
In the pre-feasibility phase of the project, two alternative design options for the intake
structures are being considered (Section 2.3.1):
Alternative 1 is a submerged inlet structure that is situated approximately 1200 m to

1900 m offshore (Figure 2.5). There are two location alternatives for the pipelines, a
North and a South option in 8 m and 10 m water depth respectively (refer to Figure 2.2).
Both of these pipeline location alternatives are being included in the EIA.
Alternative 2 would involve the construction of a J-shaped breakwater basin extending
approximately 500 m out to sea to water depth of approximately 3-4 m water depth
below mean seawater level (MSL), with an open channel connecting the stilling basin with
the intake pump station (Figure 2.6). The intake is likely to have travelling screens to
reduce the effect of entrainment, and the intake of sediments. The stilling basin concept
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is included in the EIA. (Note: A desktop assessment of the impact of the stilling basin on
hydrodynamics and shoreline dynamics will be included.)
Both are open water intakes, necessitating the need for extensive pre-treatment. Pre-treatment
and screen maintenance is likely to be higher for Alternative 2 (breakwater basin) as this is a
surface water intake.
For both options, the intake pump station will be located close to the shore, with the pumps
being protected by a screen system. The feed water will be transferred from the pump station
to the desalination plant through a transfer pipeline. A ‘pigging’ system for regular maintenance
cleaning of the seawater supply lines (both intake and discharge pipes) will be installed. This
involves the use of a ‘pig’ (bullet-shaped device with bristles), which is introduced into the
pipeline to mechanically clean out the structure.
5.4.7 Alternative power line routings
A new 132 kV line is being established from Trekkopje to the UraMin desalination plant on the
coast at Wlotzkasbaken. The proposed NamWater desalination project at Mile 6 also requires
approximately 20 MW power for the operational phase, and therefore a new 132 kV line needs
to be constructed. Two alternative routes were considered for this new line:
from Dolerite (approximately 13 km southwest of Trekkopje) to the Mile 6 site, over a

distance of approximately 44 km (refer to Figure 2.4); or
from Wlotzkasbaken down the coast to Mile 6. After investigation by NamPower, this
option was considered not feasible and excluded from the pre-feasibility study because of
severe corrosion experienced on powerlines running parallel with the coast line. Also to
route the line via Wlotzkasbaken will increase the line length which will have an effect on
the power transfer capability of the line.
5.5 EIA SCHEDULE

A provisional schedule for the EIA process is provided in Table 5.2.
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Table 5.2: EIA Schedule for the Proposed Desalination Plant at Mile 6 near Swakopmund, Namibia
Stage in EIA process Nov 2008 Dec 2008 Jan 2009 Feb 2009 March 2009 April 2009 May 2009
1) Initiate EIA, collate information, prepare Background X
Information Document (BID) and EIA application
2) Scoping with authorities and other I&APs and prepare Draft X X X
Scoping Report
3) Public Review of Draft Scoping Report, include comments and X
submit Final Scoping Report to authorities for decision-making
4) Conduct specialist studies and prepare Draft EIA Report and X X X X

draft Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
5) Review of Draft EIA Report and EMP, include comments, and X X

submit final reports to authorities for decision-making
6) Authority decision-making in response to request from X
NamWater for an Environmental Clearance Certificate
7) Appeal process Æ
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Chapter 6: Summary of Issues
p.i
IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES
6. IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES 6-1
6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY ISSUES 6-1

6.2 ISSUES SUMMARY 6-3
FIGURES
Figure 6.1: Decision-making framework for identification of key issues for the EIA 6-2
p.ii
6. IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES
6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY ISSUES

An important element of the Scoping process is to evaluate the issues raised through the
Scoping interactions with authorities, interested and affected parties (I&APs), the specialists on
the EIA team and the project proponent, and then to focus the EIA on the key issues.
To assist in the identification of key issues, a decision-making process is applied to the issues
and concerns raised, based on the following criteria (Figure 6.1):
1) Whether or not the issue falls within the scope and responsibility of the EIA process for
the proposed NamWater Desalination Project; and
2) Whether or not sufficient information is available to respond to the issue or concern
raised without further specialist investigation.
Section 6.2 below provides a summary of the issues identified by all stakeholders and the EIA
team, at the time of the release of the Draft Scoping Report, that need to be investigated
further as part of this EIA. Issues were identified through the Scoping interactions described in
Chapter 5, which included inputs from authorities, interested and affected parties, the EIA team
and the proponent. Appendix C contains the complete issues trail, with all comments received to
date from I&APs as part of this Scoping process; Appendix H contains written correspondence
received from I&APs; and Appendix G contains meeting notes. For issues that have been
evaluated as not requiring further investigation, clear reasons for this decision are provided in
the Issues Trail (Appendix C) and such issues are excluded from Section 6.2.
The issues in Section 6.2 are grouped according the following categories:
1) Physical characteristics and shoreline dynamics

2) Marine modelling and impacts of intake and discharge structures
3) Marine ecology
4) Terrestrial and shoreline ecology
5) Avifauna
6) Heritage
7) Visual
8) Socio-Economic (incl. tourism, planning and land use)
9) Water and waste-water management
10) Noise.
A synthesis of issues to be addressed in the Specialist Studies is provided in the Plan of Study
for EIA (Chapter 7). The results of the Specialist Studies will be made available to I&APs for
comment as part of the Draft EIA Report.
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Figure 6.1: Decision-making framework for identification of key issues for the EIA
CSIR, March, 2009

