Lecture-09 Internal Flows (Turbulent Pipe Flow)

Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition,
Bruce R. Munson. Theodore H. Okiishi. Alric P. Rothmayer

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.l, 2013
Lecture-09
Internal Flows
(Turbulent Pipe Flow)
Dr. Dhafer Manea Hachim AL-HASNAWI
Assist Proof
Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University
Engineering Technical College / Najaf
email:coj.dfr@atu.edu.iq
1
Learning Objectives
• After completing this Lecture, you should be able to:
1. identify and understand various characteristics of the
flow in pipes.
2. discuss the main properties of turbulent pipe flow.
3. calculate losses in straight portions of pipes as well as
those in various pipe system components.
4. apply appropriate equations and principles to analyze
a variety of pipe flow situations.
5. predict the flow rate in a pipe by use of common flow
meters.
2
Outline
• Turbulent Pipe Flow
• Some Example Problems
Fully Developed Turbulent Flow: Overview
Turbulent flow is the least understood of all flow phenomena, yet is more
likely to occur than laminar flow, so we address ways of describing the flow.
Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow in a Pipe:

One see fluctuation or randomness on the macroscopic scale.
mean fluctuating
One of the few ways we can describe turbulent flow is by describing it in

terms of time-averaged means and fluctuating parts.
Now consider, the time average of the fluctuating parts:
The fluctuations are equally distributed on either side of the average.
Now, consider the average of the square of the fluctuations:
Turbulence Intensity:
Indication of the “gustiness” of the flow.

in Atmosphere, In “good” wind tunnel
Now, shear stress:
However, for turbulent flow.
Laminar Flow: Turbulent Flow:
“Experiment”:
Shear relates to random motion Shear comes from eddy motion

as particles glide smoothly past which have a more random motion
each other. and transfer momentum.
For turbulent flow:

Is the combination of laminar and turbulent shear. If there are no fluctuations,
the result goes back to the laminar case. The turbulent shear stresses are
positive, thus turbulent flows have more shear stress.
The turbulent shear components are known as Reynolds Stresses.
Shear Stress in Turbulent Flows: Turbulent Velocity Profile:
In viscous sublayer: tlaminar > tturb 100 to 1000 times greater.

In the outer layer: ttirb > tlaminar 100 to 1000 time greater.
The viscous sublayer is extremely small.
Fully Developed Turbulent Flow: Velocity Profile
The velocity profile for turbulent flow is been obtained through experimental
analysis, dimensional analysis, and semiempirical theoretical efforts.
In the viscous sublayer: for a smooth wall, “Law of the Wall”
is the friction velocity, and
In the overlap region:
From dimensional
analysis arguments
Possible outer region approximation:
Fully Developed Turbulent Flow: Velocity Profile
Some alternative, approach include the Power-Law equation:
n = 7 for many practical flows.
n, chosen based on the Reynolds number.
Turbulent velocity profiles are relatively flat in a pipe flow.

“Profiles”:
The power-law equation is not valid near the wall, since that would
give an infinite velocity gradient.
Also, the shear does not go to zero at the center-line.
Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow: Moody Chart
Most turbulent pipe flow data is based on experiments. In turbulent flow, in order
to do dimensional analysis we consider the roughness of the pipe, as well as
density which relates to momentum.
Variables:
roughness
Roughness is important in the viscous sub-layer
in turbulent flows, if it protrudes sufficiently in this
layer.
The viscous layer in laminar flow is so large, that
small roughness does not play a role.
Then range of roughness for validity of this
analysis is for:
Then, the dimensionless groups are the following:
As for laminar flow, the pressure drop must be proportional to the pipe length:
Recalling the definition of the friction factor:
Then the friction factor is one of our dimensionless groups:

Then using experiments, we can find the above relationship with various
manufactured pipe roughness values:
“Moody Chart”
Colebrook Relation for Non-Laminar part of

the Moody Chart (curve fit):
Laminar
Marks Reynolds Number

independence
Energy Equation relation to Pipe Flow:
a’s account for non-uniform velocity profiles.

For fully developed pipe flow in a horizontal pipe:
And, Darcy-Weisbach Equation:

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Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition,

Bruce R. Munson. Theodore H. Okiishi. Alric P. Rothmayer

Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow in a Pipe:

One of the few ways we can describe turbulent flow is by describing it in

The fluctuations are equally distributed on either side of the average.

Now, consider the average of the square of the fluctuations:

Indication of the “gustiness” of the flow.

Shear relates to random motion Shear comes from eddy motion

For turbulent flow:

In viscous sublayer: tlaminar > tturb 100 to 1000 times greater.

In the viscous sublayer: for a smooth wall, “Law of the Wall”

is the friction velocity, and

In the overlap region:

n = 7 for many practical flows.

n, chosen based on the Reynolds number.

Turbulent velocity profiles are relatively flat in a pipe flow.

Recalling the definition of the friction factor:

Then the friction factor is one of our dimensionless groups:

Colebrook Relation for Non-Laminar part of

Marks Reynolds Number

a’s account for non-uniform velocity profiles.

And, Darcy-Weisbach Equation:

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