Salts PDF

SALTS
Salts are the ionic compounds which are produced after the neutralization
reaction between acid and base.
Family of Salt ---- Salts having common acidic or basic radicals are said to belong
to same family. Example:
Sodium chloride (NaCl) and Calcium chloride (CaCl2) belong to chloride family.
Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), Potassium sulphate (K2SO4) and Aluminium sulphate

(Al2(SO4)3) belong to sulphate family.
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and calcium sulphate (CaSO4) belong to calcium family.
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) belong to zinc family.
pH of Salts – Neutral salts, Acidic salts, Basic salts
Characteristics of salt:
i.Most of the salts are crystalline solid.
ii.Salts may be transparent or opaque.
iii.Most of the salts are soluble in water.
iv.Solution of salts conducts electricity.
v.Salts conduct electricity in their molten state also.
vi.The salt may be salty, sour, sweet, bitter and savory.
vii.Neutral salts are odourless.
viii.Salts can be colourless or of coloured.
Common Salt (Sodium Chloride) -
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is also known as common salt or table salt. It is formed
after the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.
NaOH + HCl --------- NaCl + H2O

i.It is a neutral salt.
ii.The pH value of sodium chloride is about 7.
iii.Sodium chloride is used in cooking as well as to prepare many other important
chemicals such as chemicals used in manufacturing industries.
iv.Electrol powder is an important substitute of common salt.
Common salt is an important starting material for the production of a number of

other chemicals such as
 Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda).

 Calcium oxychloride (bleaching powder).
 Sodium HydrogenCarbonate(baking soda)
 Sodium Decacarbonate (washing soda)
Sodium hydroxide NaOH (caustic soda)
When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (called

brine), it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. The process is called the chlor-
alkali process because of the products formed– chlor for chlorine and alkali for
sodium hydroxide.
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
Chlorine gas is given off at the anode, and hydrogen gas at the cathode. Sodium
hydroxide solution is formed near the cathode.
(i) 2Cl−→ CI2 (g) + 2e− (anode reaction)

(ii) 2H2O + 2e−→ H2 + OH− (cathode reaction)
CalciumOxychloride (CaOCl2) Bleaching powder
Bleaching powder is also known as chloride of lime. It is a solid and yellowish

white in colour. Bleaching powder can be easily identified by the strong smell of
chlorine.
Bleaching powder is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime
[Ca(OH)2] at 373K . Bleaching powder is represented as CaOCl2, though the actual
composition is quite complex.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
Bleaching powder is used –
(i) for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for bleaching
wood pulp in paper factories and for bleaching washed clothes in laundry;
(ii) as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries; and
(iii) for disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.
Beaching powder is not a compound but a mixture of compounds:

CaOCl2 .4H2O, CaCI2 .Ca(OH)2 .H2 0
Sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3)Baking soda
The chemical name of the compound is sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3). It

is produced using sodium chloride as one of the raw materials.
NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 ------------ NH4Cl + NaHCO3 ® [Solvay process]
(Ammonium chloride) (Sodium hydrogencarbonate)
Properties:
 It is a white crystalline solid and alkaline in nature.
 It is mild , non-corrosive base.
 Action of heat -- When solid baking soda (or its solution) is heated, it
decomposes to give sodium carbonate with the evolution of CO2 gas.
2NaHCO3 -----heat --------- Na2CO3 + H2O +CO2
[Example of Thermal Decomposition]
Uses of sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3):
(i) For making baking powder, which is a mixture of baking soda and a mild edible
acid such as tartaric acid. When baking powder is heated or mixed in water, the
following reaction takes place –
NaHCO3 + H+ → CO2 + H2O + Sodium salt of acid
(From any acid)
Carbon dioxide produced during the reaction causes bread or cake to rise, making
them soft and spongy.
(ii) Sodium hydrogencarbonate is also an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it

neutralises excess acid in the stomach and provides relief.
(iii) It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.

