PRACTICE TEST 1

A. MULTILE CHOICE
I. PHONOLOGY
Part 1: Choose the word (A, B, C or D) whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others.
1. A. profusion B. prodigality C. proliferation D. profundity
2. A. long-legged B. accursed C. wretched D. pursed
3. A. commiserate B. exacerbate C. ameliorate D. penultimate
4. A. accumulate B. altocumulus C. encumbrance D. ecumenical
5. A. scissors B. connoisseur C. dessertspoon D. dispossess

Part 2: Choose the word (A, B, C or D) whose main stressed syllable is placed differently from that of the others.
6. A. convoluted B. pedagogy C. surfeit D. superfluous
7. A. aggrandisement B. anachronism C. adumbrate D. assuage
8. A. manatee B. apogee C. bumblebee D. harambee
9. A. antiquity B. anticipate C. antipathy D. antiquated
10. A. analysis B. antithesis C. diagnosis D. parenthesis

II. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES: Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.
11. The city _____ at one time prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.
A. must have been B. was C. should have been D. may have been
12. It is necessary that he _____ the book.
A. doesn’t find B. find C. didn’t find D. finds
13. Sue: “What would you do in my place?”
Sam: “Were _____ treated like that, I'd complain to the manager.”
A. To I be B. I to had been C. I have been D. I to be
14. "I overslept and was late for work again!"
"You’d _____ that clock fixed; it hasn't worked over a week now."
A. better to have B. better have C. rather have D. rather had
15. I'm _____ my brother is.
A. nowhere like so ambitious B. nothing as ambitious than
C. nothing near as ambitious as D. nowhere near as ambitious as
16. I know you didn't want to upset me but I’d sooner you _____ the whole truth yesterday.
A. could have told B. told B. have told D. had told
17. It was _____ a victory that even Smith's fans couldn't believe it.
A. such surprising B. so surprising C. too surprising D. surprising
18. Efforts to provide equal opportuninites for minorities in the United States _____ from the Civil Rights Acts of 1964.
A. may be said to date B. dating C. may say to date D. to date my be said
19. _____ the strength of the earthwake that few building were left standing in the town.
A. So was B. Such was C. It was such D. It was so much
20. It was such a loud noise _____ everyboday in the house.
A. as to wake B. that to wake C. so as to wake D. that waking

III. PHRASAL VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS: Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.
21. The company was rife _____ rumours concerning possible redundancies.
A. for B. on C. about D. with
22. The launching of the Soviet Sputnik in 1957 _____ a subsequent space race with the US.
A. blew up B. finished off C. touched off D. wrapped up
23. _____ the future, I think we’ll just have to wait and see.
A. Without regard to B. As regards C. Having regard to D. Regardless of
24. Labour unions and the company _____ in a confrontation over plans to curb benefits.
A. caught up B. faced off C. carried away D. showed up
25. Large audiences make me nervous and I tend to _____ over my words.
A. stagger B. shuffle C. fumble D. stumble
26. He had his money _____ in a secure bank account.
A. hammered away at B. jabbered about C. slaved away D. squirreled away
27. The elections had clearly been fixed since the number of votes did not _____ with that of voters.
A. tie B. equal C. tally D. total
28. He hit the other boy reluctantly as his friends _____ him on.
A. happened B. egged C. ground D. played
29. It’s never a good idea to _____ your hopes on winning the lottery.
A. pin B. raise C. dash D. abandon
30. The poor old woman couldn’t _____ through after the operation and passed away
A. muddle B. plough C. pull D. run

