EconomicGeology

Vol. 77, 1982,pp. 1015-1052

Zinc-Lead Skarns of the Yeonhwa-Ulchin District, South Korea

SUCKEW YUN

Department of Geology,YonseiUniversity,Seoul 120, Korea

AND MARCO T. EINAUDI

Departmentof AppliedEarth Sciences,

Stanford University,Stanford,California 94305

Abstract

The YeonhwaI, YeonhwaII, and Ulchin mines,producing15.5 million metric tonsof ore
in the period 1962 to 1981, accountfor 80 percentof SouthKorea'sZn and Pb production.
Theseskarndepositsoccurin basalCambrian limestone(locally dolomitic)overlyingslate,
quartzite,and Precambriangraniticbasement,and theyare the resultof hydrothermalactivity
associated with felsiccalc-alkalineplutonismof Late Cretaceousto early Tertiary age.
Skarnat YeonhwaI consists of pipesof pyroxene(_ garnet) at depth branchingto veins
of rhodocrosite-pyritenear the surfacein an area of sparsequartz-porphyrydikes.In contrast,
skarnsat YeonhwaII and Ulchin displayhigher garnet/pyroxeneratiosand occuras strata-
boundlensesand irregularmasses at or nearcontactswith larger bodiesof quartz monzonite.
Exoskarnsare zoned in the sequencegarnet-pyroxene-(pyroxenoid)-marble relative to slate-
limestonecontactsor fissures in limestone.The lack of zoningrelativeto igneouscontactsand
the presenceof porphyry-limestone contactswithoutskarnindicatethat skarn-formingfluids
did not originatefrom magmaat the presentlevel of exposure.
Electronmicroprobeanalysesrevealthat calc-silicates are notablyenrichedin Mn and Fe.
Garnetsare intermediategrandite-andraditewith 1 to 5 mole percent spessartine. Calcic
rhodoniteis characteristicof endoskarns and garnetzones,whereasa morecalcicpyroxenoid,
manganoanbustamite,occursin pyroxeneskarn.Pyroxenesare manganoansalite-ferrosalite;
averageFe/Mn ratio (and mole % hedenbergite)in pyroxenedecreasesfrom 5.7 (65%) at
Ulchin, to $.5 (59%) at YeonhwaII, to 1.6 ($0%) at YeonhwaI. This ratio alsodecreases with
distancefrom garnet zonesand correlateswith an increasein Mg, suggesting a progressive
depletionof Fe in solutiondue to precipitationof iron-richgarnetnear channelways,and a
progressive enrichmentin Mg in the fluid as it approachedequilibriumwith dolomiticwall
rocks.Basedon thisand the geologicsetting,Ulchin is the mostproximaland YeonhwaII the
most distal skarn in terms of distance from their sources of fluids.
Pyrrhotite,accompaniedby sphalerite,lessergalena,and minor chalcopyrite,are concen-
tratedin pyroxenezonesvariablyalteredto chlorite,Mn-rich clays,calcite,quartz,and fluorite.
Pyroxenecompositions indicatethat the maximum oxidation-sulfidation statethat couldhave
beenimposedon the ore fluid by early skarnwaslocatednearthe pyrrhotite-pyrite-magnetite
buffer.Only the hedenbergiticskarnat Ulchin lay belowthisbuffer and couldhavecontrolled
the precipitationof pyrrhotiterather than pyrite. Ulchin alsocontainsthe district'shighest
gradesof Pb + Zn in skarn,suggesting that reductionof aqueoussulfateby ferrousiron was
an importantfactor in ore deposition.Later ore fluids,and fluidsthat reachedbeyondskarn
in the mostdistaldeposit,envolvedto higher sulfidationstates,as demonstratedby pyrite-
rhodochrosite veinsthat cut skarnand pyrrhotiteore,andby the near-surface pyrite-sphalerite-
galena-rhodocrosite veinsin limestoneoverlyingskarnpipesat YeonhwaI.

Introduction iron-rich calc-silicateminerals(Zharikov, 1970; Burt,

1972, 1977) dominatedby pyroxene,and in many
SK^aNS mined for their zinc and lead content have casesthey occuras structurallycontrolledveinsand
been describedfrom numerouslocalities,including: pipes at some distancefrom major igneousbodies
Pewabic (Schmitt, 1989) and Linchburg (Titley, (Knopf, 1942;Phan, 1969). The skarnsmay zoneup-
1961), New Mexico;Kurasai(Tarasov,1966) and Yer- ward and outward to manganese-richcarbonate-
khnee (Smirnovand Gorzhevsky,1977), USSR;Ban quartz veins and mantosin limestonethat in some
Ban, Australia(Ashley,1980); and Nakatatsu,Japan districts,such as Uchucchacua,Peru (Alpers, 1980),
(Shimizuand Iiyama, 1982). TheseZn-Pb skarnde- and Naica, Mexico (Stone,1959), are mined for their
positsare distinctfrom thosemined for other metals silver content. Other districts zone inward and down-
in that they containan association
of manganese
and wardto garnet-richskarnsthatin somelocalities,
such

0aoJ-0J•a\a•\•a\JoJa-•0•'•0 1015
1014 s. YUN AND M. T. EINAUDI

ishedthin sections.Sixty-fivemineral grains,mostly

garnets,pyroxenes,and pyroxenoids,were analyzed
in $2 sampleswith the A.R.L. EMX-SM electron
microprobeat StanfordUniversity,using standard
techniques.Drift- and background-corrected inten-
sity data were convertedto weight percentoxideby
use of the computer program MAGIC IV (Colby,
1968).
Geologic Setting
Regional
South Korea can be divided into four northeast-
trending geologic provinces(Fig. 2) (Kim, 1974;
Reedmanand Um, 1975). The oldestrockscrop out
in the Kyonggiand Ryongnammassifsand are com-
posedof Precambrianschistand granite (Hurley et
al., 1978). Theseform the basementfor the Okchon
fold belt, which crossesthe center of the peninsula
in a northeasterlydirection. The southwestportion
of the Okchon zone is composedof intensely de-
formed schist,gneiss,quartzite, limestone,and do-

FIG. 1. Locationmap for skarndeposits

of the Yeonhwa-Ulchin
district, South Korea.

Fig. 3
as the Central mining district,New Mexico(Hernon YEONHWA-
ULCHIN
and Jones,1968),are mined for their magnetitecon- AREA

tent. A recentoverviewof the geologicand miner-

alogiccharacteristicsof Zn-Pbskarnsis providedby
Einaudi et al. (1981).
The presentpaper describesthree depositsof the
Yeonhwa-Ulchindistrict, SouthKorea (Fig. 1), that
definepart of a Pb-Zn-(W-Mo)metallogenicprovince
associatedwith calc-alkalinemagmatismof Creta-
ceousto early Tertiary age.The two largestdeposits,
YeonhwaI and YeonhwaII, accountedfor 80 percent
of SouthKorea'slead and zinc productionduring the
period 1962 to 1981.
Early publicationson the district include two L ATE CRET-EARLY TERT
1:50,000geologicquadranglemaps,the Gesanchon IGNEOUS ROCKS
CRET. A NDESI TE -
sheet(KoreaGeol.Inv. Corps,1962) that includesthe RHYOLITE

YeonhwaI area,and the Jangseong sheet(Yun, 1967) CRET SED. ROCKS

$$, $h, ½g
that includes the Yeonhwa II area. Brief summaries MID- JURASSIC
GRANITIC ROCKS
of thegeologyandoredeposits of the Yeonhwamines
CAMBRIAN to TRIAS.
havebeenpublishedby Han (1969aand b, 1972)and GEOLOGICAL
PROVINCE
• • ---'"'---'
•-• EPICON TI NEN TAL
SEOS.(TAœBAœeSAN)
Nishihara(1970),andregionalstudiesof sedimentary, 80UNDA R IES
PRECAMBRIAN ,.•,_,H153
structural,and igneousgeology,and of K-Ar geo- META
PRO
t,.
LOGENIC
VINCE
.6RANI TE
IIIIIIIIIIIIII///11111il
I
chronology, havebeenpublishedby Yun (1978aand BOUNDARY

b; 1979a) and Yun and Silberman (1979).

