Challenges and strategies on ...

CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES ON IMPLEMENTING AN ECOLOGICAL

CORRIDOR BETWEEN PROTECTED AREAS IN CERRADO BIOME 1

Samuel Fernando Schwaida2*, Rejane Ennes Cicerelli2, Tati de Almeida2 and Henrique Llacer Roig2

1
Received on 24.04.2017 accepted for publication on 27.11.2017.
2
Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências , Brasília, DF - Brasil. E-mail: <samuelschwaida@gmail.com>, <rejaneig@unb.br>,
<tati_almeida@unb.br> and <roi@unb.br>.
*Corresponding author.

ABSTRACT – Landscape management aiming to reconnect isolated vegetation patches through corridors
is important to mitigate impacts on fauna and flora species due to habitat degradation and fragmentation.
This work presents a methodology based on geoprocessing tools to define ecological corridors. This case
study was conducted on Distrito Federal, central Brazil, aiming to propose a corridor for large and medium-
sized mammals reconnecting Águas Emendadas Ecological Station and Formosa Military Training Area. Cost
analysis using geoprocessing tools and available official database generated three paths (A, B, C) Extension
varied from 28.88 (A) to 47.34 km (C) and paths intersection with natural vegetation patches varied from
74.43 (A) to 90.35% (B). Intersection with potential Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) varied from
66.32 (A) to 86.26% (C). Overlap with private properties registered on Rural Environmental Registry (CAR)
was verified for best paths A and B and revealed 51.60% and 50.97% of overlap. Cost analysis tools and AHP
were considered efficient for generating ecological corridors.

Keywords: Landscape ecology; Multicriteria analysis; Geo-technologies

DESAFIOS E ESTRATÉGIAS NA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE CORREDORES

ECOLÓGICOS ENTRE ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS NO BIOMA CERRADO

RESUMO – Medidas que visem a reconectar a paisagem, como corredores ecológicos, são de suma importância
para reverter os impactos da degradação e fragmentação de habitats sobre a biodiversidade. Este trabalho
propõe uma metodologia que utiliza ferramentas de geoprocessamento para definição de corredores ecológicos.
O estudo de caso foi realizado no limite estadual do Distrito Federal e Goiás com intuito de propor um
corredor ecológico para mamíferos de médio e grande entre a Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas e
o Campo de Instrução de Formosa. As análises de custo realizadas utilizando dados oficiais gratuitos resultaram
em três trajetos (A, B, C), com extensões variando de 28,88 (A) a 47,34 km (C). A sobreposição dos trajetos
com remanescentes de vegetação natural variou de 74,43% (A) a 90,35% (B) e a intersecção com APP potenciais
de 66,32% (A) a 86,26% (C). A sobreposição com propriedades rurais cadastradas no CAR (Cadastro Ambiental
Rural) foi analisada para os melhores caminhos A e B, revelando 51,60% e 50,97% de sobreposição, respectivamente,
indicando áreas predispostas para o processo de regularização ambiental. O uso das ferramentas de análise
de custo aliado ao método AHP mostrou-se eficiente para delimitação de corredores ecológicos.

Palavras-Chave: Ecologia da paisagem; Análise multicritério; Geotecnologias

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 2 SCHWAIDA SF et al.