IV. VOCABULARY: Choose the best option to complete the following sentences. (20)
31. He is making every possible effort to _____ his opponent.
A. best B. well C. better D. good
32. It was imperative for the authorities to _____ the epidemic.
A. succeed B. localize C. spread D. define
33. His efforts, though futile, are still _____.
A. refined B. intimidated C. pious D. commendable
34. He was reserved by nature, even _____.
A. cordial B. morose C. amiable D. approachable
35. Misuse of the world's resources is one of the _____ issues of our times.
A. burning B. heating C. firing D. boiling
36. That was an act of epic _____.
A. validity B. price C. valour D. location
37. What he did to support our cause was a small but _____ gesture.
A. significant B. stout C. obvious D. indecent
38. The vegetation on the island was _____.
A. exuberant B. chivalrous C. overcast D. ingenious
39. He was regarded as the most _____ of contemporary writers of fiction.
A. dense B. daring C. extensive D. imaginary
40. Ronald had the _____ to blame his teachers for his failure.
A. concern B. chivalry C. regard D. audacity
41. Poor _____ led to the pilot's decision to request a landing at an alternative airport.
A.visibility B. clarity C. sight D.vision
42. The deer in the National Park are so accustomed to being fed by visitors that they are quite _____.
A. trained B. passive C. domestic D. tame
43. In order to _____ stocks of fish to their previous levels, some govemments have imposed fishing quotas.
A. save B. restore C. regain D. preserve
44. William never works rapidly. He always _____ in everything that he does.
A. takes his time B. gets on with C. makes a difference D. makes a big difference
45. It's important for all the players on a soccer team to stay _____.
A. in their hands B. out of touch C. on their toes D. at heart
46. More needs to be done to protect endangered species from who _____ illeagally hunt them.
A. trespassers B. intruders C. poachers D. invaders
47. Shortly after receiving her gold medal, the Olympic champion answered questions at a press _____.
A. conference B. assembly C. discussion D. seminar
48. It appears that the hostages were not _____ to any unnecessary suffering.
A. subjugated B. subverted C. subsumed D. subjected
49. If Harold _____ with his piano playing, he could eventually reach concert standard.
A. sustains B. perseveres C. maintains D. survives
50. We talked to each other all night and resolved some of our problems. It's good to have a proper _____ sometimes.
A. head-to-head B. heart-to-head C. head-to-heart D. heart-to-heart

IV. GUIDED CLOZE: Read the texts below and decide which answer best fits each space.
Passage A
There can be no (51) _____ that online shopping is of huge benefit to the consumner. Far from becoming (52) _____
online shoppers are very demanding. Overpriced merchants with poor services should beware. Gone are the days when
stores could charge what they liked for goods and get away with it. The same, too, for shady manufacturers: smarter
consumers know which products have a good (53) _____ and which do not, because online they now read not only the
sales (54) _____ but also reviews from previous purchasers. And if customers are disappointed, a few (55) _____ of the
mouse will take them to places where they can let the world know. Nowadays there is nothing more damning than a
flood of negative comments on the internet. However, the big boys, as always, are ahead of the game. Some companies
are already adjusting their business models to take account of these trends. The stores run by Sony and Apple, for
instance, are more like brand showrooms than shops. They are there for people to try out (56) _____ and to ask questions
to knowledgeable staff. Whether the products are ultimately bought online or offline is of secondary importance. Online
traders must also adjust. Amazon, for one, is (57) _____ turning lrom being primarily a bookseller to becoming a (58)
_____ retailer by letting other companies sell products on its site, rather like a marketplace. During America's
Thanksgiving weekend last November, Amazon's sales of consumer electronics in the United States (59) _____ its book
sales for the first time in its history. Other transformations in the retail business are (60) _____ to follow.
51. A. query B. examination C. question D. proposal
52. A. complacent B. dissatisfied C. competent D. compassionate
53. A. distinction B. resolution C. opinion D. reputation
54. A. bubble B. message C. blare D. blurb
55. A. taps B. clucks C. clicks D. prods
56. A. devices B. tools C. emblems D. schemes
57. A. mistakenly B. rapidly C. unreasonably D. secretly
58. A. mass B. block C. lump D. chunk
59. A. receded B. excluded C. repressed D. exceeded
60. A. tied B. secured C. bound D. fastened

Passage B
Greenhouse gases are being released into the atmosphere 30 times faster than the time when the Earth experienced a
(61) _____ episode of global warming. A study comparing the rate at which carbon dioxide and methane are being (62)
_____ now, compared to 55 million years ago when global warming also occurred, has found dramatic differences in
the speed of release. James Zachos, professor of earth sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz, said the speed
of the present buildup of greenhouse gases is far greater than during the global warming after the (63) _____ of the
dinosaurs. "The emissions that caused this past episode of global warming probably lasted 10,000 years," Professor
Zachos told the American Association for the Advancement of Science at a meeting in St. Louis. "By burning fossil
fuels, we are likely to emit the same amount over the next three centuries." He warned that studies of global warming
events in the geological past (64) _____ the Earth's climate passes a (65) _____ beyond which climate change accelerates
with the help of positive feedbacks - vicious circles of warming. Professor Zachos is a leading (66) _____ on the episode
of global warming known as the palaeocene-eocene thermal maximum, when average global temperatures increased by
up to 50C due to a massive release of carbon dioxide and methane. His research into the deep ocean (67) _____ suggests
at this time that about 4.5 billion tons of carbon entered the atmosphere over 10,000 years. "This will be the same amount
of carbon released into the atmosphere from cars and industrial emissions over the next 300 years if present (68) _____
continue", he said. Although carbon can be released suddenly and naturally into the atmosphere from volcanic activity,
it takes many thousands of years for it to be removed permanently by natural processes. The ocean is capable of
removing carbon, and quickly, but this natural (69) _____ can be easily (70) _____ which is probably what happened
55 million years ago. "lt will take tens of thousands of years before atmospheric carbon dioxide comes down to
preindustrial levels," the professor said. "Even after humans stop burning fossil fuels, the effects will be long-lasting."
61. A. prearranged B. premier C. previous D. fundamental
62. A. emitted B. exhaled C. incorporated D. digested
63. A. dementia B. demolition C. detachment D. demise
64. A. comment B. mark C. compliment D. indicate
65. A. barricade B. verge C. threshold D. perimeter
66. A. autocrat B. authority C. administrator D. proprietor
67. A. dusts B. sediments C. dirt D. powder
68. A. trends B. gadgets C. fads D. crazes
69. A. capacity B. competence C. intelligence D. bulk
70. A. overcharged B. overstated C. overshadowed D. overwhelmed

