10

Object-Oriented Systems
Analysis and Design
Using UML
Systems Analysis and Design, 8e
Kendall & Kendall

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

 Learning Objectives

• Understand what object-oriented systems analysis

and design is and appreciate its usefulness.
• Comprehend the concepts of unified modeling
language (UML), the standard approach for modeling
a system in the object-oriented world.
• Apply the steps used in UML to break down the
system into a use case model and then a class
model.
• Diagram systems with the UML toolset so they can be
described and properly designed.
• Document and communicate the newly modeled
object-oriented system to users and other analysts.

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 Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design
• Works well in situations where
complicated systems are undergoing
continuous maintenance, adaptation,
and design
• Objects, classes are reusable
• The Unified Modeling Language (UML)
is an industry standard for modeling
object-oriented systems.

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 Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design (Continued)
• Reusability
• Recycling of program parts should reduce
the costs of development in computer-
based systems.
• Maintaining systems
• Making a change in one object has a
minimal impact on other objects.

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 Major Topics

• Object-oriented concepts
• CRC cards and object think
• Unified Modeling Language
• Use case and other UML diagrams
• Packages
• Using UML

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 Object-Oriented Concepts

• Objects
• Classes
• Inheritance

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 Objects

• Persons, places, or things that are

relevant to the system being analyzed
• May be customers, items, orders, and
so on
• May be GUI displays or text areas on a
display

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 Classes

• Defines the set of shared attributes and

behaviors found in each object in the class
• Should have a name that differentiates it
from all other classes
• Instantiate is when an object is created from
a class.
• An attribute describes some property that is
possessed by all objects of the class.
• A method is an action that can be requested
from any object of the class.

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 An Example of a UML Class: A Class Is Depicted as a
Rectangle Consisting of the Class Name, Attributes, and
Methods (Figure 10.1)

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 Inheritance

• When a derived class inherits all the

attributes and behaviors of the base
class
• Reduces programming labor by using
common objects easily
• A feature only found in object-oriented
systems

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 A Class Diagram Showing Inheritance (Figure 10.2)

Car and truck are specific

examples of vehicles and
inherit the characteristics of
the more general class
vehicle.

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 CRC Cards and Object Think

• CRC
• Class
• Responsibilities
• Collaborators
• CRC cards are used to represent the
responsibilities of classes and the
interaction between the classes.

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 Four CRC Cards for Course Offerings Show How Analysts Fill in the
Details for Classes, Responsibilities, and Collaborators, as well as for
Object Think Statements and Property Names (Figure 10.3)

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 Interacting during a CRC Session

• Identify all the classes you can.

• Create scenarios.
• Identify and refine responsibilities.

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 The Unified Modeling Language
(UML) Concepts and Diagrams
• Things
• Relationships
• Diagrams

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 Things

• Structural things are

• Classes, interfaces, use cases, and other elements that
provide a way to create models
• They allow the user to describe relationships
• Behavioral things
• Describe how things work
• Interactions and state machines
• Group things
• Used to define boundaries
• Annotational things
• Can add notes to the diagrams

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 Relationships

• Structural relationships
• Tie things together in structural diagrams
• Behavioral relationships
• Used in behavioral diagrams

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 Structural Relationships

• Dependencies
• Aggregations
• Associations
• Generalizations

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 Behavioral Relationships

• Communicates
• Includes
• Extends
• Generalizes

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 Diagrams

• Structural diagrams
• Used to describe the relation between
classes
• Behavior diagrams
• Used to describe the interaction between
people (actors) and a use case (how the
actors use the system)

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 Structural Diagrams

• Class diagrams
• Object diagrams
• Component diagrams
• Deployment diagrams

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 Behavioral Diagrams

• Use case diagrams

• Sequence diagrams
• Collaboration diagrams
• Statechart diagrams
• Activity diagrams

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 An Overall View of UML and its Components: Things,
Relationships, and Diagrams (Figure 10.4)

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 Commonly Used UML Diagrams

• Use case diagram

• Describing how the system is used
• The starting point for UML modeling
• Use case scenario
• A verbal articulation of exceptions to the main
behavior described by the primary use case
• Activity diagram
• Illustrates the overall flow of activities

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 Commonly Used UML Diagrams
(Continued)
• Sequence diagrams
• Show the sequence of activities and class
relationships.
• Class diagrams
• Show classes and relationships.
• Statechart diagrams
• Show the state transitions.