1. INTRODUCTION rapidly and systematically converted to production

activities over the last 45 years (Klink and Machado,
Habitat loss, and fragmentation are major threats
2005; Brasil, 2015). Moreover, the Cerrado has the lowest
to biodiversity. Division of continuous areas of original
percentage of area under full federal protection - just
vegetation into isolated fragments results in the
8.6% -, consisting mostly of, isolated patches of difficult
separation of populations, reduces the quality of habitats,
connectivity (Brasil, 2015).
and can also threaten the long-term viability of some
populations of species (Vitousek et al., 1997; Lang and Thus, this work aims to propose a methodology
Blaschke, 2009). These effects are felt especially by for defining the routes of Ecological Corridors for medium
those species with high energy requirements such as and large sized mammals in specific areas of the Cerrado
medium to large sized mammals and top predators in Biome located in central Brazil. The idea is to connect
the food chain (Fahrig, 2003; Tabarelli and Gascon, two fragmented areas of high importance for the
2005; Forero-Medina and Vieira, 2009). conservation of biodiversity in the Federal District
and following surrounding areas: the Águas Emendadas
Faced with the implications of fragmentation on
Ecological Station, a District Conservation Unit, and
biodiversity, the concept of “defragmentation” was
Formosa Military Training Area. Rural properties
introduced, and defined as the reduction or elimination
registered in the Rural Environmental Registry (Cadastro
of fragmentation to landscapes, making them more
Ambiental Rural - CAR) were analyzed, observing the
permeable to wildlife (Lang and Blaschke, 2009; Seoane
feasibility of the installation of Ecological Corridors
et al., 2010). Defragmentation can be achieved, for
based on the legal forecast for maintenance of APP
example, through the placement of habitats in a network
and Legal Reserve.
using Ecological Corridors (EC), a term that generally
refers to a narrow element of linear connectivity between
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
two separate habitats that meets the ecological
requirements of certain species (Chetkiewicz et al., 2006; The study area covers 4,468 km2 and is located
Lang and Blaschke, 2009; Seoane et al., 2010). in the eastern portion of the Federal District of Brazil,
and also the southern portion of the municipality of
In Brazil, the EC are part of public policies since
Formosa, Goiás State. It encompasses Águas Emendadas
the 1990s, following the example of CONAMA Resolution
Ecological Station (Estação Ecológica de Águas
9/1996 (Brasil, 1996), a Pilot Program for the Protection Emendadas - ESECAE), the Formosa Military Training
of the Tropical Forests in Brazil (PPG-7) and the National Area (Campo de Instrução de Formosa - CIF) and a
System of Conservation Units (SNUC) (Mittermeir et small strip of nearby municipalities (Figure 1). There
al., 2005; Akashi and Castro, 2010). Despite this legal is a high number of roads and highways and, based
framework, implementation is still incipient largely on calculations done using “Project TerraClass 2013”
because the creation of ECs is complex and involves data (Brasil, 2015), 47.52% of the area is devoted to
the integration of several biotic and abiotic factors the remaining vegetation, 28.25% to agriculture and
to guarantee structural and functional connectivity 20.59% to pasture. Although part of the area is protected
aimed at the maintenance of living areas, resources by the Environmental Protection Areas (APA) of the
and reproductive processes (Lang and Blaschke, 2009; São Bartolomeu River Basin and the Central Plateau,
Seoane et al., 2010). both federal Conservation Units (CU), as well as part
In Brazil, some studies have made use of of the Cerrado Biosphere Reserve, legal protection
geoprocessing tools in Geographic Information Systems is not enough to avoid conversion of the landscape.
(GIS) in order to identify the best routes or best areas Much of this is due to a lack of planning, area’s proximity
for implementation of Ecological Corridors, with distinct to urban centers and favorable conditions for agricultural
methods focused on the Atlantic Forest biome (Muchailh production (Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Urbano
et al., 2010; Louzada et al., 2013; Ferrari et al., 2012; e Meio Ambiente, 2008).
Oliveira et al., 2015; Saito et al., 2016). For the Cerrado ESECAE is a District Conservation Unit geared
(Savanna) biome, little related to these ideas has been to full protection and managed by the Institute of
explored, despite being one of the richest savannas Environment and Water Resources for the Federal District
in the world, and almost half of its original area being Brasilia Ambiental (IBRAM), located in the administrative

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Challenges and strategies on ... 3