Sodium carbonate decahydrate[Washing soda] Na2CO3.10H2O
Sodium carbonate can be obtained by heating baking soda. Recrystallisation of

sodium carbonate [soda ash] gives washing soda. It is also a basic salt.
Properties of Washing Soda:
(a) Colour and state: It is a transparent crystalline solid (when f reshly prepared)
containing 10 molecules of water of crystallisation.
(b) Action of air: On exposure to air, washing soda crystals lose 9 molecules of
water of crystallisation to form a monohydrate which is a white powder
(transparent crystals) (washing powder)
This process is called efflorescence
(C) Action of heat: On heating, washing soda loses all the molecule of water and
becomes anhydrous.
Uses of washing soda:
(i) Sodium carbonate (washing soda) is used in glass, soap and paper industries.
(ii) It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax
(iii) Sodium carbonate can be used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
(iv) It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.

ARE THE CRYSTALLINE SALTS REALLY DRY
Water of crystallization : Many salts contain water molecule and are known as
hydrated salts. The water molecules present in salt is known as water of
crystallization. Water of crystallization is not free water, so it does not wet the
salts. Thus the crystalline salts which seem to be dry , contain water of
crystallization.
The fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of salt is called
water of crystallization
For example; copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), ferrous Sulphate

heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.1/2H2O) etc
Calcium sulphate hemihydrate / Plaster of Paris (POP)
On heating gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) at 373 K, it loses water molecules and becomes
calcium sulphate hemihydrate or Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.1/2H2O)
Properties of plaster of Paris (POP):
(a) Colour and state: It is a white powder.
(b) Reaction with water: Setting of Plaster of Paris (or POP). When POP is mixed
with water and left for half an hour to one hour, it sets to a hard mass due to
rehydration of POP to gypsum.
(c) Effect of heat: When POP is heated at 473K, it forms anhydrous

calcium Sulphate (CaSO4) which is known as dead burnt plaster. It has no
setting property as it takes up water very slowly.
Uses of POP : For making toys, materials for decoration, for making surfaces
smooth, a cast for setting broken bones
Q. How can you get half a water molecule?
Ans. It is written in this form because two formula units of CaSO4 share one
molecule of water.
HW: Q13 page 35.

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SALTS

Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), Potassium sulphate (K2SO4) and Aluminium sulphate

pH of Salts – Neutral salts, Acidic salts, Basic salts

Common Salt (Sodium Chloride) -

NaOH + HCl --------- NaCl + H2O

Common salt is an important starting material for the production of a number of

 Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda).

Sodium hydroxide NaOH (caustic soda)

When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (called

2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)

(i) 2Cl−→ CI2 (g) + 2e− (anode reaction)

Bleaching powder is also known as chloride of lime. It is a solid and yellowish

Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O

Bleaching powder is used –

(ii) as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries; and

(iii) for disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.

Beaching powder is not a compound but a mixture of compounds:

The chemical name of the compound is sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3). It

NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 ------------ NH4Cl + NaHCO3 ® [Solvay process]

(Ammonium chloride) (Sodium hydrogencarbonate)

[Example of Thermal Decomposition]

Uses of sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3):

NaHCO3 + H+ → CO2 + H2O + Sodium salt of acid

(From any acid)

(ii) Sodium hydrogencarbonate is also an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it

(iii) It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.

Sodium carbonate can be obtained by heating baking soda. Recrystallisation of

Properties of Washing Soda:

containing 10 molecules of water of crystallisation.

water of crystallisation to form a monohydrate which is a white powder

(transparent crystals) (washing powder)

This process is called efflorescence

Uses of washing soda:

(ii) It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax

(iv) It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.

For example; copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), ferrous Sulphate

Calcium sulphate hemihydrate / Plaster of Paris (POP)

On heating gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) at 373 K, it loses water molecules and becomes

calcium sulphate hemihydrate or Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.1/2H2O)

Properties of plaster of Paris (POP):

(a) Colour and state: It is a white powder.

(c) Effect of heat: When POP is heated at 473K, it forms anhydrous

Q. How can you get half a water molecule?

HW: Q13 page 35.

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