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 An Overview of UML Diagrams Showing How Each
Diagram Leads to the Development of Other UML
Diagrams (Figure 10.5)

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 Use Case Modeling

• Describes what the system does, without

describing how the system does it
• Based on the interactions and relationships of
individual use cases
• Use case describes
• Actor
• Event
• Use case

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 A Use Case Example of Student
Enrollment (Figure 10.6)

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 A Use Case Scenario Is Divided into Three Sections:
Identification and Initiation, Steps Performed, and
Conditions, Assumptions, and Questions (Figure 10.7)

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 Activity Diagrams

• Show the sequence of activities in a process,

including sequential and parallel activities,
and decisions that are made.
• Symbols
• Rectangle with rounded ends
• Arrow
• Diamond
• Long, flat rectangle
• Filled-in circle
• Black circle surrounded by a white circle
• Swimlanes

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 Specialized Symbols Are Used to Draw an
Activity Diagram (Figure 10.8)

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 Creating Activity Diagrams

• Created by asking what happens first, what

happens second, and so on
• Must determine what activities are done in
sequence or in parallel
• The sequence of activities can be determined
from physical data flow diagrams.
• Can be created by examining all the scenarios
for a use case

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 Swimlanes

• Useful to show how the data must be

transmitted or converted
• Help to divide up the tasks in a team
• Makes the activity diagram one that
people want to use to communicate
with others

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 This Activity Diagram Shows Three Swimlanes: Client
Web Page, Web Server, and Mainframe (Figure 10.9)

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 Activity Diagrams and Test Plans

• Activity diagrams may be used to

construct test plans.
• Each event must be tested to see if the
system goes to the next state.
• Each decision must be tested.

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 Activity Diagrams Not Created for
All Use Cases
• Use an activity diagram when:
• It helps to understand the activities of a
use case
• The flow of control is complex
• There is a need to model workflow
• When all scenarios for a use case need to
be shown

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 Sequence Diagrams

• Illustrate a succession of interactions

between classes or object instances
over time
• Often used to show the processing
described in use case scenarios
• Used to show the overall pattern of the
activities or interactions in a use case

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 Specialized Symbols Used to Draw a
Sequence Diagram (Figure 10.10)

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 A Sequence Diagram for Student Admission: Sequence
Diagrams Emphasize the Time Ordering of Messages
(Figure 10.11)

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 Communication Diagrams

• Describes the interactions of two or more

things in the system that perform a behavior
that is more than any one of the things can
do alone
• Shows the same information as a sequence
diagram, but may be more difficult to read
• Emphasizes the organization of objects
• Made up of objects, communication links, and
the messages that can be passed along those
links

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 A Communication Diagram for Student
Admission (Figure 10.12)

Communication diagrams show the same information that is depicted in

a sequence diagram but emphasize the organization of objects rather
than the time ordering.

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 Class Diagrams

• Show the static features of the system

and do not represent any particular
processing.
• Show the nature of the relationships
between classes.
• Show data storage requirements as well
as processing requirements.

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 Class Diagrams (Continued)

• Classes
• Attributes
• Private
• Public
• Protected
• Methods
• Standard
• Custom

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 A Class Diagram for Course Offerings: The Filled-In
Diamonds Show Aggregation and the Empty Diamond
Shows a Whole-Part Relationship (Figure 10.13)

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 Method Overloading

• Including the same method (or

operation) several times in a class
• The same method may be defined more
than once in a given class, as long as
the parameters sent as part of the
message are different.

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 Types of Classes

• Entity classes
• Interface classes
• Abstract classes
• Control classes

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 Entity Classes

• Represent real-world items

• The entities represented on an entity-
relationship diagram

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 Interface or Boundary Classes

• Provide a means for users to work with

the system.
• Human interfaces may be a display,
window, Web form, dialogue box,
touch-tone telephone, or other way for
users to interact with the system.
• System interfaces involve sending data
to or receiving data from others.

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 Abstract Classes

• Linked to concrete classes in a

generalization/specialization relationship
• Cannot be directly instantiated

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 Control Classes

• Used to control the flow of activities

• Many small control classes can be used
to achieve classes that are reusable.

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 Presentation, Business, and
Persistence Layers
• Sequence diagrams may be discussed using
three layers:
• Presentation layer, what the user sees,
corresponding to the interface or boundary
classes.
• Business layer, containing the unique rules for this
application, corresponding roughly to control
classes.
• Persistence or data access layer, for obtaining and
storing data, corresponding to the entity classes.

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 Defining Messages and Methods

• Each message may be defined using a

notation similar to that described for
the data dictionary.
• The methods may have logic defined
using structured English, a decision
table, or a decision tree.