region of Planaltina, DF. With a total area of 10,547.2 which allows for the identification of the most efficient
ha, the space is made up of Cerradão (“high Cerrado”), pathways between two points on a cost surface. The
also known as savanna woodland with an almost closed cost surface image was generated from four input layers,
canopy (12–15 m tree height), and is found mainly along corresponding to variables influencing the movement
the forest-savanna border. Cerrado sensu stricto or of medium and large sized mammals and the
wooded savanna (>15% tree cover, frequently 20–30%), implementation of EC: (1) Land cover and use, (2) Roads,
the most extensive savanna type in Brazil, makes up (3) Permanent Preservation Areas and (4) Slope (Table 1).
open Cerrado with a relatively open cover and dense The default cell size was 30m, the same spatial resolution
Cerrado with a denser cover. Cerrado grasslands as the Land cover and use data and the Digital Elevation
(Formação Campestre) are divided into: Campo limpo Model used. The entire process was performed using
or open savanna (2–15% canopy cover); Campo sujo ArcGIS 10.3 software (Environmental Systems Research
or scrubland, open savanna with scattered trees (<2 m) Institute, 2014).
or shrubs with <5% canopy cover; and Campo limpo
Slope information was generated using images
or grassland and forest gallerys along the water paths
from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission),
(Sano et al., 2005; Ribeiro and Walter, 1998; Batlle-
obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey website (spatial
Bayer et al, 2010). ESECAE is based on a main polygon
resolution of 30m). After generating the image with
surrounded by four highways (south: BR-030; west:
slope information reclassified in degrees, data was
DF-128; north: DF-205; east: BR-010), a situation that
reclassified with three break values: <20° (mechanically
hinders the movement of fauna and contributes to cases
agricultural), 45° (restricted use), and >45° (Permanent
of trampling around ESECAE, estimated at 2,464 deaths
Preservation Area), according to Louzada et al. (2013).
per year, of at least 100 species, including some
threatened species (Secretaria de Desenvolvimento The matrix layer image of the Permanent Preservation
Urbano e Meio Ambiente, 2008; Brasil, 2014b). Apart Area (Área de Preservação Permanente - APP),
from its importance for water sources protection, ESECAE corresponding just to the marginal range of water
is home to 67 species of mammals such as the maned resources, was generated using the vector drainage
wolf (Chrysocyon brachiurus), the puma (Puma data provided by IBRAM. We selected features classified
concolor), and anteater (Mymercophaga tridactyla), as perennial and generated a buffer with a radius of
classified as threatened species by the Ministry of 30m, the minimum width required by law 12.651/2012
the Environment (Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Urbano (New Forest Code) for rivers less than 10m wide,
e Meio Ambiente, 2008; Brasil, 2014b). In 2014, researchers representing potential APP areas.
recorded the sighting of an individual jaguar (Panthera
The matrix image of the road layer was generated
onca), a species that had not been observed in the
from the vector file of DER/DF (year 2012, scale 1:10.000),
region for a very long time (Instituto Chico Mendes
available in the metadata portal of the State Secretariat
de Conservação da Biodiversidade, 2015).
for Territorial Management and Housing (SEGETH),
According to Arimoro (2015), the Training Area of the Federal District of Brazil. The sections of road
of the 6th Group of Multiple Rocket Launchers - Astro were extended out to the limits of the study area and
II (CIF) is a military zone belonging to the Brazilian information related to paving was updated based on
Army and used to carry out training exercises. Located the Orthophoto of 2015 available by the Planning
in the municipality of Formosa, GO (Figure 1) its Commission of the Federal District (CODEPLAN).
approximate area is 117,000 ha with natural vegetation Identification of bridges was made and corresponding
cover formed by wooded cerrado, open savanna, segments were removed considering that underpasses
scrubland and forest gallery. A survey of medium and facilitate fauna movement and reduce the chances of
large mammals by Arimoro recorded 26 species, of which roadkill (Van Der Grift et al., 2013).
eight are classified as threatened, including those at
The land use and land cover data were obtained
the top predators such as jaguars and pumas.
from the project TerraClass Cerrado 2013 (Brasil, 2015),
The method used to generate the Ecological at scale 1:250,000. The classes of land use and land
Corridors between the two protected areas above was cover in the study area are: Annual Crop, Perennial
based on the geoprocessing tool ‘Least Cost Path’, Crop, Pasture, Water Bodies, Forestry, Urban Area,

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 4 SCHWAIDA SF et al.