The presentstudy buildson thesepreviouspubli- FIG. 2. Geologicaland metallogenicprovincesof SouthKorea.
The Yeonhwa-Ulchindistrict, associatedwith felsic plutonismof
cations,emphasizingthe structural control, mor- late Cretaceousto Eoceneage (BulkulsaGranites),is locatedat the
phology,mineralogy,and metal zoningof the three northeasternborder of the Okchon zone (PaleozoicTaebaegsan
major minesof the district, basedon surfaceand un- basin)and in the westernportion of the Pb-Zn-(W-Mo) province.
derground
'mappingandpetrographic
studyof pol- Basedon Kim (1971) and Sillitoe (1977).
 Zn-PbSKARNS,SOUTH KOREA 1015

• Carboniferous
Ulchingronite
:...• Ordovici½•n
System
- [• C½•mbri½•n
Sysfem
0 t 2 3 4 5 km
I I I I I I • Precembrien
Hongjese
grenite

F]•. $. Geologicmapandcrosssectionof the Yeonhwa-Ulchin district,illustratingPrecambriangranitic

basementwith infoldedand fault-boundedwedgesof Cambrianto Ordoviciansedimentaryrocksintruded
by late Cretaceous
to early Tertiary porphyries.Squaresdenoteareasof Figure5 (YeonhwaI) and Figure
9 (YeonhwaII). Geologymodified after Korea GeologicalInvestigationCorps (1962); Yun (1967); and
Ulchin mine maps.

lomite of Precambrianage; the northeastportionof (1977) as indicatinga northwestto southeast retreat

the Okchon zone consistsof a broadly folded and with time of an Andean-typesubduction system.The
thrust-faulted carbonate terrain of Cambrian-Or- majority of mineral depositsof South Korea are
dovician(Chosunsystem)and Carboniferousto Trias- closelyassociated with this Middle Jurassicto early
sic (Pyongansystem)age, known as the Taebaegsan Tertiary plutonism,but the paucity of radiometric
basin. Much of the deformation in the Okchon zone age datesmakesa detailed study of metallogenesis
is ascribedby Kim (1971) to a major orogenyof Ju- difficult (Kim, 1971). Sillitoe (1977, 1980) has sug-
rassicage, which involvedthe emplacementof gra- gested,however,that metal depositsrelated to Bul-
nitic batholiths(Daebogranites)along north-north- kuksamagmatismcan be assignedto two broadme-
easterlytrends. The fourth geologicprovince, the tallogeniczones(Fig. 2). A southeastern zoneis dom-
Kyongsangzone along coastalsoutheasternKorea, inatedby copperand iron depositsand containsonly
consistsof molasse-typesedimentaryrocksof Early minor tungstenand lessermolybdenum;it is char-
Cretaceousage overlainby continentalsedimentary, acterized by vein, breccia, and porphyry-type de-
volcaniclastic, and volcanic rocks of middle and Late posits.The northern zone is richer in lead-zinc,ac-
Cretaceousage (Chang,1975). Granitic plutons(Bul- companiedby molybdenumand tungsten;its south-
kuksagranites),rangingin age from 88 to 48 m.y. easternportion (in Kyongsang)containsporphyry
(Kim, 1971; Seoand Ju, 1971; Lee and Ueda, 1977; molybdenum deposits(Sillitoe, 1980), whereas its
Yun and Silberman,1979), are concentratedin the northernportion(Taebaegsan) containsskarndeposits
Kyongsangzone but also occur to the north in the of zinc-lead and of tungsten(Yun, 1979b). Three
Okchon zone. These plutons,dominantlyof grano- majorexamplesof the latter classof depositsare the
diorite-quartzmonzoniteand their porphyriticequiv- subjectof the presentstudy.
alents,are in part believedto be cogeneticwith the
Yeonhwa-Ulchin area
Kyongsangvolcanics.The plutonswere passivelyem-
placedand accompaniedby minor folding and re- Sedimentary rocks:The Yeonhwa-Ulchin district
gionalgreenschist metamorphism. occupiesan east-westtrending belt of infolded and
The calc-alkalinenatureof igneousactivity (Yun, fault-boundedwedgesof Cambrian-Ordovician car-
1979a)and the southeastward youngingof intrusions bonatesoverlyingPrecambrianbasementon the east-
from Middle Jurassic(Daebo) to Late Cretaceous- ern marginof the Taebaegsan basin(Figs.2 and $).
early Tertiary (Bulkuksa)is interpretedby Sillitoe The Precambrianbasementof granite gneissand
1016 $. YUN AND M. T. EINA UD1

CHEM I CAL COMPOS I T I ON

i•LITFK)STRATIGRA
u,.•

COLU(VIN I•'l.J4mO•
w LitI'm
fo9.
•
$i02.•A]203•Fe203•H90 CaO_•K20 co2

%,•We•kly dolo•r•c
1.28 0.47 1.64 3.12 49.10 0.05 42.02
•ohi'h•j
tollmind
ruerhie
O.12 0.20 O.81 10.20 42.90 0.03 44.99

5.04 O.51 0.78 8.64 49.30 0.32 NA

1.66 0.33 1.O7 0.72 52.60 0.06 41.91

65.90 18.00 NA 2.48 0.56 3.84 0.88
3.60 2.60 0.95 0.60 51.20 0.04 40.88
4.26 0.53 0.92 0.92 50.60 O.12 40.78

71.40 12.00 NA 2.56 1.12 3.00 0.88

4.76 O.05 1.18 0.92 49.60 0.02 41.O0

63.00 18.70 NA 2.12 0.55 3.90 NA

FIO.4. Lithostratigraphic
column andchemical composition
of themajorsedimentary hostsforskarn
in the Yeonhwa I minearea.Based on mapping andsamplingof freshrocksfromthe -120-m levelof
theYeonhwa I mine(Fig.6). Eachanalysisrepresents
onesample.AnalysesbyKoreaInstituteof Geosci-
enceandMineralResources, Seoul,by standardwetchemical
methods, exceptfor K20 by atomicab-
sorption;CO2calculatedon basisof Ca and Mg ascarbonate.
Basedon Yun (1978b).

granitehasbeendatedby K-Ar methodsat approx- lomiticlimestone in itsupperhalf(twoanalyzed sam-

imately 1,750 m.y. (Yun and Silberman,1979). The plescontain8-10%MgO)(Fig.4);it isthemajorore-
1,500-m thick Cambrian-Ordovician sedimentarybearingunit in the Yeonhwa-Ulchindistrict.These
section(Chosunsystem)isdescribed by Yun (1978b). shallowmarinesedimentary rocksare successively
It consists
in its lower portion of an epicontinental overlain by the Cambrian Hwajeol Formation,a
sequence of basalquartzite(Jangsan Quartzite)over- thinlybeddedlime-mudstone chertymarlsuccession
lain by shallowmarineshale(MyobongSlate)and whichhostsminororeoccurrences at YeonhwaI, and
carbonateshelf deposits(PungchonLimestone)of by the OrdovicianDongjeomQuartzite.
Cambrianage (Fig. 4). The MyobongSlate,contain- Structure andigneous activity:Although
thestruc-
ing limestoneinterbedsup to 10 m thick, thinseast- ture is complexand as yet poorlyunderstood, com-
ward from 200 m at Yeonhwa I to 155 m at Ulchin; ponents
of theDaeboandBulkuksa
orogenies
canbe
the limestoneinterbedshostscheelite-bearingskarn recognized (Nishihara,1970;Yun, 1978a).The oldest
at Sangdongand minor zinc skarnat YeonhwaI and structuresof the district,however,date from the Son-
YeonhwaII. The Pungchonlimestoneis 810 m thick grim disturbance of Triassicage,whichformedthe
at Yeonhwa I and 280 m thick at Yeonhwa II. This east-westtrendingHanbaegsynclineand south-di-
formationis dominantlylimestonein its lower half rectedthrustfaultsof the Yeonhwa I area(Fig.8),
(threeanalyzedsamples
contain<1% MgO) anddo- andwhichwasaccompanied
by minorigneous
ac-
 Zn-PbSKARNS,SOUTH KOREA 1017

tivity includinglamprophyredikesat YeonhwaI em- mine area strike N 60ø E, dip 60ø N at the surface,
placed 215 m.y. ago (Yun and Silberman,1979). and fiattento 25ø N at depthsof $00 m (Figs.5 and
Crossfolding alongnorth-northeast
trendsduringthe 6). Igneousrocksinclude a fiat-lying lamprophyre
Daeboorogenyof Jurassic age wasaccompanied by bodyof lowerTriassicage(Yun andSilberman,1979)
east-directedthrust faults, such as the reverse faults immediatelysouthof the orebodies,and a few thin
whichlocalizedquartz monzoniteporphyrysillsand dikesof quartzporphyry.The latter,althoughsimilar
dikesat YeonhwaII and YeonhwaIII (Fig. $). Later to ore-relatedporphyriesat the Dongieommine to
blockfaultingduringthe Bulkuksaorogenyof Cre- the east,are mostlylocatedoutsidethe ore-bearing
taceousto early Tertiary age occurredalong steep zone.