V. READING COMPREHENSION
Passage 1
Jazz
Jazz music is considered America's original art form. It began in the late 1700s and early 1800s among African
Americans living in the southern states of Mississippi, Georgia, and Louisiana. Interestingly, its popularity over the
ensuing centuries included people of different ethnic backgrounds and stations in life from places all over the United
States and other countries. Jazz is characterised by its unique sound and improvised musical styling, which work
together to evoke intense emotion. While it has continued to evolve since its inception, the decades from 1930 to 1950
represent the pinnacle of change between big-band-era jazz to more modern jazz.
Jazz in the thirties was known for its big band sound that focused on the use of brass instruments accompanied by
the piano, saxophone, clarinet, and bass drum. This original sound was called swing. The swing style of music began in
the 1920s, but rose in popularity in the 1930s. Swing bands featured a soloist, which is where improvisation played a
key part. While the band followed a certain melody, the soloist played notes that stood out and displayed his or her
unique musical talent. Swing was very popular because it was lively and people could easily dance to it. Dance halls
saw a boom in attendance during this period. During the economic depression of the 1930s, many found solace and a
positive outlook in the bright sound of jazz. The radio also helped to spread the fame of swing music with nightly coast-
to-coast broadcasts of bands and artists such as Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, Louis Armstrong, and Ella Fitzgerald.
While the thirties are known mainly for swing, a smaller movement termed Kansas City Jazz rose in popularity for
a time. Kansas City Jazz was similar to swing in that it featured improvisational solos and similar instruments. Kansas
City Jazz was often played in smaller venues located around Kansas City, Missouri, which was a stopover for travelling
bands during the Depression Era. Its leaders encouraged the development of night clubs where improvisational
musicians could exhibit their talent. It served as a type of bridge between the swing music of the late twenties and thirties
and the newer sound that emerged in the 1940s. As the Kansas City Jazz movement grew, most of its performers
migrated to New York and other big cities where they could have more exposure.
In the forties, jazz experienced a transition away from the mainstream, dance-style music played by big bands toward
a more challenging type of sound for musicians. The new sound was called bebop. It was played by small groups of
musicians who focused on harmony, tempo, and the art behind making the music. The popularity of the bebop movement
in the forties was due in part to musicians such as Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie, who wanted to bring back the
ideas of early jazz music that focused on dissonance and chromatic notes. Chromatic music uses minor keys, applying
sharps and flats to create discord within the music that kindle strong emotion. As with all styles of jazz, improvisation
played a huge part in making the music of the era come alive. Musicians used their creative freedom to stray far from
the melody lines by using notes that clashed with the harmony before finally binging the solo and harmony back
together in a resolution of chords. Musicians during this time began using the ride cymbal and snare drum for a more
explosive percussion style. ■A) To the untrained ear, this type of jazz often sounded more like noise than music and
had a tempo that was too fast for dancing. ■B) This jazz had a fragmented, almost racing sound and was met with a
negative response by many in that era who loved the organized, danceable sound of the previous two decades. ■C) In
spite of the disapproving reaction at the outset, bebop’s influence stayed strong throughout the decade and many key
jazz musicians of the time eventually experimented with it. ■D) By the end of the forties, bebop was an accepted part
of the jazz world and became the foundation for what is considered modern jazz.
Jazz music has evolved constantly since its birth over 200 years ago and has maintained its attractiveness to all kinds
of people. Even through the changes, the basics of jazz have remained the same: unique melodies, interesting chords,
and a focus on the art of music.
- improvise: do s.t with no preparation
- ride cymbal: a cymbal that is used to keep rhythm rather to accent certain parts of music.