Mosaic of Uses, Exposed Soil, Natural Vegetation and as well as the class weights for each layer-at a 1 to 9 scale,
Non-observed. Urban area and Mosaic of Uses were according to the values presented in Table 1.
considered as a single class in the analysis. The “Non- From the total cost matrix image, the Cost Distance
observed” class (0.1% of the total area) was verified and Cost Direction images were generated (Backlink), and
using RapidEye images from the year 2013 with 5m formed the basis for constructing the least-cost paths (Each
resolution. The importance degree for costs and layers Cell) and the best single path (Best Single). Results were
- necessary for the EC path generation - were defined vectorized and each path was analyzed individually as to
through Hierachical Analysis Process (AHP), development its length and intersection with the information classes,
by Saaty (2008). APP and Bridges. A buffer with a radius of 5% of the total
length of the path was also generated, for each corridor,
The cost-related assessment between each class in each
following Resolution CONAMA nº 9, of October 24, 1996,
layer, as well as the importance degree of each layer for the
which previously sets the EC width at 10% of its total
EC path generation was done by using comparison matrices
length. The total area of each corridor was calculated as
filled in with defined values, which were established based on well as its overlap with land use classes and rural property
the information available in the literature and consultation, by boundaries provided by IBRAM - data received by the agency
means of a survey of specialists in the field of biology and until May 2016, within the framework of the Rural
conservation, seeking a Consistency Ratio (CR) of less than Environmental Registry (CAR). Because this data was not
0.10, as described by Saaty (2008). From the normalized comparison officially validated, for the purposes of this work, verification
matrices, we calculated the final weights for the total cost matrix and correction were made for overlapping of features, and
image generated by Weighted Overlay tool, adding the weights gaps, between property boundaries with the aid of RapidEye
of each layer - in percentages with total sum equal to 100%- images, resolution 5m, year 2013.

Table 1 – Weights for each class (1-9 scale) and for each layer (%) used for the total cost raster and values for Consistency
Index (IC) and Consistency Ratio (RC). * Considering line segments corresponding to bridges were depleted, associated
cells received the least cost value considering they represent least cost crossing locations ** Weight for “Non-
observed” refers to the mean of weights of those classes identified in validation process (Exposed soil and Natural
Vegetation).
Tabela 1 – Pesos finais de cada classe (escala de 1 a 9) e peso de cada camada (%) na geração da imagem de custo
total e valores dos Índice de Consistência (IC) e Razão de Consistência (RC). * Considerando a retirada dos
segmentos correspondentes a pontes, as respectivas células receberam o menor valor de custo por representarem
pontos de menor custo para travessia da fauna. ** O valor da classe não observado equivale a média das classes
identificadas na validação (Solo exposto e Vegetação Natural).
Layer Layer weight Class Class weight Justification IC ; RC
Slope 5% >45° 1 Lower slope terrains are suitable for
20°-45° 3 mechanized agriculture, thus implying higher 0.01; 0.01
<20° 9 costs for corridors implementation.
Permanent 15% No 9 APP are appropriate areas for corridors.
Preservation Yes 1 Areas outside of APP increase -0.5; null
Area (APP) implementation cost
Roads 25% Absent 1* Paving favors higher vehicle flow
Unpaved 3 and increases impacts 0,03; 0,04
Paved 9 (disturbance, barrier, trampling)
Land use 55% Natural Vegetation 1
and cover Forestry 2
Urban areas constitute barriers for the
Pasture 3
majority of species.
Perennial crop 3
Non-observed 3** 0.13; 0.09
Annual crop 4 Fauna will preferably move through natural
Exposed Soil 5 environments and possibly through less
disturbed areas or with any vegetation cover,
Water bodies 6
such as reforestation and agriculture.
Urban area/ 9
Mosaic of uses