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6.2 ISSUES SUMMARY

The summary of key issues to be considered during the EIA process is provided below. The EIA Report will contain this same list, together with
confirmation of where in the EIA Report document each issue has been addressed.
ISSUE DESCRIPTION
1) Coastal physical Impact of the intake and discharge structures (i.e. pipelines and/or stilling basin) on sediment movement along the coastline, both
characteristics and offshore (below the high water mark) and on the beach, and associated impacts on coastal dynamics (e.g. erosion or accretion of the
shoreline dynamics shoreline, changes to beach profile and sediment composition).
Impact of the pipelines (where they cross the beach) on wind-blown sand (also referred to as “aeolian transport”) and consequent
effects on coastal dynamics.
Damage to the shoreline and upper beach area during construction (e.g. from excavations and blasting).
Potential rate of sedimentation of the stilling basin (if constructed), leading to the need for dredging and disposal of dredge material
(this links with issues under “marine ecology”).
2) Marine modelling and Identification of zone affected by brine discharge from the pipeline, i.e. what is the extent of the zone where detectable differences in
impacts of intake and salinity as a result of brine discharge, will be noticeable?
discharge structures Effect of seasonal changes on the brine discharge patterns, such as calm periods.
Risk of bring discharge entering the intake pipeline
Risk of brine discharge being trapped in the surfzone and moving along the shoreline.
Predicted distribution of any co-discharges that may be part of the brine discharge, either intentionally or accidentally.
3) Marine ecology
Construction Phase:
Impact of construction activities (e.g. vehicle usage and pipeline installation) on the shoreline.
Accidental spillage or leakage of fuel, chemicals, or lubricants.
Increased turbidity and resettling of marine sediments during blasting and excavation.
Destruction of biota in the blasting and excavation area (inter- and sub-tidal).
Disturbance to marine life and seabirds from construction, in particular blasts for the pipeline trench.
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ISSUE DESCRIPTION
Operational Phase:
Permanent presence of intake and discharge structures could result in loss of original substratum but provides new settlement ground
(e.g. artificial reef) for marine organisms
Impact of sedimentation in the stilling basin and associated dredging and disposal of dredge material, on marine ecosystems.
Impingement and entrainment of marine organisms at the intake structure.
Avoidance behaviour of fish and marine mammals, and loss of potential feeding or breeding grounds, as a result of the intake and
discharge structures.
Potential impacts during maintenance of pipeline.
Accidental spillage or leakage of oil, fuel, chemicals, or lubricants
Operational phase - Issues on marine ecosystems associated with brine discharge:

Impact of elevated salinities in the mixing zone and potential spreading of brine on the seafloor.
Impact of brine discharge at a higher temperature (e.g. 1 degree Celsius above ambient).
Impact of residual chlorine and chlorination by-products in the effluent (if no de-chlorination step is included in the treatment process
design).
Potential occurrence of bacteria in brine.
Co-discharge of constituents with the brine, e.g. increased turbidity from backwash water and discoloration near outlet from FeCl3,
heavy metals from corrosion processes, anti-scalants may bind nutrients and ions dissolved in seawater, cleaning solutions for
membrane maintenance may interfere with natural processes of dissolved seawater constituents, salt bitterns.
Removal of particulate matter in the feedwater from the water column, where it is a significant food source, may lead to reduced
nutrients in the marine environment and may have localised effects on phytoplankton production. Conversely, increases in nutrients in
the water column caused by discharges that include chemicals added to the water treatment process, may lead to algal blooms.
Changes in dissolved oxygen, e.g. due to the use of de-chlorination with sodium bisulfite, could have a direct impact on the
phytoplankton. The changes in the phytoplankton could further, as a result of nutrient input, cause a chain reaction and thus indirectly
influence other organisms.
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ISSUE DESCRIPTION
4) Terrestrial and shoreline Destruction or modification of breeding and foraging habitat through the construction and operational activities of the plant and
ecology associated infrastructure, including roads.
Fragmentation of the sensitive desert environment which is associated with unique fauna and flora habitat, such as lichen fields, due
to the power line as well as the new pipeline to link the desalination plant with the local water supply infrastructure.
Secondary impacts, such as opening up pristine desert land for more vehicles due to the service tracks that will run along the power
line.
Influence on invertebrate fauna along the proposed power line.
Influence on the lichen fields associated with dolerite outcrops along the power line.
Waste disposal on site and along the power line route, especially during construction phase.
Improved sustainability and reduced salinity levels for the Omdel and Kuiseb aquifers, and associated secondary ecological benefits, as
a result of the reduced abstraction from these aquifers.
5) Avifauna Disturbance of the breeding patterns of birds, particularly the Red Listed Damara Tern (Sterna balaenarum), through the construction
and operational activities of the plant and associated infrastructure.
Effect of potential new habitat that will be created by the plant, e.g. the water reservoirs and breakwaters (if the stilling basin is
constructed), on bird roosting and foraging patterns
Mortality of birds on the proposed 44km 132kV power line and new substation at Mile 6.
Potential noise impacts on birds, in particular at the neighbouring Mile 4 salt works.
6) Heritage Possibility of archaeological sites on the power line route, and impacts of the service road and construction activities on these sites.
Influence of construction and construction workers on the small dolerite ridges along the power line route; sometimes associated with
archaeological sites dating to within the last 5 000 years.
Archaeological sites, predating the Last Glacial, that occur on the gravel plains in the area to be traversed by the power-line. These
sites are very subtle and therefore difficult to recognize.
7) Visual Visual impact of power line and new substation at Mile 6, particularly for eco-tourism.
Visual impact of new buildings and structures at the desalination plant (which are proposed to be 12m high) and effect on the sense
of place and eco-tourism.
8) Socio-Economic (including What is the national affordability of the plant? Agreements should be in place with the mines to provide capital costs and funding for
tourism, planning and land the plant and reduce risks for government.
use) What are operational and financial risks for the plant, and consequently for the tax payer, if the growth of the uranium mines does not
occur as predicted, leading to reduced water demand? Is there a potential oversupply of water? Who would pay the extra costs of
CSIR, March, 2009