71. The word “its” in paragraph 1 refers to which of the following?

A. jazz B. unique sound C. improvised musical styling D. intense emotion
72. The word pinnacle in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. length B. peak C. symbol D. mark
73. According to paragraph 2, swing music _____.
A. contributed its growth to the development of dance halls
B. featured musicans who did not stray from the written music
C. began in the 1920s but became popular in the 1930s
D. was a way for big bands to take part in the jazz movement
74. The author mentions the economic depression in paragraph 2 in order to _____.
A. demonstrate the state of the world during that era
B. contrast jazz in the 1920s to jazz in the 1930s.
C. explain why swing was so popular in the 1930s.
D. illustrate the emotional effect that jazz had
75. The word solace in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _____.
A. understanding B. excitement C. comfort D. assistance
76. According to paragraph 3, what happened as Kansas City Jazz became more popular?
A. More people began to travel to Missouri to hear jazz music.
B. Musicians started to migrate to other cities for bigger audience.
C. It replaces swing as the preferred music in the thirties.
D. Kansas City became known as the jazz capital of the era.
77. The word dissonance in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. dissagreeableness B. difference C. disruption D. disagreement
78. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect choices change
the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The melody and harmony were kept simple so the improvised solos could really stand out.
B. Performers could take liberty with the music, often making it sound different than intended.
C. Notes that clashed with the music were considered to be more creative and more popular.
D. Soloists could improvise more freely, using notes that did not go with melody.
79. The phrase this type in the passage refers to _____.
A. swing B. bebop C. chromatic D. percurssion style
80. Which of the following is NOT true about bebop’s influence on jazz?
A. Bebop was almost immediately accepted by lovers of jazz.
B. It became the foundation for modern jazz.
C. It was a more artistic and abstract form of music.
D. It used improvision in a different way than swing.
81. Look at the four ■A) , ■B) , ■C) , and ■D) which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
passage. Where would the sentence best fit? However, those who viewed jazz as an art form welcomed bebop’s more
abstract, emotional style.
A. ■A) B. ■B) C. ■C) D. ■D)
82. Which of the following can be inferred about bebop jazz music?
A. Jazz became the father of many more music types.
B. Bebop’s influence led to a decline in jazz’s popularity in later years.
C. Jazz reverted back to the more popular sound of swing after the 1950s.
D. Dizzy Gillespie’s music was not as danceable as Kansas City Jazz.
83. Complete the table below to summarize information about the two eras of jazz discussed in the passage. Match the
appropriate statements to the era with which they are associated. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.
Jazz era Statements
1930s

1940s

A. Music called swing was popular in dance halls and on the radio.
B. The sound of jazz was dominated by improvised piano solos.
C. A small group of musicians recognized this type of jazz as an emotional, abstract art form.
D. The harmony had a more minor-key sound.
E. People appreciated the distraction jazz gave from the Depression.
F. Brass instruments were vital to playing jazz music.
G. Bebop, the basis for modern jazz, developed.