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 A Sequence Diagram for Using Two Web Pages: One for
Student Information, One for Course Information
(Figure 10.15 )

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 Create Sequence Diagrams

• Include the actor from the use case diagram.

• Define one or more interface classes for each
actor.
• Each use case should have one control class.
• Examine the use case to see what entity
classes are required.
• The sequence diagram may be modified
when doing detailed design.

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 Creating a Test Plan from a
Sequence Diagram
• Does each method return correct results?
• Ensure that entity classes store or obtain the
correct attribute values.
• Verify that all JavaScript paths work correctly.
• Ensure that the server control classes work
correctly.
• Ask, “What may fail?”
• Determine what to do if something can fail.

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 Relationships

• The connections between classes

• Associations
• Whole/part

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 An Example of an Associative Class in Which a Particular
Section Defines the Relationship between a Student and
a Course (Figure 10.18)

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 Associations

• The simplest type of relationship

• Association classes are those that are
used to break up a many-to-many
association between classes.
• An object in a class may have a
relationship to other objects in the
same class, called a reflexive
association.

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 Whole/Part Relationships

• When one class represents the whole

object, and other classes represent
parts
• Categories
• Aggregation
• Collection
• Composition

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 Aggregation

• A “has a” relationship
• Provides a means of showing that the
whole object is composed of the sum of
its parts

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 Collection

• Consists of a whole and its members

• Members may change, but the whole
retains its identity
• A weak association

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 Composition

• The whole has a responsibility for the

parts, and is a stronger relationship.
• If the whole is deleted, all parts are
deleted.

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 An Example of Whole-Part and
Aggregation Relationships (Figure 10.19)

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 Generalization/Specialization
Diagrams
• Generalization
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Abstract classes
• Messages

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 Generalization

• Describes a relationship between a general kind of

thing and a more specific kind of thing
• Described as an “is a” relationship
• Used for modeling class inheritance and specialization
• General class is a parent, base, or superclass
• Specialized class is a child, derived, or subclass

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 Inheritance

• Helps to foster reuse

• Helps to maintain existing program
code

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 Polymorphism

• The capability of an object-oriented program

to have several versions of the same method
with the same name within a
superclass/subclass relationship
• The subclass method overrides the superclass
method.
• When attributes or methods are defined more
than once, the most specific one is used.

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 Abstract Classes

• Abstract classes are general classes.

• No direct objects or class instances, and
is only used in conjunction with
specialized classes
• Usually have attributes and may have a
few methods

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A Generalization/Specification Diagram
Is a Refined Form of a Class Diagram
(Figure 10.20)

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 Finding Classes

• During interviewing or JAD sessions

• During facilitated team sessions
• During brainstorming sessions
• Analyzing documents and memos
• Examining use cases, looking for nouns

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 Determining Class Methods

• Standard methods
• Examine a CRUD matrix

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 Messages

• Used to send information by an object in one

class to an object in another class
• Acts as a command, telling the receiving class
to do something
• Consists of the name of the method in the
receiving class, as well as the attributes that
are passed with the method name
• May be thought of as an output or an input

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 Statechart Diagrams

• Used to examine the different states that an object

may have
• Created for a single class
• Objects are created, go through changes, and are deleted or
removed.
• Objects
• States
• Events
• Signals or asynchronous messages
• Synchronous
• Temporal events

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 Statechart Diagrams
(Continued)
• Created when:
• A class has a complex life cycle.
• An instance of a class may update its
attributes in a number of ways through the
life cycle.
• A class has an operational life cycle.
• Two classes depend on each other.
• The object’s current behavior depends on
what happened previously.

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 A Statechart Diagram Showing How a Student
Progresses from a Potential Student to a Graduated
Student (Figure 10.22)

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 Packages

• Containers for other UML things

• Show system partitioning
• Can be component packages
• Can be physical subsystems
• Use a folder symbol
• May have relationships

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 Use Cases Can Be Grouped into
Packages (Figure 10.23)

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 Putting UML to Work

The steps used in UML are:

• Define the use case model.
• Continue UML diagramming to model the system
during the systems analysis phase.
• Develop the class diagrams.
• Draw statechart diagrams.
• Begin systems design by refining the UML
diagrams.
• Document your system design in detail.

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 Summary

• Object-oriented systems
• Objects
• Classes
• Inheritance
• CRC cards
• UML and use case modeling
• Components of UML
• Things
• Relationships
• Diagrams

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 Summary (Continued)

• UML diagrams
• Use case diagrams
• Activity diagrams
• Sequence diagrams
• Communication diagrams
• Class diagrams
• Statechart diagrams
• Using UML

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