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ISSUE DESCRIPTION
desalinated water if the mines did not purchase the water?
Increased availability of water from the desalination project could lead to uncontrolled development such as golf estates, bottling
plants, manufacturing, etc.
Increased water availability in the central coastal region could lead to population influx, with consequent increased pressure on
resources and services, and growth in unemployment, informal settlements and communicable diseases.
The location of the desalination project neat Mile 6 could be in conflict with other development plans.
What is the impact on tourism as the proposed site is prime residential beach front land and a recreational fishing area?
What is the influence of the new Swakopmund Sewerage Works on the downstream pipeline and power line routes?
What is the impact of the project on marine use (e.g. obstruction to vessels) and recreational activities, and what conflicts with other
users might arise?
What temporary (construction phase) and permanent (operations phase) employment will be created? What further employment
would result from downstream developments that are possible because of the desalination project?
Improved water supply infrastructure for coastal towns will facilitate development, and benefit small enterprises and the sustainability
of yields from the aquifers.
The desalination plant will drive regional and national economic development, and contribute to economic diversification in the Erongo
Region.
What is the future use of the servitude around the existing water supply pipeline?
What is the ability of the local authority to receive the solid waste from the desalination plant? Is there a suitable local site, or will
another waste site be used or need to be established?
What will happen to the plant at the end of its lifespan?
9) Water and waste What is the predicted quantity and quality of waste water from the desalination plant? (e.g. domestic waste water and industrial waste
management water)
Is the waste water from the desalination plant managed optimally to ensure maximum re-use and recycling, before disposal?
Are local facilities able to accommodate the predicted waste waters from the project?
Are there other options for re-use or minimisation of solid waste from the pre-treatment process?
10) Noise What is the current noise profile for the proposed desalination plant site, by day and night?
What is the noise impact during construction and operation of the plant, by day and night?
What is the extent of noise impacts for different frequencies, in particular low frequency vibrations?
Where are local sensitive human receptors located? (e.g. closest residential areas)?
What are the potential noise impacts on birds? (to be addressed in avifauna study)
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ISSUE DESCRIPTION
11) Issues related to the EIA What are the potential synergies between this EIA and the SEA for the uranium industry and are these being maximised?
Process To what extent is the water supply pipeline to Swakopmund included in this EIA? And are both above ground and under ground
options being considered?
It is important to consider alternatives – these should include the pipeline vs stilling basin intake options, disposal sites for solid waste,
alternative power line routes, alternative water supply pipelines sizes and routes, alternative sites for the desalination plant near Mile
6, alternative power supply options, and the no-go alternative.
The timeline for the EIA process is very tight (especially for producing the specialist studies) and this could influence the credibility of
the results.
Regarding the methodology for the weighting of impacts, which impacts will receive priority?
12) Issues Related to Project There is lack of detailed description as to how and by whom the plant will be operated.
Planning, Design and The explanation of site alternatives is not clear.
Operation The options of stilling basin versus pipeline for sea water intake are not clearly explained.
Water demand calculations – in the light of the recent global credit crisis, clarity is needed regarded updated information on the
mining development forecasts and their estimated water demand.
Not sharing facilities with UraMin.
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Chapter 7: Plan of Study for EIA
p.i
PLAN OF STUDY FOR EIA
7. PLAN OF STUDY FOR EIA 7-1
7.1 IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES 7-1

7.2 OVERVIEW OF APPROACH TO PREPARING THE EIA REPORT AND EMP 7-1
7.3 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS 7-2
7.4 AUTHORITY CONSULTATION DURING THE EIA PHASE 7-3
7.5 APPROACH TO SPECIALIST STUDIES AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT 7-4
7.5.1 Generic Terms of Reference for the assessment of impacts 7-4
7.6 SPECIFIC ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED IN SPECIALIST STUDIES 7-7

7.6.1 Coastal physical characteristics and shoreline dynamics 7-7
7.6.2 Marine modelling and impacts of intake and discharge structures 7-8
7.6.3 Marine ecology 7-8
7.6.4 Terrestial ecology (excluding avifauna) 7-9
7.6.5 Avifauna (birds) 7-9
7.6.6 Heritage 7-10
7.6.7 Visual 7-10
7.6.8 Socio-Economics 7-10
7.6.9 Water management study 7-11
7.6.10 Noise 7-12
TABLES
Table 7.1: Table for rating of impacts 7-6
Table 7.2: Proposed specialists and their roles in the EIA 7-7
p.ii
7. PLAN OF STUDY FOR EIA
7.1 IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES

The Guide to the Environmental Management Act, No. 7 of 2007, states that the competent
authority will make a decision on the scope and procedure of assessment before the EIA phase
may commence. The purpose of the EIA phase is to:
Address issues that have been raised through the Scoping Process;
Assess alternatives to the proposed activity in a comparative manner;
Assess all identified impacts and determine the significance of each impact; and
Formulate mitigation measures.
The Plan of Study for EIA (PSEIA) sets out the process to be followed in the EIA phase and is
shaped by the findings of the Scoping process. The EIA phase consists of three parallel and
overlapping processes:
Central assessment process involving the authorities where inputs are integrated and
presented in documents that are submitted for approval by authorities (Sections 7.2 and
7.4)
Public participation process whereby findings of the EIA phase are communicated and
discussed with I&APs and responses are documented (Section 7.3)
Specialist studies that provide additional information required to address the issues raised
in the Scoping phase, environmental standards and clean-up/remediation requirements
applicable at the time (Sections 7.5 and 7.6).
7.2 OVERVIEW OF APPROACH TO PREPARING THE EIA REPORT AND

EMP
The results of the specialist studies and other relevant project information will be summarized
and integrated into the Draft EIA Report. The Draft EIA Report will be released for a 14 day
I&AP and authority review period, as outlined in Chapter 5. All I&APs on the project database
will be notified in writing of the release of the Draft EIA for review. Comments raised, through
written correspondence (emails, comments, forms) and at meetings (public meeting and focus
group meetings) will be captured in a Comments and Responses Trail for inclusion in the Final
EIA Report. Comments raised will be responded to by the CSIR EIA team and/or the applicant.
These responses will indicate how the issue has been dealt with in the EIA process. Should the
comment received fall beyond the scope of this EIA, clear reasoning will be provided. All
comments received will be attached as an appendix to the Final EIA Report.
The Draft EIA Report will include a draft EMP, which will be prepared in compliance with the
relevant regulations. This EMP will be based broadly on the environmental management
philosophy presented in the ISO 14001 standard, which embodies an approach of continual
improvement. Actions in the EMP will be drawn primarily from the management actions in the
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specialist studies for the construction and operational phases of the project. If the project
components are decommissioned or re-developed, this will need to be done in accordance with
the relevant environmental standards and clean-up/remediation requirements applicable at the
time.
7.3 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS

The key steps remaining for the EIA phase following the scoping phase are described below.
The participation process for the Scoping Process is described in Chapter 5 of this report.
Task 1: Review of Draft EIA Report and EMP
The first stage in the process will entail the release of a Draft EIA Report for a 14 day public and
authority review period. Relevant organs of state and I&APs will be informed of the review
process in the following manner:
Advertisements placed in two national and one regional newspaper, i.e. the Namibian,
the Republikein and the Namib Times.
A notice to all I&APs (including authorities), with notification of the 14 day public review
period for the Draft EIA and invitation to attend the public meeting (this letter will include
the summary of the Draft EIA Report and a Comment Form).
Public Meeting on the Draft EIA Report, where key findings of the EIA report will be
communicated and I&APs will have the opportunity to provide comments and engage
with the EIA team and project proponent.
Focus Group Meeting(s) with I&APs, if requested.
Meeting(s) with key authorities involved in decision-making for this EIA.
The Draft EIA Report and EMP will be made available and distributed through the following
mechanisms to ensure access to information on the project and to communicate the outcome of
specialist studies:
Relevant organs of state and key I&APs will be provided with a hard copy or CD version
of the report
Report to be placed on the project website:
http://www.namwater.com.na/data/Projects_desalination.htm
Note that our entire stakeholder database has access to the internet. We will therefore
only make the documents available on the internet, unless there is a specific request to
view a hard copy.
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Task 2: Comments and Responses Trail
A key component of the EIA process is documenting and responding to the comments received
from I&APs and the authorities. The following comments on the Draft EIA Report and EMP will
be documented:
Written and email comments (e.g. letters and completed comment forms)
Comments made at focus group meetings
Telephonic communication with CSIR and Enviro Dynamics contact person
One-on-one meetings with key authorities and/or I&APs.
The comments received will be compiled into a Comments and Responses Trail for inclusion in
the Final EIA Report. The Comments and Responses Trail will indicate the nature of the
comment, when and who raised the comment. The comments received will be considered by the
EIA team and appropriate responses provided by the relevant member of the team and/or
specialist. The response provided will indicate how the comment received has been considered
in the Final EIA Report, in the project design or EMP for the project.
Task 3: Compilation of Final EIA Report for submission to Authorities
The Final EIA Report, including the Comments and Responses Trail and EMP, will be submitted
to the authorities for decision making. A notification will be sent to all I&APs on the project
database notifying them of the submission of the final report.
Task 4: Environmental Authorisation and Appeal Period
The following process will be followed for the distribution of Environmental Authorisation:
A notice will be sent to all on the stakeholder database informing them that
Environmental Clearance has been issued, with access to a copy of it provided through
the internet.
7.4 AUTHORITY CONSULTATION DURING THE EIA PHASE

Authority consultation is integrated into the public consultation process, with additional one-on-
one meetings held with the lead authorities where necessary. It is proposed that the competent
authority (MET) as well as other lead authorities be consulted at various stages during the EIA
process. The authority consultation process for the Scoping Process is outlined in Chapter 5 of
this report.
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7.5 APPROACH TO SPECIALIST STUDIES AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT

This section outlines the assessment methodology and legal context for specialist studies.
7.5.1 Generic Terms of Reference for the assessment of impacts
The identification of potential impacts should include impacts that may occur during the
construction and operational phases of the activity. The assessment of impacts is to include
direct, indirect as well as cumulative impacts.
In order to identify potential impacts (both positive and negative) it is important that the nature
of the proposed activity is well understood so that the impacts associated with the activity can
be analysed. The process of identification and assessment of impacts will include:
Determination of the current environmental conditions in sufficient detail so that there is

a baseline against which impacts can be identified and measured.
Determination of future changes to the environment that will occur if the activity does not
proceed.
An understanding of the activity in sufficient detail to understand its consequences; and
The identification of significant impacts which are likely to occur if the activity is
undertaken.
For the assessment of alternatives and impacts the following methodology is to be applied to
the predication and assessment of impacts. Potential impacts should be rated in terms of the
direct, indirect and cumulative affects:
Direct impacts are impacts that are caused directly by the activity and generally occur
at the same time and at the place of the activity. These impacts are usually associated
with the construction, operation or maintenance of an activity and are generally obvious
and quantifiable.
Indirect impacts of an activity are indirect or induced changes that may occur as a
result of the activity. These types of impacts include all the potential impacts that do not
manifest immediately when the activity is undertaken or which occur at a different place
as a result of the activity.
Cumulative impacts are impacts that result from the incremental impact of the
proposed activity on a common resource when added to the impacts of other past,
present or reasonably foreseeable future activities. Cumulative impacts can occur from
the collective impacts of individual minor actions over a period of time and can include
both direct and indirect impacts.
Spatial extent – The size of the area that will be affected by the impact:
o Site specific
o Local (<2 km from site)
o Regional (within 30 km of site)
CSIR, March 2009

p.7-4
o National.
Intensity –The anticipated severity of the impact:

o High (severe alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes)
o Medium (notable alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes)
o Low (negligible alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes).
Duration –The timeframe during which the impact will be experienced:

o Temporary (less than 1 year)
o Short term (1 to 6 years)
o Medium term (6 to 15 years)
o Long term (the impact will cease after the operational life of the activity)
o Permanent (mitigation will not occur in such a way or in such a time span that
the impact can be considered transient).
Using the criteria above, the impacts will further be assessed in terms of the following:
Probability –The probability of the impact occurring:

o Improbable (little or no chance of occurring)
o Probable (<50% chance of occurring)
o Highly probable (50 – 90% chance of occurring)
o Definite (>90% chance of occurring).
Significance – Will the impact cause a notable alteration of the environment?

o Low to very low (the impact may result in minor alterations of the environment
and can be easily avoided by implementing appropriate mitigation measures, and
will not have an influence on decision-making)
o Medium (the impact will result in moderate alteration of the environment and can
be reduced or avoided by implementing the appropriate mitigation measures, and
will only have an influence on the decision-making if not mitigated)
o High (the impacts will result in major alteration to the environment even with the
implementation on the appropriate mitigation measures and will have an
influence on decision-making).
Status - Whether the impact on the overall environment will be:

o positive - environment overall will benefit from the impact
o negative - environment overall will be adversely affected by the impact
o neutral - environment overall not be affected.
Confidence – The degree of confidence in predictions based on available information

and specialist knowledge:
o Low
o Medium
o High.
CSIR, March 2009

p.7-5
Management Actions and Monitoring of the Impacts (EMP)

o Where negative impacts are identified, mitigatory measures will be identified to
avoid or reduce negative impacts. Where no mitigatory measures are possible
this will be stated
o Where positive impacts are identified, management actions will be identified to
potentially enhance positive impacts
o Quantifiable standards for measuring and monitoring mitigatory measures and
enhancements will be set. This will include a programme for monitoring and
reviewing the recommendations to ensure their ongoing effectiveness.
The Table below is to be used by specialists for the rating of impacts.
Table 7.1: Table for rating of impacts
DIRECT IMPACTS
Spatial Significance & Status
Mitigation Intensity Duration
Extent Probability Without With Confidence
Mitigation Mitigation
Noise: Impact of the noise of the desalination plant during operation on the receiving environment
Include best Local Medium Permanent High Medium Low High
practice in
noise
reduction
Other aspects to be taken into consideration in the assessment of impact significance are:
Impacts will be evaluated for the construction and operation phases of the development.
The assessment of impacts for the decommissioning phase will be brief, as there is
limited understanding at this stage of what this might entail. The relevant rehabilitation
guidelines and legal requirements applicable at the time will need to be applied.
The impact evaluation will, where possible, take into consideration the cumulative effects
associated with this and other facilities/projects which are either developed or in the
process of being developed in the local area.
The impact assessment will attempt to quantify the magnitude of potential impacts
(direct and cumulative effects) and outline the rationale used. Where appropriate,
national standards are to be used as a measure of the level of impact.
The impact assessment will take into consideration relevant national and international
guidelines, standards or recognised best practice measures that are practical and feasible
for this particular project.
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p.7-6
7.6 SPECIFIC ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED IN SPECIALIST STUDIES

Based on an evaluation of issues to date, the following specialist studies are proposed as part of
the EIA phase:
Table 7.2: Proposed specialists and their roles in the EIA
Specialist Study Proposed Specialist