Passage 2:
lsland Biogeography Model
Since the 1960s, scientists have been studying the composition and stability of island communities. Specifically, they
have been interested in what it takes to maintain life in these isolated areas. As a result, they developed the island
biogeography model, a model that not only provides information on island populations, but also provides insights into
conservation.
The island biogeography model theorizes that the number of different species on an island will maintain equilibrium,
or a state of balance, amid the fluid changes of immigration and extinction. In other words, the number of species on an
island remains constant. In an experiment in the US state of Florida, islands of mangrove trees were found to house
many different species of arthropods. Scientists documented the numbers and types of species. They then sprayed insect
poison over the islands, destroying all of the arthropods there. They observed the islands over the next year, as species
of arthropods from the area surrounding the mangrove islands moved onto the island and repopulated it. Within
a year, the number of species of arthropods was almost identical to what it had been before spraying the poison.
However, the scientists soon discovered that the individual species were not identical to the ones that had been there
before. So, while the number of species was the same, the diversity of species was quite different. This study proves
that although the species number remains constant, the types of species do not.
The island biogeography model can also apply in places that are not technically islands. In fact, the islands used in
this research were man-made, isolated areas that had been created to meet an ever-increasing demand for land and
natural resources. These islands form when humans clear out vast amounts of vegetation for arable land and living space.
Their actions cut off small areas of land and forest from larger communities, such as when loggers separate a small
parcel of forest area from the larger forest. Hence, these isolated pockets become "islands," or areas separated from their
larger communities. By reducing areas of land into islands, humans have a significant impact on wildlife. The island
biogeography model states that the larger the island, the higher the rate of extinction. ■A) This is due in part to a larger
number of species coming to the island to colonize it. As new species immigrate, there begins a competition for resources
on the island. ■B) Since there is a fixed amount of resources on any given island, some species will not survive in the
struggle. ■C) On a smaller island, the rate of extinction would be lower, and so would the corresponding immigration
of new species. ■D) The more isolated these small islands are, the fewer species they are able to sustain. Certain species
of birds and animals may only be found on these islands. If they lose the competition for resources, they will be gone
forever. For example, the Bogor Botanical Garden in Indonesia was created fifty years ago, leaving an isolated woodland
area where lush forest had once been. Twenty of the sixty-two original species of exotic birds have disappeared
completely, and four species are severely endangered.
The model scientists developed has provided beneficial information regarding the conservation of these areas that
are threatened by man's need for resources. While the demand for land and natural resources will continue, many feel
that with planning and a concerted effort, life in these precious island ecosystems can be preserved to some degree.
One solution suggests that a natural corridor be sustained between the isolated communities. For example, scientists in
the Netherlands are looking at the possibility of leaving paths of trees and shrubs between these islands. They feel it will
aid in maintaining the diversity of species there. The island biogeography model has inspired biologists to
begin researching conservation methods. Such methods include the establishment of nature reserves and programs to
help plan the use of land in a way that would protect the natural habitat as rnuch as possible.
It is a harsh reality that much of the life on those islands cannot be sustained. Some species will inevitably become
extinct. The island biogeography model first started as a way to explain life in the communities of these isolated
ecosystems, but has devoloped into a catalyst that has sparked heavier conservation efforts on behalf of these
endangered habitats. The model has served as a tool that has opened the eyes of many who hope to
conserve as much tropical forest life as possible.
84. The word fluid in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. unpredictable B. unstable C. changing D. graceful
85. The word they in paragraph 2 refers to _____.
A. species B. arthropods C. mangrove trees D. scientists
86. Why does the author discuss the mangrove tree islands in Florida?
A. To demonstrate the equilibrium hypothesis
B. To contrast man-made and natural islands
C. To explain the origin of the island biogeography model
D. To confirm the research regarding immigration
87. According to paragraph 2, why is the extinction rate higher on larger islands?
A. Larger islands house a larger number of predators. B. The rate of immigration is higher on larger islands.
C. Newer species take over all the resources. D. They house a number of older species
88. Which of the following is NOT true about the repopulation of islands?
A. Nature tends to keep the islands in equilibrium. B. Immigration balances species extinction.
C. The number of species usually remains constant. D. The diversity of the species stays the same.
89. The word sustain in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _____.
A. cultivate B. encounter C. feed D. support
90. The word they paragraph 3 refers to _____.
A. species B. resources C. birds D. island places
91. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3?
A. Man's destruction of nature must come to a halt to preserve island life.
B. Endangered species will be saved when humans stop creating isolated islands.
C. Species will maintain equilibrium if these islands are left untouched.
D. Most island extinctions are caused by human's need for resources.
92. Which otthe following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? lncorrect answer choices
change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Life in isolated areas can be conserved despite the high demand for natural resources.
B. With planning, substitutes for natural resources can be found and island life preserved.
C. The number of islands can be reduced, so more species will survive the danger of extrnction.
D. The danger of extinction can be lessened ii humans work to conserve natural energy and resources.
93. The word catalyst in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. means B. process C. awareness D. legislation
94. Look at the four squares ■, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would
the sentence best fit? However, while many of the island's older inhabitants may lose out to newer species, the number
of species on the island will stay the same.
A. ■A) B. ■B) C. ■C) D. ■D)
95. All of the following are correct about the island biogeography model EXCEPT _____.
A. The model provided essential information regarding conservation.
B. The equilibrium hypothesis was proved true on an island of arthropods.
C. Scientists discovered ways to control the number of species becoming extinct.
D. The research mainly studied islands created by man's need for resources.
96. What is the passage mainly about?
A. the description of the island biogeography model with its equlilbrium hypothesis in the preservation of endangered
species in isotated areas.
B. the number of species on an island stays in balance while the composition of species can vary greatly.
C. A model leading to efforts to conserve as many habitats as possible through natural corridors and planned land use.
D. A study of the stability and makeup of island communities.