north-northeast-
andnorth-northwest-striking
breaks, The dominant faults in the mine area include (1)
with dominant east side down movement. The re- a steepreversefault of east-weststrike north of the
suitingstructuralpatternconsists
of three en echelon, mine workingsthat placesthe PungchonLimestone
eastward-pointing wedgesof carbonaterocks sur- over the Hwajeol Formation, (2) steepreversefaults
roundedby granitebasement;their easternborders striking N 25o-40ø E, and ($) north- to N 25ø W-
mark the noseof the westward-plunging Hanbaeg strikingsteepnormalfaultswith 45ø to 85ø W dips.
syncline,and their westernbordersare marked by Quartz monzoniteporphyrydikes,ore veins,and ore
youngnormalfaults. pipes were emp]aced in the north-northwestand
Granodioriteto quartz monzoniteporphyriesof north-northeastfault systems.
Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary agewereemplaced Morphologyof ore bodies:The orebodiesat Yeon-
alongthe Yeonhwa-Ulchin axisin the easternportion hwa I displaya pipe-likemorphologywhich is con-
of eachblock;west-dippingstructures,includingthe trolled by the intersectionof north-northeastand
Precambrian-Cambrian contactin the troughof the north-northwest faultsin PungchonLimestone,or by
Hanbaegsyncline,appearto haveservedasthe dom- the intersectionof thesefaults with the Myobong
inant pathsof magmaemplacement.Theseplutons Slate-Pungchon Limestonecontact (Figs. 6 and 7).
mark the easternmost extensionof Bulkuksaigneous Below the -240-m mine level, the maior orebodies
activitylocalizedalongthe southernmarginof Tae- lie on this contact(Wolam orebodies)and in the un-
baegsan basin(Yun, 1979a).Basemetalsulfideskarn derlying M2 limestoneunit (Myobong orebodies).
depositsare closely associatedwith these igneous Abovethe -240-m level,the orepipesbranchupward
rocksin Taebaegsan basin;existingradiometricages throughthe PungchonLimestonealongnorth-north-
point to a probablewestto eastmigrationof igneous west faults (Wolam) or north-northeastfaults (Nam-
activity and related mineralization(Kim, 1971; Yun, san orebodies)and gradually passinto veinson ap-
1979a; Yun and Silberman, 1979): (1) Imog quartz proachingthe overlyingHwaieolFormationnear the
monzonite(94 m.y.), zinc skarn;(2) Oepyeonggran- surface(Fig. 6). The knownextentof mineralization
odiorite porphyry (107 m.y.), iron-copperskarn; ($) down the dip of the beds is in excessof 1 km. No
YeonhwaII quartz monzoniteporphyry (72.6 ___ 2.2 igneousrocksother than the peripheraldikes men-
m.y.) zinc-lead skarn; (4) Pungmun granite (52.0 tioned previouslyhave been recognizedwithin this
_+1.6 m.y.), lead-zincvein in granite,and (5) Ulchin interval.
rhyodacite(50 m.y.), zinc-leadskarn. The structuraland lithologicalcontrolson the lo-
Mineral deposits:Numerouslead-zinc mines and calization of skarn ores are well illustratedby the
prospects are foundin a belt 25 km longbetweenthe -$60-m level plan of the YeonhwaI mine (Fig. 7).
villageof Cheolamand the coast(Fig. 1). The three The characteristic structural features of the orebodies
largestlead-zincproducersin Korea are locatedin are summarizedhere in stratigraphicsequence.(1)
this mineral belt: Yeonhwa I, Yeonhwa II, and Ulchin. Myobong orebodiesconsistof strata-boundlenses
The chief characteristicsof these skarn depositsare within the M2 limestoneunit of the MyobongSlate.
summarizedin Table 1. Approximately15.5 million (2) The Wolam $ ore pipe, with a diameter of 60 m
metric tonsof Pb-Zn ore were producedfrom these in plan view, is locatedin the P• and P2 unitsof the
threeskarndepositsin the period 1962to 1981.Lesser PungchonLimestonewith slateboundingitsnorthern
occurrences of Pb-Znore in skarnare mined at Dong- and southernlimits. It straddlesa steeplywest-dip-
jeom and YeonhwaIII (Fig. $). ping, north-strikingfault, the Central fault; differ-
Ore Deposits
ences in the offsetsof beddingand ore clearlydem-
Yeonhwa I mine
onstratethat thisfault existedprior to mineralization.
(5) The Wolam 1 orebody representsa northward
The YeonhwaI mine, Korea'slargestproducerof extensionof mineralizationinto the overlyingP• and
zinc and lead (721,000 metric tons of ore in 1978), P4 unitsof the PungchonLimestonelocalizedby a
liesabout5 km northwestof Seogpoin the western- northwestfracture set in the hanging wall of the
mostcarbonateblock (Figs. 1 and $). Central fault. The fact that ore wraps around the
Localgeology:Sedimentaryrocksin the immediate faulted termination of the P, slate bed indicatesthat
1018 S. YUN AND M. T. EINAUDI

TABLE1. CharacteristicFeaturesof Yeonhwa-UlchinSkarn Deposits

Yeonhwa I Yeonhwa II Ulchin

Associatedigneousintrusions None in contact with skarn. $00-m thick sill of quartz- Irregular plugsand dikesof
Thin quartz, porphyry dike monzoniteporphyry, 2.5 km rhyodacitein batholith roof
on 115-m level strike length pendant
Age of igneousrocks Cretaceous(?) Cretaceous(?) 49.8 _ 2.0 m.y. (whole-rock
K-At)
Age of skarn Cretaceous(?) 72.6 _ 2.2 m.y. (sericite in Eocene (?)
endoskarn)
Production in millions of 7.6 m.t. (1962-1981); 6% Zn, 4.5 m.t. (1971-1981); 4.1% Zn, 1.4 m.t. (1964-1981); 5.9% Zn,
metric tons(m.t.) and grade 2% Pb 0.2% Pb, 0.1% Cu 2.8% Pb, 0.8% Cu
Vertical extent of ore (m) 500 m 600 m 880 m

Pb+Zn (wt %)
avg1 8.2 7.2 11.9
range Zoned upward from 5 to 20 Erratic, 4 to 10 Zoned upward from 5 to 20
Pb/Zn (wt)
avg! 0.46 0.05 0.41
range Zone upward from 0.06 to 1.$ Low, erratic 0.02 to 0.11 Zoned upward from 0.01 to
1.1

Pb/Cu (wt)
avg1 2.4 8.4
range No discernablepattern: 0.9- Maximum midway in vertical
8.8 pipes: 1 to 88 to 5.
Morphologyof skarn/ore Pipesat depth, veinsat Strata-bound lenses near Irregular contact.Up to 200 m
surface. No barren skarn. porphyrycontactand from contacts;ore in vert
Abundant sulfide-carbonate within 150 m of contact pipes in pyx skarn;
ore abundant barren skarn

Overall gar/pyx pyx • gar pyx > gar pyx • gar

Overall ratio of sulfide to Very high, 10:1 Intermediate Very low, 1:5 to 1:10
skarn silicates

Vertical zoningof major Deep gar-pyx-po;upper level Overall gar/pyx decreases None recognized
minerals rhodochrosite
pyrite upwards
Pyroxene compositions
Mole % hd
avg (no. of samples) 80 (5) 59 (6) 68 (6)
range 27-$8 40-74 50--91
Mole % jo
avg 19 17 11
range 15-25 15-21 5-20
Molar Mn/Fe + Mn, avg $8 28 16

Garnet compositions
Mole % ad range
(no. of samples) 51-90 (5) 18-97 (18) 20-96 (6)
Mole % sp
avg 2.4 5.7 8.4
range 0-4 2-24 1-5

JBasedon assaymaps,not production

Abbreviations:
ad = andradite;di = diopside;gar = garnet;gr = grossular;
hd = hedenbergite;
jo = johannsenite;
po = pyrrhotite;
pyx: pyroxene; sp = spessartine

faultsprecededmineralization.(4) The Wolam 5 ore- (Hd27Jo15to HdasJo21, 6 analyses)• and late granditc
2- to 5-m thick skarn vein (Ad•0_c,
body is a discontinuous oSp4_3 to Adss_00Spo_a, 5 analyses)with local
developedalongthe Central fault. • Compositions
of pyroxenes
and garnetsare basedon electron
Mineralogyand metal zoning:The Wolam 1, 8, microprobeanalysisand are expressedas mole percentof the end
and 5 orebodies consist of massive sulfides and min- members
hedenbergite
(CaFe+•Si•O6,Hd)-johannsenite
(CaMnSi•O6,
eralizedskarn.No barrenskarnzonesare present.On Jo) and andradite(CaaFe•'aSiaOj•, Ad)-spessartine(MnaAl•SiaO•,
Sp); the remainderis diopside(CaMgSi•Oa,Di) and grossularite
the -$60-m level and on deeper levels,massiveores (CaaAI•SiaO•,Gr), respectively.Pyroxenoidsare expressedby the
are encasedin skarn envelopesthat consistof sub- componentswollastonite(CaSiOa, Wo)-rhodonite (MnSiOa, Rd)
equal proportionsof early manganoanferrosalite with the remaindermade up of ferrosilite(FeSiOa,Fs).
 Zn-PbSKARNS,
SOUTHKOREA 1019

