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    Critical Speed of Shafts

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    sachmaya
    The critical (whirling) speed of a shaft is the speed at which small initial deflections of the shaft increase greatly due to centrifugal forces equaling the elastic restoring forces. This critical speed depends on the shaft's dimensions, material, and loads. It can be calculated using the shaft's mass, stiffness, and length. Above the critical speed, deflections increase significantly and whirling occurs. Below this speed, deflections are much smaller. The document provides formulas and diagrams to calculate critical speed for different shaft configurations, including shafts with central or non-central masses supported by bearings.

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    Critical Speed of Shafts

    Uploaded by

    sachmaya
    480 views6 pages
    The critical (whirling) speed of a shaft is the speed at which small initial deflections of the shaft increase greatly due to centrifugal forces equaling the elastic restoring forces. This critical speed depends on the shaft's dimensions, material, and loads. It can be calculated using the shaft's mass, stiffness, and length. Above the critical speed, deflections increase significantly and whirling occurs. Below this speed, deflections are much smaller. The document provides formulas and diagrams to calculate critical speed for different shaft configurations, including shafts with central or non-central masses supported by bearings.

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    The critical (whirling) speed of a shaft is the speed at which small initial deflections of the shaft increase greatly due to centrifugal forces equaling the elastic restoring forces. This critical speed depends on the shaft's dimensions, material, and loads. It can be calculated using the shaft's mass, stiffness, and length. Above the critical speed, deflections increase significantly and whirling occurs. Below this speed, deflections are much smaller. The document provides formulas and diagrams to calculate critical speed for different shaft configurations, including shafts with central or non-central masses supported by bearings.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    480 views6 pages

    Critical Speed of Shafts

    Uploaded by

    sachmaya
    The critical (whirling) speed of a shaft is the speed at which small initial deflections of the shaft increase greatly due to centrifugal forces equaling the elastic restoring forces. This critical speed depends on the shaft's dimensions, material, and loads. It can be calculated using the shaft's mass, stiffness, and length. Above the critical speed, deflections increase significantly and whirling occurs. Below this speed, deflections are much smaller. The document provides formulas and diagrams to calculate critical speed for different shaft configurations, including shafts with central or non-central masses supported by bearings.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Critical (Whirling) Speed Of Shafts

    Introduction

    For a rotating shaft there is a speed at which, for any small initial deflection, the centripetral force
    is equal to the elastic restoring force. At this point the deflection increases greatly and the shaft is
    said to "whirl". Below and above this speed this effect is very much reduced. This critical
    (whirling speed) is dependent on the shaft dimensions, the shaft material and the shaft loads . The
    critical speed is the same as the frequency of traverse vibrations.

    The critical speed Ncof a shaft is simply

    Where m = the mass of the shaft assumed concentrated at single point .


    k is the stiffness of the shaft to traverse vibrations

    For a horizontal shaft this can be expressed as

    Where y = the static deflection at the location of the concentrated mass

    Symbols
    m = Mass (kg)
    Nc = critical speed (rev/s )
    g = acceleration due to gravity (m.s-2 )
    O = centroid location
    G = Centre of Gravity location
    L = Length of shaft

    E = Young's Modulus (N/m2)


    I = Second Moment of Area (m4)
    y = deflection from δ with shaft rotation = ω
    δ static deflection (m)
    ω = angular velocity of shaft (rads/s)

    Theory

    Consider a rotating horizontal shaft with a central mass (m) which has a centre of gravity
    (G)slightly away from the geometric centroid(O)
    The centrifugal force on the shaft = m ω 2(y + e) and the inward pull exerted by the shaft = y
    (48EI / L 3).
    Reference Beam theory - Deflection
    The more general formulea for the restoring traverse force of the beam is y (K EI / L 3) where K =
    a constant depending on the position of the mass and the end fixing conditions.

    Equating these forces...

    When the denominator = 0 ,that is [ KEI / m ω 2 L 3 ] = 1 , the deflection becomes infinite and
    whirling takes place.

    The whirling or critical speed is therefore.

    For a simply supported beam with a central mass K = 48 .. See examples below

    Substituting ω c 2 for KEI /mL3 in the above equation for y results in the following equation
    which relates the angular velocity with the deflection.

    This is plotted below..


    This curve shows the deflection of the shaft (from the static deflection position) at any speed ω in
    terms of the critical speed.

    When ω < ωc the deflection y and e have the same sign that is G lies outside of O. When ω > ωc
    then y and e are of opposite signs and G lies between the centre of the rotating shaft and the static
    deflection curve. At high speed G will move such that it tends to coincide with the static
    deflection curve.

    Cantilever rotating mass

    Mass of shaft neglected

    Central rotating mass- Long Bearings

    Mass of shaft neglected


    Central rotating mass - Short Bearings

    Mass of shaft neglected

    Non-Central rotating mass - Short Bearings

    Mass of shaft neglected


    Cantilevered Shaft

    m = mass /unit length

    Shaft Between short bearings

    m = mass /unit length


    Shaft Between long bearings

    m = mass /unit length

    Combined loading

    This is known as Dunkerley's method an is based on the theory of superposition....

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