Passage 3
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, became famous for his theories on child
development. A child prodigy, he became interested in the scientific study of nature at an early age. He developed a
special fascination for biology, having some of his work published before graduating from high school. When, aged 10,
his observations led to questions that could be answered only by access to the university library, Piaget wrote and
published some notes on the sighting of an albino sparrow in the hope that this would persuade the librarian to stop
treating him like a child. It worked. Piaget was launched on a path that led to his doctorate in zoology and a lifelong
conviction that the way to understand anything is to know how it evolves.
Piaget went on to spend much of his professional life listening to and watching children, and poring over reports of
researchers who were doing the same. He found, to put it succinctly, that children don’t think like adults. After thousands
of interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute and
seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic.
Albert Einstein, the renowned physicist, deemed this a discovery ‘so simple that only a genius could have thought of it’.
Piaget’s insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. Several new fields of science, among
them developmental psychology and cognitive theory, came into being as a result of his research. Although not an
educational reformer, he championed a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today’s education
reform movements. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children’s thinking seriously. Others who shared this
respect for children may have fought harder for immediate change in schools, but Piaget’s influence on education
remains deeper and more pervasive.
Piaget has been revered by generations of teachers inspired by the belief that children are not empty vessels to be
filled with knowledge, as traditional academic thinking had it, but active builders of knowledge – little scientists who
are constantly creating and testing their own theories of the world. And while he may not be as famous as Sigmund
Freud, Piaget’s contribution to psychology may be longer lasting. As computers and the Internet give children greater
autonomy to explore ever larger digital worlds, the ideas he pioneered become ever more relevant.
In the 1940s, working in Alfred Binet’s child-psychology lab in Paris, Piaget noticed that children of the same age,
regardless of their background or gender, made comparable errors on true–false intelligence tests. Back in Switzerland,
the young scientist began watching children play, scrupulously recording their words and actions as their minds raced
to find reasons for why things are the way they are. Piaget recognised that a five-year-old’s beliefs, while not correct by
any adult criterion, are not ‘incorrect’ either. They are entirely sensible and coherent within the framework of the child’s
‘way of knowing’. In Piaget’s view, classifying them as ‘true’ or ‘false’ misses the point and shows a lack of respect for
the child. What Piaget was after was a theory that could find coherence and ingenuity in the child’s justification, and
evidence of a kind of explanatory principle that stands young children in very good stead when they don’t know enough
or don’t have enough skill to handle the kind of explanation that grown-ups prefer.
The core of Piaget’s work is his belief that looking carefully at how children acquire knowledge sheds light on how
adults think and understand the world. Whether this has, in fact, led to deeper understanding remains, like everything
about Piaget, contentious. In recent years, Piaget has been vigorously challenged by the current emphasis on viewing
knowledge as an intrinsic property of the brain. Ingenious experiments have demonstrated that newborn infants already
have some of the knowledge that Piaget believed children constructed. But for those of us who still see Piaget as the
giant in the field of cognitive theory, the disparity between what the baby brings and what the adult has is so immense
that the new discoveries do not significantly reduce the gap, only increase the mystery.

97. In the first paragraph, the writer suggests that as a child Piaget _____.
A. was particularly eager to teach others about animals
B. was confident his research would help other children
C. was already certain about the career he would follow
D. was determined that nothing should hold back his progress
98. In quoting Einstein, the writer is _____.
A. questioning the simplicity of Piaget’s ideas
B. supporting the conclusion that Piaget reached
C. suggesting that Piaget’s research methods were unprecedented
D. recommending a less complicated approach than Piaget’s
99. In the third paragraph, the writer puts forward the view that ______.
A. Piaget’s work with children was difficult to put to a practical use
B. Piaget’s theories about children were less revolutionary than he thought
C. Piaget laid the basis for our current understanding of how children’s minds work
D. Piaget was actually committed to radical change in the education system
100. The phrase ‘empty vessels’ (paragraph 4) refers to ______.
A. why children should be encouraged to study more independently
B. what traditional academic theory said about children and learning.
C. how teachers can increase children’s motivation to learn.
D. the kind of knowledge that children need to acquire.
101. The writer says Piaget was unwilling to categorise children’s ideas as true or false because ______.
A. he realised that the reasoning behind a child’s statement was more important.
B. he knew that this could have long-term effects on a child.
C. he felt that this did not reflect what happens in real life.
D. he felt that children are easily influenced by what adults have told them.
102. What does the writer conclude about newer theories that have appeared?
 A. They completely undermine Piaget’s ideas.
B. They put greater emphasis on scientific evidence.
C. They are an interesting addition to the body of knowledge.
D. They are based on flawed research.