bustamite (W%•Rd55, 1 analysis). Representative

analyses of thesesilicates
aregivenin Tables2, $, and
4. Footwallslatesconsist of pyroxene-quartz hornfels
with minor pyrrhotiteand late chlorite.The abun-
danceof sulfidesincreases away from the slatefoot-
wall in both Wolam 1 and $ orebodies--typically,the
greatestsulfide accumulationsoccur in pyroxene
ratherthan garnetskarn.Pyroxenewith interstitial
sulfidesis replacedlocallyby calcite,chlorite,and a
nontronite-likeclay mineral that containsup to 15
weightpercentMnO. The sulfides are sphalerite
and
pyrrhotite,subordinategalena,and minor chalco-
pyrite. In additionto occurringasinterstitialgrains,
sulfidesoccurasmassivereplacementbodiesin skarn
with a gangueof quartzand calcite,and in rhodo-
chrosite-quartz-pyrite veinsthat cut skarn.
Mineral and metal zoningtowardthe surfaceand
away from the slatefootwallis stronglydeveloped
(Fig. 8): lead/zinc(wt) ratiosincreasefrom lessthan
0.10 in garnet-pyroxene skarnon the footwallof the
PungchonLimestonebelow the -$60-m level, to
greaterthan1.0in thecentralportionof thePungchon •'16m i'll ..6p, P
Limestoneabovethe -180-m level where garnet is Myobong Slate Pungchon Ls•'6hHwajeol
Fm OO
'"'r-•
DangjeanQuarlzde
absentand pyroxeneis the dominant calc-silicate. • '• I • qmp,Cret(?) f oreshoals
Lead + zinc values(wt %) increasefrom lessthan 5.0 lamprophyre . quortz monz
porph•.• ve,ns om ,o? ZmOO
in the limestonefootwallbeds(P•, P•) to greaterthan
20 in the upper portionof the PungchonLimestone. FIG. 5. Surfacegeologicmap of the YeonhwaI mine area,
modifiedfrom mapsof the geological staff,YeonhwaI mine.Mine
With increasingproximity to the surface,the ore adits are located south of area shown. Orebodies underlie ore shoots
pipespassinto the dolomiticlimestoneof the upper and veins shown on surface.
PungchonLimestone;herethey graduallylosetheir
pipe shapesand becomeveinlike,with strikelengths
up to 150 m. Ganguemineralogytransformsfrom gray, mediumgrained,and porphyritic.The rock
dominantlypyroxene-pyrrhotite to dominantlyrho- contains $0 percentquartz,25 percentK-feldspar,$0
dochrosite-pyrite, lead q- zinc valuesdecreasefrom percentplagioclase, and8 percentbiotite.Plagioclase
20 to 10 to 15, and lead/zinc ratios become erratic and K-feldsparphenocrysts up to $ mm long, and
and generallydecrease. quartz eyesup to i mm, are set in a fine-grained
Yeonhwa II mine
groundmass. Smallamountsof epidote,calcite,mag-
netite,pyrite, and sericiteare presentas hydrother-
The YeonhwaII mine, openedin 1971, is the sec- mal alterationproducts. Biotiteoccursas2-mm thick
ond largestlead-zincmine in SouthKorea.In 1978 bookspartially replacedby chlorite.
it produced59%$51 metric tonsof ore with an av- Morphologyof orebodies: The knownverticalex-
eragegradeof $.9 percentZn, 0.2 percentPb, and tent of mineralization is in excessof 600 m, similar
0.1 percent Cu. to Yeonhwa I, but this interval includes several un-
Structure and igneous rocks: A west-plunging connected deposits.More thana dozenorebodies are
synclineof Cambrian-Ordovician sedimentaryrocks presentrangingfrom $ to 25 m in thickness and 40
is cut by a seriesof east-directedthrustfaultsin the to 450 mm in strikelength;thesestratiformlenses
mine area (Figs.$ and 9). The faultswere intruded extenddiscontinuously in their skarnsheathup to 1
by sillsand dikesof quartz monzoniteporphyry up km downdip (Fig. 10). All known orebodiesare
to $00 m thick; skarnsformed locallyalongthe mar- within 150 m of porphyry.Thoseat the upperand
ginsof themajorsillneartheMyobongSlate-Pungchonlower contactsof the porphyrysill in the southwest
Limestonecontact,especiallyon the east,or hanging- portionof the mine area are knownas the Wolgok
wall contactof the sill (Figs.9 and 10). The dominant orebodies;in the central-easternportion,a seriesof
structuralcontrolsfor skarnformationwere the pres- orebodies knownasSeongok occuralongthe margins
ence of beddingplane thrustfaults and slate-lime- of a northwest-striking dike of porphyrywhichcuts
stonecontactsalong a north-northeast trend in the beddingat a highangle;here,oreextends alongbed-
area of porphyryintrusion. dingup to 150m from porphyry.Smallerorebodies
The leastaltered porphyryat the surfaceis light occurat Kumgok(Fig. 9).
1020 $. YUN AND M. T. EINAUDI

NNW SSE

WOLAM No. 1
LEVEL-
WOLAM No.3 ELEV.

WOLAM No. 2

•m
WOLAM
No.5 p5j /
-240-400 -
•' P4
•p -300 -3,40 -

-360-280
mz /
MYOBON6 / -420-220 -
No. 3

WIDTH (m) MORPHOLOGY

qP: : :: , ^^ quortzporphyry •;• 2- 1 vein

•;h Hwojeol Formotion • I0- 3 ore shoot
(;p; P$, P4,P5 Pun(JchonLimestone
0 I00 200 m •;m; m• , mz,m3 Myobon(JSlote • 45-15 pipe
I i i I
•j J'ongsonQuortzite I 50 pipe

Fie;.6. Northwest-southeast
crosssection,lookingnortheast,
of the YeonhwaI mine (seeFig. 5 for
location).Solid black, ruled, and stippledpatternsindicate variable width ot ore and skarn bodiesin
PungchonLimestoneprojectedat right anglesto crosssection.All ore is within 200 m of the crosssection.
Offsetof Pungchon-Hwajeol contactnearsurfaceis due to projection,not faulting.

Skarnand endoskarn:The footwallWalgok ore- garnetgrains.The parageneticsequence, from early

bodiesformedat the overhanging contactof the por- to late, is rhodonite-garnet-quartz,
as suggested by
phyry sill in a thrustfault sliverof PungchonLime- most samples.
stoneoverlyingMyobongSlate.The skarnconsists of Zones containing 80 to 90 percent pyroxene
garnet, pyroxene, and rhodonite, with variable (Hd4s-6sJ%s-•, 4 samples;analysis2Y206,Table 8) are
amounts of sulfides,quartz, and fluorite. On the symmetrically developed on both the northwestern
-120-m level(Fig. 11),garnet,pyroxene,andsulfides and southeastern sidesof the garnetzone.Pyroxene
are not zonedrelativeto the porphyrycontact;rather, isveinedby quartz-calcite-rhodonite (Wos5Rd•s, sam-
the zoning pattern is symmetricalabout a fracture ple 2Y202, Table 4) and/or garnet (Ad•oSp24 to
system,locatedsome10 m from the porphyrycon- Ad97Spo, 4 samples).
The mostmanganese-rich garnet
tact, which must have served asthe main fluid conduit (24 mole % spessartine)of the Yeonhwa-Ulchin dis-
in thisarea.The skarndisplaysa centralgarnetzone trict comes from this area. Sulfides are most abundant
and a peripheralpyroxene-sulfide zone;on the south- at the interface of the garnet and pyroxenezone,
east,the pyroxenezone is in contact with limestone; where up to 50 percentsulfidesoccur,largely sphal-
on the northwest,the pyroxenezoneis in contactwith erite, with subordinatepyrrhotite,galena,and chal-
porphyryalteredto epidote-rich endoskarn. Although copyrite.The sulfidesreplacefresh pyroxenealong
the descriptionthat followsis basedon the occurrence grain boundariesand cleavageplanes.
on the -120-m level, mappingon the -60- and 0-m The patternsof mineral distributionand the gen-
levelsindicatesthatthe generalpatternsarethe same. eral parageneticsequencedescribedabovesuggest a
The centralgarnetzoneconsists of a granularmix- contemporaneous zonalgrowth, in which garnet en-
ture of 7 percentrhodonite(W%9Rd67, 1 analysis),75 croachedon an outer pyroxenezone.Sulfidesappear
percentgarnet(Ad•9Sp9, analysis2Y205,Table 2), and to postdatethisgrowthand presumablywere precip-
7 percentquartz with an averagegrain size of 0.05 itatedasfluidswhichleft thegarnetzoneandentered
to 0.1 mm. Rhodonite occurs as anhedral inclusions the pyroxenezone.
in garnet; quartz is present in intersticesbetween On the northwestern side of the skarn vein, fluids
 Zn-Pb SKARNS, SOUTH KOREA 1021

which had formed pyroxenein limestoneencoun-

tered porphyryand alteredit to endoskarn.Near the
originalporphyrycontact,the porphyrytextureis Pb+Zn
completelydestroyed.The rock contains50 to 70
percentepidote(19to 25 mole% pistacite, 2 samples) (wt.
%)
whichis replacedby euhedralradialaggregates of
rhodonite(Wo]sRd7o, 1 grain) and local garnet
(AdsaSps, 1 grain).Late quartz,sphalerite,and fluo-
rite arepresentwithintheporphyryin north-striking
alterationzones;thesemineralslocallyappearaspseu-
domorphsafter garnet. In thesesamezonesminor
chlorite replacedepidote. Toward the core of the
porphyrysill,theoriginalporphyrytexturegradually
becomes discernibleandrelicsof plagioclaseandbio-
tite becomeincreasingly abundant.Epidoteprefer-
entiallyreplacedthe groundmass, whereasrhodonite
(Wo]sRd77, 1 grain)and chlorite,accompanied by
sphalerite
andquartz,replacedfeldsparphenocrysts.
The transitionfrom endoskarn to propylitically (wt. ratio) LEVEL(a)

alteredquartzmonzonite porphyryoccursapproxi-
mately10m fromtheoriginalcontactwith limestone.
Phenocrysts,whichconstitute
50 percentof the rock,
"' -•20-
•'a -180-
i.54 o.•o

• . 240-

WOLAM
o.•4

WOLAM I

&o

FIC. 8. (A) Pb and Zn (wt %) and (B) Pb/Zn (wt ratio)zoning

at YeonhwaI viewedin crosssection(Fig. 6). Thin linesdenote
projected ore limitsdividedinto ore blocks60 m high,basedon
mine assaymaps.Blackarrowsdenotepresumedfluid flow direc-
tion.