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3. RESULTS routes used at least one bridge, and corridor B used

two (Table 2).
The normalization of the Comparison Matrices
indicated the use and coverage of the soil as a major The buffer generated to represent EC in full
factor (55%) for generating Ecological Corridors and compliance with the CONAMA Resolution No. 9/1996
slope as the least important (5%). Regarding land use resulted in areas of 8,368.46 ha (A, smallest area), 12.294,24
and land cover classes, natural vegetation was considered ha (B) e 22.140,27 ha (C, biggest area). Overlap of the
the one with smaller impedance for fauna movement EC maximum area with land use and cover classes showed
(1), and urban area was the major impedance. Pasture the predominance of three classes: Natural vegetation,
and agricultural areas received intermediate values (3,4). with values ranging from 24.35% (C) to 35.64% (A);
Areas of perennial crop were considered less of an Annual crop with values ranging from 19.58% (A) to
impedance (3) than areas of annual crop (4). Weights 48.84% (C) and Pasture, with values ranging from 23.90%
assigned to each layer and each class of land use and (B) to 36.43% (A) (Table 2). In relation to rural properties,
cover are shown in Table 1. we opted to analyze only the path of lesser extent (A)
and the least cost path (B), because they would probably
The cost analysis generated four routes from the
present a lower implementation cost when compared
‘Each Cell’ option and a single best path from the ‘Best
to corridor C, the one with longest extension. Corridor
Single’ option (Figure 1). Two corridors presented a
A intersects 16 properties and its area covers 51
89% and 98% overlap with the best single path and
properties, totaling 4318.25 ha (51.60%) of the overlap.
were disregarded. Subsequent analyzes were limited
Corridor B, however, intersects 38 properties and totally
to three tracings named A, B (best single path) and
or partially covers 79 properties, totaling 6228.95 ha
C The length of these routes ranged from 28.88 km
(50.97%) of overlap (Figure 2; Table 2).
(A) to 47.34 km (C), with a stretch of 10 km common
to both corridors B and C. The routes intersection with
4. DISCUSSION
natural vegetation areas ranged from 74.43% (A) to
90.35% (B). All paths had more than 60% of the route The results in this work should be considered as
in potential APPs - 66.32% (A), 84.13% (B) and 86.26% predictive analysis of the viability of Ecological Corridors.
(C) – and in all of them more than 94% of the potential Although the criteria and processes used are based
APP zones corresponded to natural vegetation. All on experts’ opinion and on the literature, it is important

Figure 2 – Ecological Corridors (EC) A and B (best single

Figure 1 – Study area location and corridors A, B (best single path) over land cover classes and private properties
path) and C generated by cost path analysis. map.
Figura 1 – Localização da área de estudo e corredores A, Figura 2 – Corredores Ecológicos (CE) A e B (best single
B (best single path) e C gerados por meio de análise path) sobrepostos a mapa de uso e cobertura do
de custo. solo e limites de propriedades rurais.

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 6 SCHWAIDA SF et al.

Table 2 – General information about the generated corridors. * Percentage refers to paths full extension. When considered
only the extension inside APP, values change to: 94,38% (A), 95,85% (B), 97,23% (C). ** Perennial crop, Urban
area/Mosaic of uses, Water bodies, Forestry, Exposed soil, Non-observed.
Tabela 2 – Dados gerais dos corredores gerados. * A porcentagem refere-se à extensão total do traçado. Quando considerada
apenas a extensão do trecho em APP, os valores são: 94,38% (A), 95,85% (B), 97,23% (C). ** Agricultura
perene, Área urbana/Mosaico de ocupação, Corpo d´água, Silvicultura, Solo Exposto e Não observado.
Corridor A Corridor B(Best Single) Corridor C
Extension 28.88 km 34.51 km 47.34 km
Area 8,368.46 ha 12,294 ha 22,140.27 ha
Trace intersection Km % Km % Km %
Natural Vegetation 21.50 74.43 31.18 90.35 41.41 87.47
Potential APP 19.16 66.23 29.03 84.13 40.84 86.26
Preserved APP* 18.04 62.59 27.83 80.64 39.71 83.88
Paved Roads 1 un. 3 un. 5 un.
Unpaved roads 4 un. 4 un. 4 un.
Bridges 1 un. 2 un. 1 un.
Rural properties 16 un. 38 un. Not evaluated
Overlap area ha % ha % ha %
Natural Vegetation 2,982.80 35.64 4,057.28 33.00 5,390.26 24.36
Annual Agriculture 1,638.61 19.58 4,136.26 33.64 10,812.79 48.84
Pasture 3,048.40 36.43 3,644.01 29.64 5,290.92 23.90
Other classes** 698.64 8.35 456.69 3.71 649.3 2.92
Rural properties 4,318.25 51.60 6,228.95 50.97 Not evaluated