Coastal physical characteristics and shoreline André Theron, CSIR
dynamics
Marine modelling and impacts of intake and Dr Gerhardus Diedericks, CSIR
discharge structures
Marine ecology Dr Andrea Pulfrich, Pisces Environmental Services &
Dr Nina Steffani
Terrestrial and shoreline ecology Dr Juliane Zeidler, Integrated Environmental
Consultants Namibia
Avifauna (birds) Chris van Rooyen, Chris van Rooyen Consulting
Heritage (archaeology) Dr John Kinahan, Quaternary Research Services
Visual impacts Henry Holland, MapThis

Socio-Economic (incl. tourism, planning & land use) Stephanie van Zyl & Ernst Simon, Enviro Dynamics
Water and waste-water management Philip de Souza, Emanti Management
Noise Brett Williams, Safetech
The Terms of Reference (TORs) for the specialist studies will essentially consist of the generic
assessment requirements and the specific issues identified for each study. These issues have
been identified through the baseline studies, I&AP and authority consultation, as well as input
from the proposed specialists based on their experience. As part of the review of the Draft
Scoping Report, specialists were to propose any additional issues for inclusion in the specialist
studies. Additional issues, identified through public and authority consultation during the
Scoping phase, as well as specialist inputs, have been included in the final Terms of Reference
for specialists.
7.6.1 Coastal physical characteristics and shoreline dynamics
Conduct a rapid desktop review of available information that can support and inform the
specialist study, in particular, information on sediment transport along the coast.
Provide an overview description of the coastal environment: i.e. the coastal marine
physical environment (the littoral active zone up to the outer surf zone), the back-beach
(e.g. hummock dunes), beach, inter-tidal, surf zones.
Identify, describe and evaluate alternative pipeline routes in terms of the location of
shoreline crossing and alternative brine disposal options; the location of water intakes;
and identification and assessment of alternative shoreline crossing structures/options.
Identification of impacts: Conduct a desktop qualitative evaluation based on available
information (excludes any quantification or numerical/physical modelling); The impacts
shall be assessed in terms of the magnitude, significance, duration and frequency of
impact on the physical coastal environment.
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p.7-7
7.6.2 Marine modelling and impacts of intake and discharge structures
modelling study, including sourcing relevant oceanograhic and meteorological data.
Comprise a modelling study that assesses the transport and fate of brine in the relevant
environments. The modelling study will be undertaken using the Delft3D-FLOW (Lesser
et al, 2004) numerical model from WL|Delft Hydraulics in the Netherlands to simulate the
dispersion and advection of the discharge plume. The model includes formulations and
equations that take into account the following processes and driving forces:
o Tidal forcing
o Wave forcing
o Seabed shear stress
o Baroclinic currents and vertical mixing as well as barotropic effects (free surface
gradients)
o The effect of the earth’s rotation (Coriolis force)
o Water with variable density
o Turbulence-induced mass and momentum fluxes
o Thermocline dynamics
o A heat flux model is incorporated to account for air-sea interactions. The
incoming solar and atmospheric radiation is prescribed, while the terms related to
heat loss (evaporation, back radiation and convective heat flux) are computed by
the model.
Comprise a far-field modelling study that resolves all of the major coastal processes
determining the transport and fate of discharge plumes. Appropriate near-field
behaviours will be assumed for use in the far-field modelling study. No detailed near-
field modelling will be undertaken.
7.6.3 Marine ecology
Write a marine baseline report (desktop), based on available information, that will
describe the baseline marine biology in the project area, emphasising, but not limited to,
sensitive and threatened habitats, and threatened or rare marine fauna and flora. All
pertinent characteristics of the marine environment will be described.
Do an initial marine biological survey of the nearshore marine environment in the vicinity
of the proposed desalination plant to establish baseline conditions (diversity and
abundance of macrofaunal communities) before the commencement of construction of,
and subsequent brine discharge from, the proposed desalination plant. The results of
this survey will be compiled in a separate report and will provide input into the Marine
Specialist Report. This survey will provide the baseline for a monitoring study assessing
the impacts of the brine disposal on the benthic marine environment.
Compile a Marine Specialist Report, that incorporates the findings of the above two
components. This Specialist Study also responds to marine issues raised during the
Scoping phase of the EIA related to the marine biological issues. The study will be
conducted according to accepted impact assessment conventions as well as management
actions to avoid or reduce negative impacts or enhance benefits.
CSIR, March 2009