consist of quartz,plagioclase partly replacedby ep-

idote,biotitebooksreplacedpseudomorphically by
chlorite-epidote-magnetite, and partlysericitizedal-
MYOBONG :3
kali feldsparsetin a groundmass averaging0.5 mm
in grainsize.Two percentchloriteand 2 to $ percent
O 50 I00 meters magnetiteare finelydispersed in the quartz-feldspar
groundmass. Sericitefrom a similarsettingon the 0
m levelof the Wolgok8 orebodyyieldeda K-Ar age
KEY'
[---I
P•,
P•
....limestone
members•
PuncJchon
•P, . shalemember j Limestone of 72.6 ___2.2 m.y. (Yun and Silberman,1979).
Althoughthe data on mineral compositions is of
a reconaissance
nature, some spatial trends are dis-
• mz,
limestone
• m•.
m3.member
shale
members
Myobong
Slate cernableon the -120-m levelof the Wolgokorebod-
ies. Pyroxenein ore-bearingareasnear the garnet
•Mossive sulfide& skornore.
zonetendsto be moreiron rich (Hd•o_ss,
Jo•5_z•)
than
FIG.7. Planmapof theWolamandMyobong onthe that fartherout in marble,whereit is moremagne-
orebodies
-860-m levelof YeonhwaI mineillustrating and lith- siumrich (Hd11_48,
structural Job_m).
Rhodoniteis significantly
ological
control.Modifiedfromminemapsof thegeologicalstaff, enrichedin calciumand slightlyenrichedin Fe rel-
Yeonhwa I mine.
ative to Mn throughthe sequenceendoskarn(Wo•s_
1022 s. YUN AND M. T. EINAUDI

TABLE2. RepresentativeElectronMicroprobeAnalysesof Garnets

2Y205b Y5c U69d2 2Y206b

SiO2 38.23 37.85 36.67 36.21

A12Os 18.00 9.98 4.72 0.14
FegOs(total Fe) 6.78 16.99 22.99 30.31
MnO 3.96 1.56 0.32 1.07
MgO 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.06
CaO 32.36 33.87 33.95 32.37
NagO 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
K•O 0.01 0.02 NA 0.02
F 0.60 0.18 0.47 0.09
Total 100.00 100.53 99.20 100.29

Number of cations on basis of 24 oxygens

Si 5.956 5.96 6.046 6.05 6.096 6.10 6.095 6.1

AI 1.879 0.028
Fe +• 3.305
} 4.05
0.744 2.042
3.92
0.925
2.877} 3.80 3.839
3.87

Fe +2 0.069
Mn 0.522 0.211 0.045 0.153
6.00 6.02 6.10 6.01
Mg 0.007 0.012 0.012 0.015
Ca 5.402 5.797 6.047 5.838

Total 16.01 15.99 16.00 15.98

Mole percent end members

Andradite 18.7 52.1 75.7 99.3
Pyrope 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3
Spessartine 8.8 3.6 0.8 0.5
Grossular 72.0 44.1 22.3 0.0
Almandine 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Percent cations allocated 99.5 98.1 95.0 96.9

Fe+• and Fe+sassignedon basisof Fe+• = 6-Ca-Mg-Mn.End memberscalculated in orderlisted;all Fe+sto andradite,all Mg to
pyrope,all Mn or remainingAI to spessartine,
all Ca or remainingA1to grossular,
all Fe+2or remainingAI, Si to almandine
2Y205b:manganoangranditeintergrownwith quartz and calcicrhodonite(Wo•9Rd6?Fs•4), centralgarnet zoneof Wolgok footwall,
-120-m level, YeonhwaII (seeFig. 11). Y5c: granditeassociated
with manganoansalite(analysisY5b, Table 3), both as inclusions
in
quartz at marble contact,Wolam 1, -360-m level, YeonhwaI. U69d2: andraditic garnet associatedwith manganoanferrosalite
(DiasHd55Jo•0),
West3 orebody,505-m level, Ulchin.2Y206b:andraditecoreof zonedgranditeassociated with manganoanferrosalite
(analysis2Y206a,Table 3) and sphalerite,pyroxenezone,Wolgokfootwall,-120-m level, YeonhwaII (seeFig. 11). For abbreviations,
see Table i

•sRd77-70),garnet zone (WomRd67),pyroxene zone with depth; on the -240-m level, sphaleriteis the
(Wo25Rd6s) (Table 4). only significantsulfidein skarn.
A northwest-trending endoskarnvein at Seongok The YeonhwaII skarnsdisplayonly minor varia-
marks the northernmost extent of known mineraliza- tionsin mineralogyover a 600-m vertical interval.
tion in the YeonhwaII area. The Seongokorebodies Garnet/pyroxeneratiosdecreaseand pyrrhotitebe-
generallyare similarin mineralogyto the Wolgok comesincreasinglyabundantupward. Other aspects
orebodies, exceptfor the presenceof moresignificant of the skarndo not changemarkedly;in fact, no
sulfidemineralizationin endoskarnand a highergar- trends are discernable in Pb q-Zn values or metal
net/pyroxeneratio in exoskarn.Sphalerite,accom- ratiosin ore. Pb q- Zn valuesrangefrom 4.4 to 9.5,
paniedby epidoteand minor garnetand pyroxene, andPb/Zn ratiosrangefrom0.02to 0.11.Thesemetal
occursin endoskarnabovethe -80-m level;sphalerite ratiosand the overall skarnmineralogyare similar
and pyrrhotite,accompanied by fiuorite-quartz-seri-to the deepestportionsof the YeonhwaI mine below
cite, occur in endoskarnsat depth to the -120-m the -800-m level.
level. The exoskarns at Seongoklack the quasimono-
mineralicpyroxenezonesof the Wolgokarea, con- Ulchin mine
sisting instead of garnet-pyroxenewith variable
amountsof bustamite,and locallyabundantlate flu- The Ulchin mine, third in annual productionbut
orite and calcite. Pyrrhotite abundancedecreases highestin metalgrades(5.9%Zn, 2.8%Pb, and 0.8%
 Zn-PbSKARNS,SOUTHKOREA 1023

TABLE3. Representative
ElectronMicroprobeAnalysesof Pyroxenes

Y5a Y5b 2Y206a U99a

SiO2 51.81 52.03 49.25 49.65

AI2Oa 0.63 0.10 0.04 0.76
FeO (totalFe) 8.66 10.15 19.09 25.88
MnO 5.72 6.75 4.66 1.41
MgO 9.67 7.52 4.59 0.72
CaO 23.43 23.32 22.45 22.50
Na20 0.04 0.05 0.0! 0.23
K20 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03
Total 99.98 99.93 100.1 ! 101.18

Number of cationson basisof 6 oxygens

Si 2.018
AI 1.988
}2.00
0.012
2.02
1.978
} 1.98
0.002 2.001 2.00

AI 0.017 0.005 0.036

Mg 0.553 0.435 0.275 0.043
1.03 0.99 1.08 1.00
Fe +2 0.278 0.329 0.641 0.872
Mn 0.186 0.222 0.159 0.048
Ca 0.963 0.969 0.971
Na
K
0.003
0.001
0.97 0.004
0.001
0.97
0.966
1
0.001
0.001
0.97 0.018
0.002
0.99

Total 4.001 3.983 4.023 8.991

Mole percentend members

Diopside 56 44 25 4
Hedenbergite 26 33 60 91
Johannsenite 19 23 15 5

Diopside= CaMgSi2Oo;
hedenbergite= CaFeSi•O6;johannsenite
= CaMnSi•Os
YSa:manganoan salitein layeredaggregates
at marblecontact,Wolam 1, -360-m level,YeonhwaI. YSb:manganoan salitewith
grandite(analysisYSe,Table2) as inclusions
in quartzat marblecontact,Wolam1, -360-m level,YeonhwaI. 2Y206a:manganoan
ferrosaliteassociated
with minorandradite(analysis2Y206b,Table2) and sphalerite,pyroxenezonenear porphyry,Wolgokfootwall,
-120-m level,YeonhwaII (seeFig. 11). U99a:hedenbergitein garnet-pyroxene
skarn,main adit, Ulehin

Cu for 1976 production),is located near Deogkuri, acite in the P3 and higher units of the Pungchon
about 10 km from the east coast. Limestone. The overall distribution of skarn is con-
Igneous rocks: Coarse-grainedbiotite-muscovite trolled by intrusivecontactsand by east-northeast-
graniteandyoungerrhyodaciteintrudedfoldedMyo- strikingfaultsintrudedby diabasedikes.Although
bong Slate and PungchonLimestone.A sampleof diabasedikescut rhyodacite,the relativeageof skarn
chloritizedbiotite from Ulchin granite yielded a K- and diabase is not clear. In some localities, diabase
Ar ageof 297 _ 2.0 m.y., whichshouldbe considered at the contactwith skarnis extensivelyalteredto ep-
a minimum age; a whole-rock K-Ar date of 49.3 idote,suggesting that the diabasewasin placeat the
_+2.0 m.y. was determined for Ulchin rhyodacite time of skarn formation. If this is the case, then the
from the uppermostlevel of the Ulchin mine where emplacementof rhyodaciteand formationof skarn
plagioclasehasundergone strongalterationto epidote are not strictlysynchronous. The lack of symmetry
+ calcite(Yun and Silberman,1979).Rhyodacitecon- in zoningof skarnminerals onbothsides of rhyodacite
tains $5 to 40 percent phenocrysts that, exceptfor dikesalsosuggests that skarn-forming fluidsutilized
quartzand K-feldspar,are alteredto epidoteand cal- some,but not all, rhyodacite-limestone contacts.
cite. The groundmass consists
of a very fine grained Skarnmineralogy:Garnetand pyroxene,present
(0.05mm)aggregate andminor in subequalproportionsoverall,are the dominant
ofqqartz,K-feldspar,
biotite. calc-silicates
of the earlystage.Epidoteis character-
Structuralcontroland timing: Skarnoccursin an isticof endoskarn in igneous rocksand in slate,and
east-west-trendingbelt, 1 km long, of rhyodacite garnet (Ad20Sps_5 to Ad9sSpl_s,7 samples;analysis
dikesand plugsthat wereemplacedalongthe margins U69, Table2) is concentrated in exoskarn nearrhyo-
of roof pendantsin the Ulchin granite (Figs. $ and dacite dikes.Manganoanhedenbergite(HdsoJo20 to
12). Skarnextendsup to 200 m from granite-rhyod- Hd91Jos, 6 samples; analysisU99, Table 3) is concen-
1024 s. YUN AND M. T. EINAUDI