to validate this proposal with occurrence and movement The intersection with areas of natural vegetation
patterns data of target species in the indicated areas mostly in APP, certainly resulted from the addition of
(Chetkiewicz et al., 2006; Roy et al., 2010). Considering the APP layer with differentiated weight. This is appropriate
the lack of medium and large sized mammal records considering the well-consolidated land use of most
in the Federal District outside CU and immediate of the landscape and the legal obligation to maintain
surroundings, field efforts and interviews with residents these areas. (Tabarelli et al., 2005). In addition, APP
of the indicated areas could provide important information. is a habitat widely used by most species of mammals
in the Cerrado, with the exception of species that
The tools and processes used in the present study
preferentially use open habitats, including cultivated
were based on the work of Osborn and Parker (2003),
and pasture areas, such as deer (Ozotocerus bezoarticus)
Roy et al. (2010) Louzada et al. (2013), Ferrari et al.
and maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) (Vynne et
(2012) and Saito et al. (2016), prioritizing the selection
al., 2011; Arimoro, 2015).
of fragments of natural vegetation for the tracing of
the Ecological Corridor. While Saito et al. (2016) All corridors intersected at least one stretch under
proposed a corridor based on the identification of a bridge and at least one paved stretch, an important
the most appropriate spots through GIS and AHP method, result considering the strong presence of roads and
the other authors generated tracings using cost highways in the study area and the great impact of roads
analysis, assigning weights on a scale of 1 to 255 on wildlife, such as habitat loss and fragmentation,
(Roy et al., 2010) and 1 to 100 (Louzada et al., 2013; separation and barrier effects, behavioral changes and
Ferrari et al., 2012). The present analysis differs from roadkill (Lang and Blaschke, 2009; Rosa and Bager, 2013).
these works because it uses the AHP method to weight The points of intersection with roads must be compared
the class costs and the importance of the layers and, with the known points of fauna crossing and trampling,
as opposed to Louzada et al. (2013) and Ferrari et in order to validate or adjust the route, or implement
al. (2012), it considers agricultural areas as eligible measures to ensure the safe crossing of animals, such
for the movement of some species (Calaça et al., 2010; as installation of signs, underground passages and road
Vynne et al., 2011; Arimoro, 2015), based on the concept speed reduction (Clevenger et al., 2002; Osborn and
of functional connectivity (Forero-Medina and Vieira, Parker, 2003; Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Urbano
2009; Seoane et al., 2010). e Meio Ambiente, 2008; Roy et al., 2010).

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Challenges and strategies on ... 7