B. WRITTEN TEST
I. CLOZE TEST: Read the texts below and complete each space with ONE suitable word.
Passage A
Online passwords – what everyone should know
When (103) _______________ comes to online security, we all know what we ought to do: choose a different, random
set of letters and numbers for every email account, shopping site or bank account. But hardly (104) _______________
does this, because memorizing them all is impossible. So we use the same familiar words for every site, (105)
_______________ a pet’s name or, even (106) _______________, the word ‘password’, occasionally remembering to
replace the letter O with a zero, or choosing to (107) _______________ use of a capital letter. Even if we opt (108)
_______________ a random group of letters such as ‘fpqzy’, there is now software available which can make a thousand
guesses per second, enabling a hacker to get to your password in just under four hours. Interestingly, (109)
_______________increasing your password to twenty random letters, you increase a hacker’s guessing time to 6.5
thousand trillion centuries. The problem is that you would (110) _______________ no chance of ever remembering
those 20 letters. The solution, apparently, is to come (111) _______________ with three or four short, unrelated words
and work (112) _______________ a way to remember them. Easy!

Passage B
Flying in style
These days commercial airliners are becoming larger, (113) _______________ makes flying cheaper but in many
ways more impersonal. Perhaps (114) _______________ a response to this, a more old-fashioned way of taking to the
air is gaining popularity in Britain. A number of companies today offer charter flights in small aircraft. You hire the
plane and pilot, just as you might hire a chauffeur-driven car, and (115) _______________ are yours for the day.
If you are flying on a short trip (116) _______________ Britain to the continent, a light plane can get you there
almost as quickly as a jet airliner. In fact, the whole journey takes far (117) _______________ time, since you don't
need to be at the airport hours (118) _______________ advance. And if you share the cost with friends, it can be cheaper
than a scheduled flight.
The atmosphere (119) _______________ board is relaxed and friendly, with formalities at passport control and
customs, if not entirely eliminated, at least kept to a minimum. Instead of walking for (120) _______________ seems
like miles through a vast airport terminal, (121) _______________ it's time to take off, you simply stroll over and ease
yourself into the plane. Even the flight itself is more fun, as (122) _______________ as the weather is fine. And if you
want to descend and take a closer look at something on the ground, just ask the pilot; you're the boss!

II. WORD FORMATION

PART 1: Complete each sentence, using the correct form of the word in parentheses.
123. The level of market _____________________ (PENETRATE) has not been as high as desired. That said, we are
confident of making steady inroads and growing our market share significantly over the next two quarters.
124. The _____________________ (ORIENT) of the product appears to be towards women in their mid-to-late-forties.
125. There were _____________________ (MITIGATE) factors at play and I do not think the product's failure was
down to its simply having been poorly conceived.
126. The bank has been accused of _____________________ (PREY) lending and its loan book is to be closely
examined by the financial ombudsman, government sources have claimed.
127. This business is a _____________________ (MERIT); we are led by and reward our best and most talented staff
members; who you know counts for veny little here.
128. _____________________ (PROTECT) and the notion of free trade are two _____________________ (IDEA)
opposed economic philosophies.
129. He was awarded _____________________ (PUNISH) damages over and above the amount of compensation he
was due for loss of profits as the judge felt the defendant needed to be taught a lesson.
130. Our boss is a _____________________ (NEPOTIC) of the highest order; he just hired his niece for the newly-
vacant position of Financial Officer despite the fact that she has only recently graduated and has no relevant work
experience.
131. This sets a _____________________ (PRECEDE) of sorts by sending out the message that the mere act of calling
a lightning strike is sufficient to get you exactly what you want from the owners. I have never seen a more immediate
_____________________ (CAPITULATE) by those in authority, have you?
132. The decision was made _____________________ (LATERAL); he did not consult his partners prior to the
announcement.
133. The _____________________ (VIABLE) of the proposal must now be called into question on the basis that the
estimated cost of the build alone is now three times greater than the original figure quoted.
134. The business is _____________________ (SOLVE) as it can no longer meet the repayments on its debt.
135. The company was put into _____________________ (RECEIVE) by the court after it was declared bankrupt on
Monday.
136. The army issued a _____________________ (REQUIRE) order for 50 new tank units.
137. There is a strong likelihood that your home will be _____________________ (possess) if you continue to miss
your repayments.

PART 2: Complete the passage with the appropriate forms from the words given in the box.
concur onset register local fluctuate
occur alarm intense observe convince

There is now, by and large, (138) _____________________ among scientists that Global Warming is real. The fact that
an average surface temperature rise of appropriately one degree was (139) _____________________ during the 20th
century, in addition to the fact that the rate warming (140) _____________________ in the latter half of same and was
nearly double that of the first 50 years is enough to (141) _____________________ most scientists. Climate proxies
also suggest that, with the exception of (142) _____________________ warming and cooling events such as
Europe's Little Ice Age, this is the first significant and prolonged temperature (143) _____________________ in the
best part of 2000 years on a global level. Further evidence in support of the warming hypothesis comes by way of the
fact that, also during the 20th century a considerable rise in sea levels was (144) _____________________ and, across
both hemispheres, southern and northern, glaciers went into retreat, and remain so. Oceanic warming, albeit gradual up
to now has also been confirmed, and the (145) _____________________ rate of melting of polar ice, coupled with a
general rise in humidity and the increasingly early (146) _____________________ of spring each year are
factors the likelihood of the simultaneous coincidental (147) _____________________ of which scientists say is
virtually nil.