TABLE4. RepresentativeElectron Microprobe m elev) (Fig. 12). Pb + Zn (wt %)increasesfrom 4.4

Analysesof Pyroxenoids to 21.0 betweenthesesamepoints.Pb/Cu (wt) values
2Y75b 2Y80a 2Y202a2 Y128a
increasefrom 0.95 in the deepestlevel to a maximum
of 31 to 33 in the intermediatelevelsof bothpendants
SiO2 48.00 48.14 49.25 49.12 (350-375 m elev) and then decreaseto lessthan 5
AltOs 0.02 0.05 0.60 NA near the surface.
FeO (total Fe) 5.65 6.95 6.50 6.16
MnO 88.60 87.47 84.81 80.80 Summary and Discussion
MgO 0.81 0.57 0.65 0.41
CaO 7.19 8.26 10.78 14.08 Asa class,Zn-Pb skarndepositsclusternear the Zn
Total 100.25 101.40 102.04 100.02 corner of a Cu-Zn-Pb (atomic)plot (Fig. 13) in a
groupingthat isdistinctlyseparatedfrom the Cu-(Zn)
Number of cationson basisof 18 oxygens skarns.In termsof atomicproportions,thesedeposits
are characterizedby Zn/(Zn + Cu + Pb) valuesof
Si 6.069 6.082 6.050 6.110
AI 0.008 0.005 0.087
greaterthan 0.6 and by Cu/(Cu + Zn + Pb) values
Fe 0.596 0.728 0.668 0.641
of less than 0.2. The Yeonhwa-Ulchin skarns are un-
Mn 4.184 8.984 8.570 8.198 usuallyzinc-rich examplesof this class;their metal
Mg 0.158 0.106 0.119 0.076proportions areverysimilarto thoseof theGoundhog
Ca 0.974 1.111 1.412 1.870
mineandHanoverarea,Centralminingdistrict,New
Total 11.98 11.97 11.91 11.89 Mexico (Lasky, 1942; Lasky and Hoagland,1950;
Hernon and Jones, 1968), and Nakatatsu, Japan
Mole percent end members (Shimizuand Iiyama, 1982).
FeSiOs 10.2 12.8 11.6 11.1 The characteristicgeologicand mineralogicfea-
MnSiOs 70.6 67.2 61.9 55.2 turesof Zn-Pb skarnsare summarizedby Meinert et
MgSiOs 2.6 1.8 2.1 1.8 al. (1980) and Einaudi et al. (1981). They typically
CaSiOs 16.6 18.7 24.5 82.4
form duringthe middle to late stagesof continental
2Y75b: calcic rhodonitein epidote-chlorite-rhodonite zone of
margin orogenesis (in the senseof Bilibin, 1968) as-
endoskarnin porphyry,Wolgok 8, 0-m level, YeonhwaII. 2Y80a: sociatedwith calc-alkalinegranodioriticto granitic
calcicrhodonitein garnetzone,Wolgok8, 0-m level, YeonhwaII. magmatism.Theseskarnscommonlyoccurat some
2Y202a2:calcicrhodonitein quartz-calciteveincuttingmanganoan distance from largeplutonsand are structurallycon-
ferrosalite (Dia0Hd49Joz•)with minor manganoan grossular trolledby faultsand preskarndikes.They are distin-
(GrosAd•sSpz4)-quartz-calcite
veins, in outermostpyroxene zone
nearmarble,Wolgokfootwall,-120-m level,YeonhwaII (seeFig. guishedmineralogicallyfrom other skarn types by
11). Y128a: manganoan bustamite inclusions in granditc the presence of highpyroxene/garnetratios,iron-rich
(Grs?Ad50Sps) and minor quartz, with late sphalerite,easternedge garnets,and manganese-rich pyroxeneand pyroxo
of Wolam-8, -860-m level, YeonhwaI (seeFig. 7). For abbrevi- enoids.Sulfides,reflectingintermediateto low oxi-
ations see Table 1
dation-sulfidation states,are associatedwith pyroxene
zonesratherthangarnetzones,andtypicalretrograde
trated near marble, and rhodonitecommonlyoccurs mineralsincludemanganoanilvaite, amphibole(dan-
in massivelayers in marble beyond the pyroxene nemorite), chlorite, and rhodochrosite.Someof these
zone. depositscontaina significantamountof ore in car-
The ore is strikinglylocalizedin pyroxenezones, bonateganguebeyondthe limit of skarn.
where it formsvertical,pipe-like5odiesup to 150 m The summaryand discussion that followsplaces
high/Fig. 12) that displayovalhorizontalsections up the skarns of the Yeonhwa-Ulchin district within this
to 60 m east-westby 30 m north-south.Sphaleriteand frameworkof Zn-Pb skarnsand developssomegen-
pyrrhotite,presentin subequalproportions,together eral constraints on the compositional evolutionof py-
constitute75 percentof the sulfides; galenaandchal- roxenes.Also discussed are the effect of pyroxene
copyritemake up the remainder.Alterationof early compositionon the oxidation-sulfidation stateof later
skarnmineralsis particularlynotablenear the ore- sulfide-precipitating fluidsand on the grade of ore,
bodies.Here, garnetis alteredto calcite,quartz, mag- and correlations(or lack thereof)betweenmetal ratios
netite, and hematite,and in somecasespyroxeneis and skarnmineralogy.
replacedby coarsepatchesof fluorite + phlogopite.
Metal zoning: Metal ratios basedon assaymaps General setting '
indicatea systematiczoningof Pb/Zn and Pb + Zn Skarns of the Yeonhwa-Ulchin district occur in
valuesthat are similarto the zoningat YeonhwaI. basalCambrian limestoneoverlying slate,quartzite,
Pb/Zn (wt) valuesincreasefrom 0.09 in the deepest and graniticbasementin an area of Late Cretaceous
levelsof the easternpendant(250 m elev) to 1.10 in to early Tertiary felsicplutonism.Theseigneousrocks
the highestlevelsof the westernpendant(450-500 consistof dikes and sills,are porphyritic and fine-
 Zn-PbSKARNS,SOUTH KOREA 1025

A A A A A A -i- - 4- - +4.-_-+
4- - • -

A A A A A 6h%-++ - +
A A A A

A A A

\ A

A A

A A /•

A A A A A
A A A A A A(
A A A A A A

A A A A A A
A A A A A

A A AKqmpA A A
A A A A A
A A A A
AA A A A A ,X A A A A
A A A A A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A
A A A
A

KUNGOK --• -• o 200 400

-- '-,- - i i i i i

meters
A A
6p
KEY:
• Skornorebodies
•6h-
Kclmp• Ouortz
monzonite
porph
Od :• Dongjeom quortz/te
• A A A 6h •-• Hwojeo/formotion
6P E• Pungchonlimestone
•AAA
A A A. +_.
& A AAAAAA
A•,-_*--
.•_ AA•_%- 6m,m3• Myobong
p6h •
$1ote
Hongleso½ronite

FIG.9. Surfacegeologicmapof the YeonhwaII mine area,showinglocationof majorskarnorebodies

at Wolgokand Seongokalongthe eastern(overhanging)margin of the quartz monzoniteporphyrysill.
Basedon mapsof the geologicalstaff,YeonhwaII mine.

ELEV(m) NW -•m-• f / / SE
.6p • ....• '" • / // A
-•m •p

A • , I00
[ ,200
• 500
• • Skarn
ore
bodies
-zoo A
SEA
LEVEL j •P
FIG. 10. Northwest-southeast
the Wolgokorebodies
A
/½
crosssection,lookingnortheast,of the YeonhwaII mine in the area of
(seeFig. 9 for location),illustratingemplacementof quartz-monzoniteporphyry
meters
Hongjeso
gronite
6m,
Kqmp•
Qtz.
•nzonite
m[,•,•Myobong
porphyry
Slate
•p • Pungchon
limestone

sill in the zoneof imbricatedthrustfaults.Major skarnbodiesare locatedin the underlying,ratherthan

overlying,carbonatehorizons.
1026 S. YUN AND M. T. EINAUDI

SKARN ZONES
skarn-formingfluids,may havehad a commonsource
at depth;the fluidsarrivedlaterthanthe dikesat any
.50 ORE SULFIDES
GRADEI• •.Mole% Ad-Gr-Sp
Mole
Di.Hd-Jo % PARAGENETIC
EARLY
• SEQUENCE
LATE given locality, as indicatedby the endoskarnveins
that cut dikes.
• iAAA
• (E•D•E-CHLORITE)
bid
• chlor+moG
Morphologyand structuralcontrol
....
?••:.'. '. Z I pl•epid •chl• +rh•n
The structuraland stratigraphiccontrolof skarn
•.2%• .. -."--.'."..: • ( • RHODONITE •id+(•,gar)•o•+qtz formationisdisplayedin the vein,pipe-like,andstrat-
/• •'.:'.'0 CHLORITE fluor
+Ip•l. iform natureof the skarnbodies.Hydrothermalfluids
-•,- •...]•:.:• • , were channeled by broken porphyry-sedimentary
•- •a •% . I 97-0- • core rock contacts,slate-limestonecontacts,and faults. The
mostfavorablehorizonfor developmentof skarnin
•'• Z GARNET
- •ARTZ rhodonite
• •orßqtz the districtwasthe lower one-thirdof the Pungchon
< ___, ....... Limestonenear the P• slateunit and overlyingthe
ß o•
•Od •-• • 11-68-21]
26-65-6 lulfidel Myobong Slate. Although a compositionalcontrol,
lore
/T"• .- • H•• PYRDXENE xqtz-cal
rhodon such as the less dolomitic nature of the lower
/ ..... • IIIIil111 -- I •qlz-cal •or veinl
Pungchon,may have been a factor in selectivere-
/ placement,the enhancedpermeabilityof slate-lime-
•od //I ss
stone contactsappears to have been the dominant
C•.-u.•••RNET control.

