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    Section 1 Pathology: Prelims - Indd 15 31-08-2015 14:44:44

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    ANCHAL SHARMA
    This document contains an overview of pathology and genetics. It begins with 15 sections covering various organ systems and pathological conditions affecting those systems, such as cancer, infections, and inflammatory diseases. It then shifts to genetics with 5 sections discussing genetic inheritance, testing, and conditions like familial cancer. The document provides a comprehensive review of pathology and genetics for nursing students.

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    Section 1 Pathology: Prelims - Indd 15 31-08-2015 14:44:44

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    ANCHAL SHARMA
    26 views3 pages
    This document contains an overview of pathology and genetics. It begins with 15 sections covering various organ systems and pathological conditions affecting those systems, such as cancer, infections, and inflammatory diseases. It then shifts to genetics with 5 sections discussing genetic inheritance, testing, and conditions like familial cancer. The document provides a comprehensive review of pathology and genetics for nursing students.

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    This document contains an overview of pathology and genetics. It begins with 15 sections covering various organ systems and pathological conditions affecting those systems, such as cancer, infections, and inflammatory diseases. It then shifts to genetics with 5 sections discussing genetic inheritance, testing, and conditions like familial cancer. The document provides a comprehensive review of pathology and genetics for nursing students.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views3 pages

    Section 1 Pathology: Prelims - Indd 15 31-08-2015 14:44:44

    Uploaded by

    ANCHAL SHARMA
    This document contains an overview of pathology and genetics. It begins with 15 sections covering various organ systems and pathological conditions affecting those systems, such as cancer, infections, and inflammatory diseases. It then shifts to genetics with 5 sections discussing genetic inheritance, testing, and conditions like familial cancer. The document provides a comprehensive review of pathology and genetics for nursing students.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Contents

    Section 1  Pathology
    1. Introduction 3
    Etiology  3;  Pathogenesis 3;  Morphologic Changes 3
    Functional Derangements and Clinical Manifestations  3;  Cellular and Tissue Changes  4
    Cell Injury  5;  Inflammation and Repair  6;  Granulomatous Inflammation  9
    Morphology  10;  Cutaneous Wound Healing  10;  Factors Influencing Wound Healing  12

    2. Neoplasia 13
    History of Malignant Tumors  14;  Differentiation and Anaplasia  14
    Dysplasia  14;  Invasion 15;  Metastasis 15;  Pathways of Spread 16

    3. Disturbances in the Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 17


    Water Balance  18;  Sodium Balance 18;  Potassium Balance 18;  Hypovolemia 18
    Hyponatremia  19;  Hypernatremia 19;  Hypokalemia 20;  Hyperkalemia 21

    4. Respiratory System 22
    Anatomy  22;  Histology 22;  Pulmonary Tuberculosis 22;  Pneumonia 25
    Lung Abscess  27;  Bronchiectasis  27;  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease  28
    Emphysema/Pink Puffers  28;  Chronic Bronchitis  28;  Bronchial Asthma  30
    Tumors of Lung  30;  Pleura 31;  Empyema 32

    5. Cardiovascular System 33
    Anatomy  33;  Pericardial Disease  34;  Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease   35
    Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease  36;  Infective Endocarditis 37;  Arteriosclerosis 38
    Ischemic Heart Disease  40;  Aneurysms 43

    6. Gastrointestinal Tract 46
    Normal Anatomy  46;  Histology 46;  Pathology 46;  Etiology and Pathogenesis 47
    Typhoid (Enteric Fever)  47;  Carcinoma Esophagus  48;  Squamous Cell Carcinoma  48
    Adenocarcinoma  49;  Carcinoma Stomach  49;  Carcinoma Colon  51

    7. Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas 52


    Liver  52;  Gallbladder 53;  Pancreas 53;  Viral Hepatitis 54
    Cirrhosis of Liver  57;  Liver Abscess  58;  Gallbladder  59;  Tumors of Liver  59
    Tumors of the Gallbladder  61;  Tumors of the Exocrine Pancreas  61

