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Nedjadi1993 PDF
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1. Introduction
formalism is first applied to the free-particle case, to calculate the DKP spherical waves
needed in scattering problems, and then to the bound state problem of a charged
pion in the Coulomb field of an atomic nucleus.
2. Definition
$=(o
0 0
0)
p i = (-Oi
PT
9) i=1,2,3
where
0 0
e = ( ; ;)
-1
.I=( 0 0 0)
0 -1 0 0 0 -1
p2=(o 0 0) p3=(o 0 0)
with 4 = $too as the adjoint spinor for which qo = 2pDa- 1. The continuity
equation one gets from (1) and (4),
8J4P’Q) = 0 (5)
O n the properties of the Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau equation 89
j’ = q p v =i
2m (4ppwav+ - a , w p ~ + ) (6)
and using (l), (2) and (4) while separating the U = p terms from the U # p ones
yields
3.’ - ‘P
+jt;’ (7a)
where
= 3,’’
- i
.P
3,=, , - - (4(8’+)- (a’$)+)
2m
The j;=’ current does not have any p matrix and the corresponding expressions for p
and j are formally identical to those in the Schradinger theory. This is the convection
component of the DKP current &P+. The other component, (j& is
(pint,jint)),
associated to some internal motion since it involves average values of combinations
of the internal variables p’. We suggest in a study of a DKP particle in an
electromagnetic field [12] that 4[$,p]$ and G(p A p ) $ are associated with a
polarization density P and a magnetization density M, respectively, in such a way
.
that pint= -V P and jin, = i- V A M .
3.2. Solutwns of the DKP equation for a free S = 0 particle
If one seeks stationary solutions such as +(T) = u(k)e-i(Et-”.‘) = u(k)e-ik’s, the
free DKP equation can be expressed as
(E-m)u(k)=O (8)
where B = p’k and u(k) is a 5-component DW spinor independent of 2. In
Hamiltonian f o d , it can be shown from (1) and (2) to be
Hu = ( 6 - k + ~ a m ) u =E u (9)
90 Y Nedjadi and R C Bamett
Nu=
(
O
m
0
0
0
m
0
-k,
-kz
-IC3
0
-k,
0
0
0
0
-k2
0
0
0
:
-k3
0
0
(10)
s,= (0 0)
sk
= -i(6Ak)
[W,L] (13)
instead of 0. This implies that there is some missing angular momentum. Since
[H, S] = i(6 A k) (14)
it is only the total angular momentum (J = L + S ) which is conserved, i.e.
[ H , J ] = 0. (15)
Just as in the Dirac case, the Hamiltonian of this free spinless boson commutes with
the helicity operator, i.e.
- k
[H,S.b]=O (k==). (16)
It should be noted, however, that these unusual states are not measurable since
the expectation values of Sz, S, and S.b are zero in all the DKF' spin states.
Whereas the Dirac spinors are 4-component vectors reflecting the 2(2x 1) = 4 $+
degrees of freedom, the DKP spinor for spinless bosons has 5 components for only 2
degrees of freedom. The three lower components of the DKP spinor, which reflect the
presence of these extra degrees of freedom, were defined as redundant components
in earlier work [13,14]. In the context of pion-nucleus interactions, we propose a
physically more appealing interpretation of this massless spin-one object coupled to
the spinless DKP boson as the space part of the pionic axial current [15].
On the properties of the Duffin-Kemmer-IPtiau equation 91
with O(t' - t) being the unit step function. If one denotes by u(k) the normalized
particle spinor of (8) and by U( k) the spinor of the anti-particle, then
Note that IC' N ki. G,,(r,r') appears in the form of the product of the usual free
Green's function with the positiveenergy DKP projection operator.
92 Y Nedjadi and R C Barrefr
The solution of the DKP equation for a particle in a central field needs consideration
since earlier work [l-31 involved solving a Schriidinger- or KG-equivalent equation
solely to determine eigenvalues with no procedure to construct and compute the full
DKP wavefunction. We discuss here some general properties of the DKF’ wavefunction
for a spinless boson bound in a spherically symmetric potential. The formulation
discussed below can be extended to vector-boson DKP problems.
4.1. Formalism
We assume the central interaction to be the sum of a Lorentz scalar (U;) and a
time-lie vector (U:) potential. The stationary states of the DKP particle in this case
are determined by solving
which is a form somewhat analogous to the one often used for the Dirac equation.