PART 3: Complete the following passage with the correct forms of the given words. Write your answers in the
spaces provided.
Genetically modified to save time and money
Scientists have (148) _____________________ (SUCCESS) created a new kind of chicken which grow faster and
produce lower-calorie meat. The red-skinned chickens are (149) _____________________ (FEATHER) because
feathers are considered a waste. Chickens are bred only for their meat, and the feathers are (150)
_____________________ (USE) afterwards. The scientists, therefore, think that it’s (151) _____________________
(POINT) for birds to use their energy to make feathers. They say that traditional chicken farming uses a lot of energy
and water, which is (152) _____________________ (WASTE) drain on resources, but according to scientists, farming
the new bird will be less (153) _____________________ (HARM) to the environment. (154) _____________________
(DOUBT) for farmers, the attraction of the red-skinned chicken will be the money they save. But animal rights
campaigners are not convinced. They say it is (155) _____________________ (SHAME) and cruel to treat birds in this
way. The birds may suffer from (156) _____________________ (PAIN) sunburn and male chickens without feathers
are (157) _____________________ (PITY) unable to mate because they cannot flap their wings.

III. ERROR CORRECTION: The following passage contains 10 errors. Identify and correct them. There is an
example at the beginning.
Alternative sources of energy
0. In the Search for Free Energy, Tutt’s recently released book, he quotes, “We ought to be able
00. to obtain the energy we need with the consuming of material.” These are not the words of
158. some modern-day environmentalist, but of Nikola Tesla, in 1890. Among his invention was
159. the device to generate electrician by harnessing “coming energy”. The search for free, and
160. expensive energy continues. The researchers are looking for “fuelless” technologies that will
161. not pollute or run out, and they are not referring to the puny contributing of solar or wind
162. power. The science establishment has so far been proven correct, there’s no such thing as a
163. free energetic lunch but that hasn’t stopped mad scientists trying. They’ve come up with
164. numerable patents of “over unity” contraptions, supposedly giving out more energy than you
165. put in to get them going. The story is fastinated and rarely heavy-going, although the quotes
166. can be overlong and the diagrams are aquadately displayed. Tutt admits that only a fraction of
167. what is claimed is true. But it’s also true to say we cannot afford to dismissing them out of
hand, as one of these nonconforming investigators may just be able to save our planet from
climate change.

* Your answers
00. consuming  consumption
158. ______________ _________________ 163. ______________ _________________
159. ______________ _________________ 164. ______________ _________________
160. ______________ _________________ 165. ______________ _________________
161. ______________ _________________ 166. ______________ _________________
162. ______________ _________________ 167. ______________ _________________

IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION: Rewrite the following sentences using the words given.
168. She is determined to become a professional model. (HEART)
 ...................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
169. She just pretended to welcome him then quickly left the waiting room. (MOTIONS)
 ...................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
170. Peter grimaced as he swallowed the foul-tasting medicine. (FACE)
 ...................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
171. The two sides never looked likely to reach an agreement. (AT)
 ...................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
172. She was not astonished to hear that she had failed the driving test. (CAME)
 ...................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
173. He said that he had been far from the scene of the crime. (DENIED)
 ...................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
174. The ministers were clearly felt by the president not to have acted swiftly enough. (OPINION)
 The president was .....................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................ spot.
175. Competition is fierce, but Frozen is a firm favourite to win the award for Best Animation of the year. (LOOKS)
 In the .......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
176. She was very angry when her son made changes to her computer without her permission. (TAMPERING)
 Her son .....................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................ stack.
177. Surely if she hadn’t been strong-minded, he would have talked her into committing the wrongdoing. (GUNS)
 She ...............................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................ astray.
178. In an emergency, Peter is someone you can always rely on. (STRANDED)
 Not ............................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................stations.
179. After his sister passed away, Jack took on the task of raising her three children. (BURDEN)
 Jack ................................................................................................................................................................... last.
180. You are not interested in teaching, so you mustn’t be offended by his comments whatever they are. (AMISS)
 Come ........................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................. tea.
THE END.