•• • SLATE Calc-silicatezoningand compositions

Zoningis well developedin all three depositsrel-
ative to shale-limestone contacts or fissures in lime-
FIG.11. Planmapillustrating zoningandparagenetic sequence stone.The lateral zonal sequence,developedin the
of skarnon the -120-m levelof the Wolgokorebodies, Yeonhwa
II mine.A centralgarnet-quartzzoneisboundedonbothsidesby early stages, consists
of (1) epidotewith late rhodonite
a pyroxenezone;the interfaceis ore bearing.Porphyryin contact and garnet in shale or porphyry and (2) exoskarn
with pyroxeneon the northwestside of the skarn is altered to zonedtowardmarblefrom intermediategrandite-an-
endoskarn. ß: locationof samplesusedfor electronmicroprobe dradite, to manganoanferrosalite,and to bustamite.
analysisof pyroxeneand garnet.Abbreviations: Ad -- andradite;
Bio: biotite;Cal: calcite;Chlor-- chlorite;Di -- diopside;
Epid
Althoughthis sequenceis fairly typical of many Zn-
: epidote; Fluor= fluorite; Gar = garnet; Gr: grossular;Hd Pb skarndeposits(e.g., Schmitt,1989), it differsin
: hedenbergite;Jo: johannsenite;Ksp= K-spar; Mag-- magnetite; detail from that found in tungstenskarns,copper
Plag,Plagio: plagioclase;Pyx= pyroxene; Qtz -- quartz;Rhodon skarns,and someiron skarns,where the pyroxene-
-- rhodonite;Sp -- spessartine;
Sphal-- sphalerite. pyroxenoidassociationnear the marble front, if pres-
ent, is less Mn rich and consistsof ferrosalite-wollas-
tonite, salite-wollastonite,and hedenbergite-ferro-
grained,and presumablyrepresenthypabyssal levels bustamite,respectively(Burt, 1972; Shimazaki and
of emplacement.Reconnaissance K-Ar dateson fresh Bunno, 1978; Einaudi, 1982).
and altered igneousrocksin the district, including All silicates in the Yeonhwa-Ulchin district are no-
sericitethat is interpretedto be part of an endoskarn tably enrichedin manganese.Garnetsare interme-
alteration event at Yeonhwa II, indicate that Zn-Pb diate andradite-grossularite solid solutions,ranging
skarnsformed in the interval 90 to 50 m.y. ago. from about 20 to 95 mole percent andradite, and
The majorityof porphyry-carbonate contactsin the spessartine is a minorbut ubiquitouscomponent;one
district do not contain skarn, and in those caseswhere analyzedgraincontains24 mole percentMnsA12SisO•2
skarnbodiesdo occurin the vicinity of igneouscon- (Gr•Ad•sSp24). Twenty-fouranalyzedgrainsfrom the
tacts, the skarnsare not always zoned with respect three depositsaverage GrssAda•Sp4. No systematic
to thesecontacts.These observations,combined with variationsof garnet compositions in spaceor time
the fact that there are no obvious correlations between were found, but a positivecorrelationexistsbetween
metalratiosanddistancefrom igneousbodies,suggest grossulariteand spessartinecontents(Table 2); ex-
that the skarn-formingfluids did not evolve from cludingthe one analysisof high manganese garnet,
magmaat the presentlevelsof exposure.Similarcon- the spessartine contentrangesfrom approximately2.5
clusionshave been reachedby other workerswith mole percent at Gr•sAd7sto approximately6 mole
respect to the Zn-Pb skarn depositsat Tepezala percentat Gr70Ada0, a trend similar to that observed
(Wandke and Moore, 1985) and SantaEulalia (Pres- by Ashley(1980)at theBanBanzincskarn,Australia,
cott, 1916), Mexico, and in the Hanover area, New and by Meinert (1980a)at Cananea,Mexico.
Mexico (Schmitt, 1989). The dikes and sills,and the Calcic rhodonite("-Mn4CaFeSiaO•s)is typical of
 ZnoPbSKARNS,SOUTH KOREA 1027

ELEV(m)
-600
WNW SSE

'
500 ....,
2
• œp
'• •/•.••)'•(WT.
FRACTION)
Pb: Zn
?

//--SKAR ..//•
/• •

400 ol-;•1

300 /--? .•
';• Undevided
cjroni'•ic
intrusions
• Kk : Kyoncjsoncj
System,
ccj,sh,ss.
..• Ep,
P25: Puncjchon
Is• slote
bed. 0
i i
I00 m
i

200 • •m : Myoboncj
Slote

Fic. 12. East-west

crosssection,lookingnorth,of the Ulchinmine,illustrating
locationof skarnin
roofpendantsof graniticplutons
andzoningof Pb/Zn(wt ratio)in majorskarnorebodies.Orebodies are
projectedupto50 m tothecross section.
Based onassay andgeologicmapsof thegeological staff,Ulchin
mine.

endoskarnand garnet zones, whereas the more fiectsdepletionof the fluid in Fe as it precipitated
calcic pyroxenoid, manganoan bustamite iron-richand manganese-poor garnetsnear channel
(•--MnaCa2FeSi60•8),
is typical of outer pyroxene ways.
zones near marble. This trend is consistent with the The Fe/Mg ratio in pyroxenedisplaysa positive
expectedgradientsin calciumconcentrationtoward correlation with Fe/Mn (Fig. 14),that is,asthe man-
the marble replacementfront. The pyroxenoid-cli- ganesecontentincreases sodoesthe magnesiumcon-
nopyroxeneassociationin the Yeonhwa-Ulchin dis- tent. This result,which appearsto be at oddswith
trict issimilarin composition to that foundat the Ban the generalization that fluidsdepositingpyroxenein
Ban Zn deposit(Ashley, 1980) and in the Uchuc- calcicskarnsare "depletedfirst in Mg and then in
chacuaAg-Pb-Znskarn vein, Per6 (Alpers,1980), Fe, sothat finally only Mn remainsto form johann-
bothof whichare significantly moremanganese rich senitenearthe unreplacedlimestone"(Burt, 1977,p.
than the hedenbergite-bustamite (MnCa4FeSi60]8 to 869), canbe explainedasa consequence of wall-rock
CasFeSiaO]s) associationsreportedby Shimazakiand composition. Becausethe skarnmineralassemblage
Bunno(1978) from certain iron, tungsten,and po~ is notbufferedwith respectto fo2,the Fe/Mg ratios
lymetallicskarnsin Japan. of pyroxenereflect the concentrationof thesecom-
Clinopyroxenes are manganoansalite-ferrosalites;ponentsin the fluid phaseand not the oxidationstate.
seventeenanalysesrange from DissHd2?Jo•5 to BecauseMg is a componentthat is locally available
Di4Hd9•Jos (Fig. 14). In termsof averagepyroxene in the wall rocks,it is probablethat the decreasein
compositions,the Fe/Mn ratio decreasesfrom 5.7 Fe/Mg in pyroxene with distance fromhydrothermal
(HdasJo]•) at Ulchin, to $.5 (Hds9Jo]?) at YeonhwaII, conduitsreflectsincreasing dolomiticwall-rockcon-
to 1.6 (Hds0Jo]9) at YeonhwaI. The few analyses avail- trol of fluidcompositions (a consequenceof decreas-
ablesuggest a trendtowardlowerFe/Mn ratioswith ing water/rock ratios). If so, then Yeonhwa I, with
distancefrom garnetzones(and,therefore,with dis- the mostmagnesium-rich pyroxenes,had lower wa-
tance from sourceof fluids) at individual localities ter/rock ratiosand/or wasfurther removedfrom its
(e.g.,from 4.0 to 1.8 at Ulchin,Fig. 11). A similar sourceof fluids than were Yeonhwa II or Ulchin. Such
trend hasbeen documentedby Bartholom&and Ev- a conclusionis compatiblewith the trend toward
rard (1970) at the Temperinoskarndeposit,Italy. lower Fe/Mn in pyroxenesthroughthe samese-
BecauseFe and Mn are components suppliedby the quenceof deposits.Also,YeonhwaI can be identified
fluidand notby the localwall rocks,the upwardand as the most distal skarn in the district on the basis of
outwarddeclinein Fe/Mn in pyroxenelargely re- thelowoverallgarnet/pyroxene
ratio,verticalzoning
1028 s. YUN AND M. T. EINAUDI

Copper skorns Cu Zinc(+-Pb)skorns paniedby sphaleriteand quartz. Pyrite-rhodochro-