p.7-8
7.6.4 Terrestial ecology (excluding avifauna)
ecology specialist study.
Indicate whether plant or animal species in the Red Data Book listed as Near Threatened,
Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered occur on site, or could potentially occur,
and provide an indication of where such species are most likely to be found.
Assess the overall sensitivity and regional conservation value of the vegetation on the site
using the above criteria, which includes relative conservation and ecological importance
of the vegetation communities, presence of indigenous species of special concern (SSCs)
and degree of previous disturbance, as well as the likelihood of successful rehabilitation.
Assess the likely impacts, and likely cumulative impacts, of the proposed desalination
plant on the fauna and flora, during construction and operational phases, according to
the final/refined development plan, e.g. impacts of habitat loss, dust, movement of
vehicles, trampling, fragmentation of habitat, etc. Discuss appropriate mitigation that
could be implemented to avoid or minimise these impacts.
Description of on-site fauna and flora based on a field survey will be undertaken to
determine species of special concern.
7.6.5 Avifauna (birds)
A rapid desktop review of available information that can support and inform the specialist
study i.e. potential impacts on avifauna.
Identification of issues and potential impacts related to avifaunal such as impact of power
lines.
Description of the existing environment and the bird communities currently existing within
the zone of influence of the proposed plant and associated infrastructure (including the
power line).
Description of different bird micro-habitats as well as the species associated with those
habitats.
Trends and conditions in the environment that affects the avifauna as it currently exist
within the zone of influence will be identified and analysed.
Gaps in baseline data will be highlighted and discussed. An indication of the confidence
levels will be given. The best available data sources (both published and unpublished
literature) will be used to establish the baseline conditions, and extensive use will be
made of local knowledge (e.g. local bird clubs/amateur ornithologists) who are familiar
with the study area.
Bird sensitive areas will be mapped in a sensitivity map for easy reference, and particular
emphasis will be placed on habitat for Red Data and endemic species.
The study area will be inspected to gain a first hand impression of the bird habitat.
CSIR, March 2009

p.7-9
7.6.6 Heritage
Desktop review and review of national heritage databases, where relevant, to source
relevant background information related to the study area of the proposed project. It is
expected that specialist will draw on previous experience either in the local area and/or
from similar projects.
Compile an Archaeological report, describing the possible archaeological heritage sites at
the proposed desalination site and along the power line route (including impacts of the
service road for the new power line).
Establish the range and importance of the heritage sites.
Specify the potential impact as well as potential cumulative impact of the development.
Make appropriate management or mitigation recommendations in order to address the
impacts identified, if necessary.
Determine the type and location of artefacts as well as fossils present, if any is
encountered, within the study area.
7.6.7 Visual
Conduct a desktop study to determine the current state and character of the landscape.
Identify issues and potential visual impacts for the proposed project, which are to be
considered in combination with any additional relevant issues that may be raised through
the public consultation process.
Import CAD data into GIS software, geo-reference, and otherwise prepare data for
visibility analyses.
Import elevation data and create Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for visibility analyses.
Source and import data for landscape baseline (topographic, vegetation, land cover and
geology).
Organise and annotate photographs taken during field work.
Calculate viewsheds for various elements of the proposed development.
7.6.8 Socio-Economics
Conduct a desktop study relevant to the socio-economic impact study.

Identify issues informed by the issues trail drawn up by the EIA and public consultation
team to gain an understanding of the socio-economic concerns raised during scoping.
Conduct stakeholder liaison and consultation meetings with relevant authorities,
particularly the Swakopmund Municipality, NamWater, the Henties Bay Municipality,
Arandis Municipality the HERS Committee, the Erongo Regional Council.
Investigate the following:
o Expected increase in population size;
o The benefits and risks associated with additional employment creation and job
seekers, including job creation and poverty reduction, increased informal
settlement, increased pressures on local housing, facilities and services;
o Increased educational opportunities and skills transfer;
CSIR, March 2009

p.7-10
o Benefits related to increased rates and taxes;

o Impacts on the existing industrial base;
o Waste disposal and sewerage issues;
o Interaction with social, recreational and tourism facilities;
o Contribution to the economic structure and existing socio-economic trends in the
town;
o Economic benefits from sale of water from the desalination plant;
o Affordability of water;
o Implications of the project for current land use planning;
o Beneficiaries and losers of the project.
Investigate safety and security issues associated with the project.
Provide a baseline description within which the socio-economic profile will be addressed
at local, regional and national levels, focusing on areas of concern identified during
scoping.
7.6.9 Water management study
Review available background information including existing desalination studies (both

local and international), existing environmental impact assessment reports and specific
information provided by the project proponent so as to understand best practice, in waste
water management for desalination plants.
Interact with relevant officials/representatives from relevant institutions including, but not
limited to, Ministry of Water, Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Health and
Social Services, Swakopmund, Arandis and Walvis Bay Municipalities, State Owned
Enterprises.
Conduct a rapid review of the proposed treatment technology to identify any potential
gaps or inconsistencies in the project proposal.
Consider relevant water uses for the project.
Consider water and wastewater discharges from the project.
Identify and quantify all wastewater streams (e.g. process, sewage, stormwater, brine
streams).
Identify constituents of concern, expected concentrations thereof (if possible), and an
assessment of the potential impacts thereof.
Describe of the proposed wastewater disposal approach for different wastewater streams
and identify the points of discharge for different wastewater streams.
Discuss the potential constraints (e.g. legislative, environmental or practical) associated
with disposal of wastewater and solids (sludge).
Consider process wastewater and stormwater treatment options.
Investigate the need for treatment and recycling / re-use; and available options to
achieve this.
If an option, consider the operation as a Zero Effluent Discharge facility.
Review the water balance calculations and identify any opportunities for improving
integrated water management and promoting water conservation.
CSIR, March 2009

p.7-11
7.6.10 Noise
Conduct a desktop study of available information that can support and inform the
specialist noise study.
Measure the existing ambient noise at the proposed site, during both the day and night
time.
Conduct a noise study of the future impact during construction and operation of the
proposed desalination plant, taking into consideration sensitive receptors in the local area
such as residential areas and the adjacent salt works and nature reserve (to the south)
that is utilised by flamingos.
Identify noise impacts associated with construction of the power line on sensitive
receptors, if any.
CSIR, March 2009