Using the definition of [16], the second equation which couples and $qWcr
without involving the energy (or the time derivative in general) IS known as a
subsidiary condition of the first kind. More explicitly, equation (U)
is
+
(mc2 Us)4 = ( E - U:)v + hcV .A
h c V 4 = ( m e z + U,)A
+ US)V= ( E - U;)+
(4
where A is the vector (A,, A,, As).
In all eigenstates of (25), the total angular momentum J = L + S,that is,
J = ( ”0 L+s )
which commutes with p”, is a constant of the motion, i.e.
-
d (?,@”+) = 0.
dt
On the properties of the Dufin-Kemmer-Petiau equation 93
The full DKP spinor $ is not an eigenstate of Lz which is not a constant of motion.
However, L2 is equal to J z when it acts separately on so that any eigenfunction
of Jz is also an eigenfunction of Lz.If the eigenvalue of L2 acting on $upper
is tup,(lup,t 1) then tup.= J. On the other hand, this does not hold for $lowe,.
The most general eigensolution of (25) is therefore
where Y J M ( R )is the spherical harmonics of order J and Y J y , ( R ) stands for the
normalized vector spherical harmonics [17]
Inserting + J M ( ~ )as given in (32) into (28) while using the properties of vector
spherical harmonics [18] below
the spin-angular functions drop out and one gets the following set of first-order
coupled differential radial equations
94 Y Nedjadi and R C Barref1
1
=-
hC ((mC2t 'S)fmJ - U:)g.J).
-(E (354
= -1( ( m c ' + U , ) F ( r ) - ( E - U , O ) G ( r ) ) .
tic (374
Whereas this system of radial equations is particular to the assumed Lorent?. scalar-
vector potentials, the method developed here to derive it can be used for interactions
of any Lorentz type provided they are spherically symmetric. The nature of the
coupling between the differential equations reflects the extent to which the assumed
interaction mixes the different components of the DKP spinor between themselves.
The radial wavefunetions in (37) are constrained in such a way that the full DKP
spinor must satisfy the normalization condition
/GJ,w(r)Pod'J,w(r)dT =1 (38)
Jd- 1
Re[F'(r)G(r)]dr = -.
2 (39)
\o 0 0 0 -1/
On the properties of the Dufin-Kemmer-Petiau equation 95
and P(’)is the ‘orbital parity’ operator (i.e. P(.)+(T)= + ( - r ) ) . The parity of YJM
and Y?,-,,,is ( - l ) J t l so
is (-1), and the parity of the irrotational fields Y,~,,,,
that
Even though the two upper components and three lower ones have opposite parities,
$J M ( ~ has
) a well defined parity of (- 1) J .
( m 2 F - EG) . (42d)
r
Eliminating G, HI and H-, in favor of F, one obtains the second-order
differential equation
This equation is the free radial KG wave equation and it would coincide with the
free radial Schrodinger equation if E2- m2c4were replaced by 2mc2e, E being the
non-relativistic energy. Equation (43) therefore verifies the consistency of the system
of coupled differential equations (37).
For any positive value of E* - m2c4, (43) has only one regular solution.
Introducing Icc = JEz - m2c4 (IEI 2 me2) and p = kr/ti, the regular solution
is
F(p)=Npjj(p) (44)
where j , is the Bessel function of order J and N is a normalization constant. Using
(42) together with known properties of the Bessel functions, the remaining radial
wavefunctions are found to be
96 Y Nedjadi and R C Barreft
QJ (dp- -
P
Hl
with
Equation (49) appears as the radial KG equation for a point-charge Coulomb fieldt.
If one identifies J ( J + 1) - yZ with e,(e, +
l), equation (49) coincides with the
radial Schrodinger equation for a Coulomb interaction whose physically acceptable
solutions are expressed in terms of Laguene polynomials.
t This provides a further verification of the mnsislency of the set of coupled differential radial equations
(37) since, for a lime-like torentz vector interaction, the second order differential equation obtained for
the first component of the DW spinor from (28) is equivalent to the corresponding KG equation.
On the properfies of fhe Dufin-Kemmer-Pefiau equafion 97
0.20 , I I
Figure 1. DKP radial wavefundions for the 36 Figure 2. Comparison of the Klein-Gordon and
pion-atomic state of Bi (2 = 83 ). the upper DW radial wavefunctions for the 3d pion-
atomic state of Bi.
Acknowledgment
The financial support of SERC through GR/F/4105.1 is gratefully acknowledged.
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