    8. Kidney and Urinary Tract 62


    Kidney  62;  Pathology  62;  Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis  62
    Pyelonephritis  64;  Renal Calculi/Urolithiasis (Stones)  65
    Renal Cell Carcinoma  66;  Cystitis 67

    Prelims.indd 15 31-08-2015 14:44:44


    xvi
    Textbook of Pathology and Genetics for BSc Nursing Students

    9. Male Genital System and Prostate 69


    Testis: Normal Structure  69;  Prostate: Normal Structure  70
    Penis: Normal Structure  70;  Cryptorchidism 70
    Testicular Atrophy  71;  Testicular Tumors 71;  Prostate 72
    Carcinoma Prostate  73;  Carcinoma Penis  74

    10. Female Genital System and Breast 75


    Anatomy  75;  Fibroid/Leiomyoma  75;  Carcinoma of the Endometrium  76
    Carcinoma of the Cervix  77;  Ectopic Gestation  78
    Hydatidiform Mole (Vesicular Mole)  79;  Choriocarcinoma 81;  Ovarian Tumors 81
    Serous Tumors  82;  Mucinous Tumors  83;  Germ Cell Tumors  83
    Teratoma  84;  Breast  84;  Carcinoma of Breast  85

    11. Central Nervous System 88


    Normal Structure  88;  Hydrocephalus 88;  Meningitis 89
    Encephalitis  90;  Cerebrovascular Diseases  91;  Tumors of the CNS 93

    12. Skeletal System 96


    Normal Structure  96;  Normal Histology 96;  Osteomyelitis 97
    Tuberculous Osteomyelitis  97;  Osteoporosis 98;  Fracture Healing 98
    Bone Tumors  99;  Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma  100
    Osteosarcoma  100;  Chondrosarcoma   101
    Giant Cell Tumor (Osteoclastoma)  102;  Ewing’s Sarcoma 102;  Joints 103

    13. Hematology 106


    Collection of Blood  106;  Methods of Collection of Blood for Various Tests  106
    Methods of Estimation of Hemoglobin  107
    Sahli’s Method of Estimation of Hemoglobin  107;  Hemocytometer 108
    The Red Blood Cell Count  109;  Total White Blood Cell Count  109
    Differential White Blood Cell Count  110;  Blood Grouping and Typing  110
    Cross Matching  111;  Tests for Hemostasis  112
    Examination of Bone Marrow  113;  Blood Culture  116

    14. Examination of Body Cavity Fluids, Transudates and Exudates 117


    Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis  117;  Cavity Fluid Examination  118
    Sputum Examination  118;  Gastric Analysis  119;  Semen Analysis  120

    15. Examination of Urine and Feces 122


    Formation of Urine  122;  Collection of Urine  122;  Examination of Feces  127

    Section 2  Genetics
    16. Introduction 131
    Genetics is the Study of Genes  131;  Impact of Genetic Condition on Families  131
    Review of Cellular Division  131;  Characteristics and Structure of Genes  132
    Chromosomal Aberration  132

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    xvii
    Contents

    17. Maternal, Prenatal and Genetic Influences on Development


    of Defects and Diseases 136
    Conditions Affecting the Mother: Genetic and Infections  136
    Connective Tissue Disorders (Marfan Syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome)  136
    Congenital Heart Disease  138;  Consanguinity 138;  Infertility 142

    18. Genetic Testing in Neonates and Children 144


    Screening for Congenital Abnormalities  144
    Developmental Delay  144;  Dysmorphism 145

    19. Genetic Conditions of Adolescents and Adults 147


    Cancer Genetics: Familial Cancer  147;  Colorectal Cancer  148
    Presymptomatic Genetic Testing in Familial Cancer  148
    Genetic Inheritance Patterns  150;  Genetic Hematological Disorders  150
    Hemophilia  152;  Genetic Hemochromatosis  153;  Mental Illness  155

    20. Service Related to Genetics 156


    Genetic Testing  156;  Human Genome Project  156;  Gene Therapy  157

    Index 161

    Prelims.indd 17 31-08-2015 14:44:44

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