Due to the greater extension of corridor C and its Environmental Regularization Programs (Programa de
partial overlap with corridor B (best single path), the analysis Regulamentação Ambiental - PRA). Excess vegetation
of rural properties focused on the lowest cost (B) and may be recognized as Environmental Reserve Quotas
lowest extension (A) routes. Path B, although intersecting (CRA) nominative titles comprising one hectare of native
three paved roads and 38 properties, presented the highest vegetation that can be purchased for compensation
intersection value with natural vegetation (90.35%). Corridor by owners in an irregular situation (Brasil, 2012;
A, although intersecting less paved roads (1) and properties Sambuichi et al., 2014). The orientation of the PRA
(16), showed smaller intersection with natural vegetation and the CRA market in the study area could consider
(62.59%), which would require a greater effort for its the biodiversity component regarding the positioning
implementation in terms of structural connectivity. Although of Legal Reserves, including opportunity cost analysis,
corridor B represents the lowest accumulated cost, the seeking to maintain and recover areas for the
two tracings could be treated as two complementary implementation of corridors A and B.
alternatives for connectivity of the study area, mainly The official data used in this study - TerraClass
through the maintenance and recovery of APP (Tabarelli Project, roads and highways and hydrography and
and Gascon, 2005). CAR data - met the needs of the analyzes, demonstrating
Corridors A and B intersect the area in which IBRAM their potential of use for the planning of actions for
proposed a Conservation Unit (Unidade de Conservação biodiversity. The generation, organization and availability
- UC), the Visconde de Porto Seguro Wildlife Refuge, of spatial data should be encouraged and supported,
reinforcing its potential for conservation (Secretaria as well as capacity building for public managers in
de Desenvolvimento Urbano e Meio Ambiente, 2008). the use of available GIS data and tools (Lang and
The proposal, however, has been stopped since 2008 Blaschke, 2009).
due to the difficulty of implementation and by Finally, it is important to mention that the spatial
determination of the Court of Auditors of the Federal scale difference between the input data as well as the
District (IBRAM, personal communication). The use of small-scale data (1: 250,000), can influence the
implementation of Ecological Corridors depends on final result of the analysis. If the approximation of the
Political decision-making and involves land issues. analysis at the property level is considered, the data
The situation of consolidated use of most of the studied should be compatible at a 1: 50,000 scale, as recommended
landscape requires solutions that avoid expropriation in Ministry of the Environment Normative Instruction
and conflicts, like sustainable use UCs, or actions under No. 2/2014 (Brasil, 2014a). However, the available data
the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) or Environmental for multidisciplinary analyzes are rarely suitable or
Regularization Programs (Iwama et al., 2014). compatible and besides that, free data with greater
The fact that more than half of the corridors areas detail or higher resolution are rarer due to the cost
overlap to agriculture and pasture areas reveals the for its production (Wu and Li, 2009).
difficulty of implementing EC’s with a preferred width
5. CONCLUSION
of 10% of the total length. Implementation actions could,
at a minimum, seek to maintain the current vegetation The methodology developed and employed in this
in corridor areas and ensure the minimum width of 100m work, using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in addition
required by CONAMA Resolution No. 9/1996, although to cost analysis tools with the proposed weight and
a minimum width of 300m is recommended by some cost values proved to be efficient in determining paths
authors to increase the quality of the corridors (Tabarelli for the implementation of Ecological Corridors. The
and Gascon, 2005). use of a layer related to the Permanent Protection Areas
(APP) made it possible to identify lower implementation
The use of CAR information, although incomplete,
costs routes, intersecting vegetated areas with legal
shows its potential for environmental planning and
protection.
conservation of biodiversity and leads to analysis at
the level of rural properties. With CAR, the environmental For the implementation of the Águas Emendadas-
agency can identify properties in disagreement with Formosa Military Training Area Ecological Corridor,
the legislation, and may suggest adherence to the analysis of the B-path, and A-path as an alternative

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 8 SCHWAIDA SF et al.

or complementary path, should be done considering Jurídicos. Poder Legislativo. Lei n° 12.651 de 15 de
land and political aspects involved. The results obtained maio de 2012. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 15
in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment de maio de 2012.
should be validated and adjusted if necessary through
comparison with occurrence and movement data of Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Instrução
Normativa nº 2, de 06 de maio de 2014. Diário
target species in the corridor area, as well as roadkill
Oficial da União, Brasília, 7 de maio de 2014a.
records. Official data used for this analysis, despite
possible accuracy issues derived from the multiple Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Lista
scales input data, have met the needs and have great Nacional Oficial de Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas
potential of use for broader analyzes for biodiversity de Extinção. Portaria nº 444, de 17 de dezembro de
conservation. 2014. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 18 de
dezembro de 2014b.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Mapeamento
Thanks to the Ministry of the Environment for do uso e cobertura do Cerrado: Projeto TerraClass
encouraging and sponsoring training, and to IBRAM Cerrado 2013/MMA/SBF. Brasília: MMA; 2015.
for the access to of data. Thanks to ESRI for the use
of the Toolkit that is composed of the ArcGis 10.x Family Calaça A, Melo F, Marco P Jr, Jácomo AT, Silveira L.
through Contract No. 2011 MLK 8733, and the IMAGE A influência da fragmentação sobre a distribuição de
for the support and feasibility of achieving the terms carnívoros em uma paisagem de cerrado. Neotropical
of use between the Institute of Geosciences and ESRI Biology and Conservation. 2010;1(5):31-8. http://
dx.doi.org/10.4013/nbc.2010.51.05.
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