p.7-12
Chapter 8: References
p.i
8. REFERENCES
BARNARD, P. (ed.) (1998). Biological diversity in Namibia - a country study. Namibian National
Biodiversity Task Force, Windhoek.
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROJECT, 1999, Coastal profile of the Erongo Region, Windhoek,
Namibia.
CSIR (1992). Preliminary baseline study prior to exploration activities by Sasol on the Namibian
continental shelf in licence area 2012.
KIRKMAN S.P., OOSTHUIZEN W.H., MEYER M.A., KOTZE P.G.H., ROUX J-P. AND UNDERHILL
L.G. (2007), Making sense of census and dealing with missing data: trends in pup counts of
Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus for the period 1972-2004, African Journal of
Marine Science, Volume 29(2).
MENDELSOHN J., JARVIS A., ROBERTS C. AND ROBERTSON T. (2002). Atlas of Namibia – A
portrait of the land and its people.
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM, 2008. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

for the coastal areas of the Erongo and Kunene Regions. Windhoek, Namibia.
MOLLOY F. AND REINIKAINEN T. (2003). Namibia’s marine environment. Edited by Molloy F.

and Reinikainen T. on behalf of the Directorate of Environmental Affairs of the Ministry of
Environment and Tourism, Namibia.
NAMLEX, Index to the Laws of Namibia. 2004. ISBN: 99916-740-6-3.
NATIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION, 2007, 2005/06 Regional Poverty Profile, Windhoek,

Namibia.
NATIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION, 2006, 2003/04 Namibia Household Income and

Expenditure Survey, Windhoek, Namibia.
NATIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION, 2003, 2001 Population and Housing Census, Windhoek,
Namibia.
NATIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION, 1996, 1991 Population and Housing Census, Windhoek,
Namibia.
OLIVIER, J (1995). Spatial fog distribution pattern in the Namib using Meteosat images. J. Arid
Environments 29:129-138.
OLIVIER, J (1992). Aspects of the climatology of fog in the Namib. SA Geographer 19 (2): 107-
125.
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p.8-1
PISCES (2008). Marine Baseline study on the Potential Impacts of a Seawater Intake Structure
and a Brine Disposal System for a Proposed Desalination Plant North of Swakopmund.
SEELY M. AND PALLETT J. (2008). Namibia - Secrets of a desert uncovered, Windhoek, Namibia.
SHANNON, L.V. (1985). The Benguela Ecosystem. Part 1: Evolution of the Benguela physical
features and processes. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 23, 105-182.
SOUTHERN AFRICA DATA CENTRE FOR OCEANOGRAPHY (21 March 1960 to 27 December
2008). Seasonal wind roses for the offshore area near Swakopmund - Voluntary Observing
Ship (VOS) data.
SOUTHERN AFRICA DATA CENTRE FOR OCEANOGRAPHY (21 March 1960 to 23 December
2008). Seasonal wave roses for the Swakopmund Area - Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS)
data.
TURGIS CONSULTING (Pty) Ltd (2008). Report of the Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment Trekkopje Desalination Project, Erongo Region, Namibia. Prepared by Turgis
Consulting (Pty) Ltd for UraMin Namibia (Pty) Ltd. Final Draft January 2008. pp. 275 +
Appendices.
www.intute.ac.uk. Satellite image source.
CSIR, March 2009

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EIA for the Proposed Desalination Project at Mile 6 near Swakopmund, Namibia

DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

Title: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Desalination

Prepared for: NamWater

Prepared by: CSIR, P O Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa

Enviro Dynamics, Post Box 20837, Windhoek, Namibia

Authors: Stephanie Dippenaar, Paul Lochner, Stephanie van Zyl,

Date: March 2009

To be cited as: Dippenaar S C, Lochner P, Van Zyl S, Walsdorff A and Geland C,

DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

Chapter 2 Project Description

Chapter 3 Legal Requirements

Chapter 4 Description of the Affected Environment

Chapter 5 Approach to the Scoping Process (including Public Participation)

Chapter 6 Summary of Issues

Chapter 7 Plan of Study for EIA

DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

The following specialist studies are proposed  Visual impacts

DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

BID Background Information Document

Biofouling The undesirable accumulation of micro-organisms, plants, algae, and animals

CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs

DSR Draft Scoping Report

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

FSR Final Scoping Report

HIA Heritage Impact Assessment

I&AP Interested and Affected Party

IFC International Finance Corporation

MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry

MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism

DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

PSEIA Plan of Study for EIA

SWRO Sea Water Reverse Osmosis

TDS Total dissolved solids

ToR Terms of Reference

Toxicity The inherent potential or capacity of a material to cause adverse effects in a

TSP Total Suspended Particulates

Turbidity Measure of the light-scattering properties of a volume of water, usually

WRMA Water Resources Management Act (No. 24 of 2004)

1.1 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT 1-1

The Namibia Water Corporation Ltd (referred to as “NamWater”) is currently challenged by a

1.1 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT

CSIR, March 2009

CSIR, March 2009

1.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

CSIR, March 2009

1.3 EIA TEAM

1.4 EXPERTISE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

CSIR, March 2009

Table 1.1: EIA Team

EIA Management Team

Public Participation Process

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE SCOPING PHASE

 Confirming the process to be followed and opportunities for stakeholder engagement;

CSIR, March 2009

1.6 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT

The following specialist studies are proposed Visual impacts

Confirming the process to be followed and opportunities for stakeholder engagement;