1.CorrFork,Bingham,
Utah site-sphalerite
veinscutthepyrrhotite-pyroxene
bodies
2 Canhnental
No3, NM /1-•, 6 Washington
Camp,
Ar•z
3. Central
zone,
Moracocha,
Peri•/ '• 7 Capate,
Cananco,
Max. in all threedeposits
and form the upper100 m of ore
4 Intermad
zone,Morococho
/ • B Groundhog,
NM at Yeonhwa I.
5.ElT•ra,Sdver
Bell,
Anz •y' 2 e?"• 9 Hanover
area,
NM
Binghamd•stalfmsures/ '• I0 Nakatatsu,
Japan Garnet and pyroxenepredatemostsulfidedepo-
Pb-Zn-Ag
•nhmestone'-)/ • II. Yeonhwa-IT,
Korea sitionin skarndeposits,and the suggestion has been
a.1525m
elev15kin / 3e • IZ Ulch•n,
Korea
b 2000m
elev,Z.Skm/ '• 13.Frisco,
Ch•huahua made (Burt, 1972, 1977) that thesesilicate minerals
c ZtOOm
clay,3
Ikm/ • • 14Uchucchacua,
Peri may exerta chemicalcontrolonlater fluidsandthere-
d•stance
from
.• ,/ Wßß?•,15Arava•pa,
Ar•z
center
ofporph
/ 5 '•6 Santa
Barb
....gasIowa
Max foreon the sulfidemineralsthat are precipitated.Burt
(1972),for example,hassuggested that reductionof
the ore fluid by Fe+•-richhedenbergitic
pyroxene
may causeore depositionand may explain the cor-
relationbetweenhigh Zn grade and pyroxenezones
of Zn-Pb skarndeposits.Einaudi (1982) hasusedan
idealsitesolutionmodelfor Fe+•-Mg+• exchangein
Pb Pb, Zn (wt frachon)-- 2.25 I0 05
Zn clinopyroxeneto show that a correlationexistsbe-
tweenthe compositionof hedenbergite-diopsidesolid
solutions and the dominant iron sulfide in skarns lack-

/43,o - 51a A SEOUP

ing manganese. Recentexperimentalwork on the T-
...•/ 37o-495ß SEOUP
SNEW
EAST fo•-fs•stabilityof clinopyroxene
solidsolutions
(Gam-
/32,-,.o o •A.T,
..... ..•,u. \'•.tß ß ,•,'•
ble, 1978, 1982; Burton, 1978; Burton et al., 1982)
Pb' ^ ..... YEONHWA
Zn
Atomic Proportions Jo
FiC. 15. Average Cu, Pb, and Zn (atomic) proportionsin ores
at Ulchin, Yeonhwa II, and other Zn-Pb skarns,contrastedwith
thosein Cu skarns.In the top triangle,the Yeonhwa-Ulchin ores
plotin a groupof Zn-richZn-Pbskarns, a groupthatincludesskarns
in the Hanoverareaand Groundhogmine,Centralminingdistrict,
New Mexico,and the Nakatatsumine,Japan.Dashedline denotes
zoningin distalZn-Pb-Agfissures in limestoneperipheralto Cu-
skarnat Bingham,Utah.The bottomtriangledisplays spatialzoning
of Cu/Pb/Zn at Ulchin;arrowsdenotetrendfromdepthin eastern
pendantto surfacein westernpendant(seeFig. 12). Metal data
from Petersen(1965),Atkinsonand Einaudi (1978), Einaudiet al.
(1981), and Einaudi (1982).

from manganoanferrosalite/salite-pyrrhotite
to rho-
dochrosite-pyrite,
and paucity of porphyry dikesin
the mine. D[ POI•PHYF•'
Cu
;/ ........ Hd
SKARNS Zn:Cu <1; Pb:Cu<O.05
Sulfidesand retrogradealteration

/ .o. \
Sulfides,accompaniedby hydroussilicateor car-
bonateminerals,are superimposed on the early skarn
assemblage. The dominantsulfideis pyrrhotite,ac-
companiedby sphalerite,lessergalena,and minor D[ ----ULCHiN•• Hd
chalcopyrite.These sulfidesare concentratedin the Atomic Proportions
pyroxenezonesof early skarn,wherethey commonly
form massivesulfidebodieswith a gangueof calcite F•C. •. Triangular plot o{ diopside(Di), 4eden•r•ffe (HJ),
and quartz. Pyroxenelocallyis alteredto chloriteor and jo4annsenite
(Jo)molecularproartions in pyroxenes {tom t4e
Yeon4wa-Ulc4indistrict,basedon electronmicropro• analyses,
manganese-rich clays.Chloritealsois commonasan contrastedwR4 pyroxenes{tom ot4er ca]c•cZn-Pbskarns
alteration product of epidote and rhodonite in en- minin• district),calcicZn-Cu sEarns(Cananea),and •rp4yry cop-
doskarns.Iron oxidesare locally presentin minor •r-related Cu sEarns.Relatively4i•4 valueso{ Zn/Cu and
quantities,accompaniedby calcite and quartz, as (atomic pro.tigons) c4aracter•zet4e Fe-•n-enric4ed pyroxene
skarn•o{ Yeon4wa-Ulc4in andt4e Centralm•n•n•district,w4ereas
breakdownproductsof iron-richgarnet. Fluorite is relativelylow valueso{ Zn/CH and Pb/Cu c4aracterizet4e •-
commonin altered endoskarnand in garnet skarn, endc4edpyroxeneskarn•o{ t4e •rp4yry cop•r environment.
especiallyat YeonhwaII and Ulchin, and is accom- Data {rom •eJnert (]980a) and Einaudi
 Zn-Pb SKARNS,SOUTH KOREA 1029

indicatesthat clinopyroxenemay behaveas an ideal Thus, a one-to-onecorrelation between Pb/Zn and

solutionwith respectto Fe+2-Mg
+2exchange,
but not wall-rockmineralogyis not observedon the district
with respectto Fe+2-Mn+2 exchange.Therefore, scale.One isled to concludenot onlythat ore-forming
quantitative evaluationof the potential of clinopy- fluids arrived after skarn had already formed, but
roxenein skarnsto controlthe fugacitiesof O2 and also that the proportionof galena and sphalerite
S2must await a rigoroustreatment of activity-com- which precipitatedin different depositsacrossthe
positionrelationsin ternary solidsolutions.However, district was controlled as much by factors such as
somegeneralconclusions can be made with the pres- temperature,permeability,and water/rock ratiosas
ent experimentaldata which indicate that at $00ø to by wall-rockmineralogy.
400øC, a likely temperature for the initiation of sul-
fide deposition,Hd•00is stablewith pyrrhotitebut not Lead + zinc grade and pyroxenecomposition
with pyrite. Dilution of Hd•00either to Hd00Di40or
The zones of most abundant sulfides correlate with
to Hd95Jo5 at thesetemperatureshas an identical ef-
fect: the clinopyroxenefield expandssuchthat it is zonesof mostabundantpyroxene,suggesting that the
stable with either pyrrhotite or pyrite. Therefore, presenceof ferrousiron inducedprecipitationof sul-
hydrothermal solutionssaturated with respect to fides. In addition, the depositwith the highestPb
iron sulfide on encounteringthe Hd25Dic,0Jot5 to + Zn grade (Ulchin) containsthe mostiron-richpy-
Hd?aDi•2Jo•pyroxenezonesat Yeonhwa I and Yeo- roxene;the few analysesof pyroxenethat can be cor-
nhwa II precipitatedpyrrhotite due to their inher- relatedwith specificPb-Znassayvalues(Fig. 15) sug-
ently low oxidation-sulfidationstate, rather than as gestthat theremay be a generaldistrict-widerelation
a resultof bufferingby pyroxene.Only the mostiron- betweenhighPb + Zn grade(for a givenPb/Zn ratio)
rich pyroxenesat Ulchin couldhavecausedpyrrhotite and high iron contentin pyroxene.The changing
rather than pyrite to precipitate from solutionssat- proportionsand amountsof metalsprecipitatedfrom
urated with respectto iron sulfide. Here, the rela- fluidsthat movedthroughskarntoward the surface
tivelylow overallpyrite/pyrrhotiteratiosuggests that may have followed an overall trend shownby the
pyroxeneat Ulchin retained its buffering capacity heavyblackline in Figure 15, that is, a trend toward
throughoutthesulfidedepositional history,in contrast increasingPb + Zn and Pb/Zn. The path may have
with YeonhwaI, where pyrite eventuallywas pre- locally deviatedfrom the overall trend to the high
cipitated in large amounts. Pb q-Zn sidedue to the presenceof Fe-rich pyroxene
(asat Ulchin) or uponenteringlimestone(asat Yeo-
Lead/zinc ratiosand skarnmineralogy nhwa I).
Lead/zinc ratios in ores of the Yeonhwa-Ulchin The correlationbetweenferrousiron-bearingpy-
district are systematicallyzoned upward toward roxeneandhighsulfidecontentisnota featureunique
higher values(Figs. 8, 12, and 13), a generaltrend to the Yeonhwa-Ulchindistrict;preferential precip-
observedwith distancefrom the presumedsourceof itationof sulfidesin pyroxenezonesof skarndeposits
solutions in otherskarndeposits(Spencer,1950;Her- is well documented.Examplesare sphaleritein man-
non and Jones,1968; Atkinsonand Einaudi, 1978; ganoanhedenbergiterather than in andraditezones
Alpers,1980).If the relativeconcentrations of Pb and in the Central mining district, New Mexico (Burt,
Zn in solutionon enteringcarbonateor skarnzones 1972), and chalcopyriteq- pyrite at the salite-andra-
did not vary significantlyacrossthe district,then the dite interface rather than in andradite at the Mason
value of Pb/Zn can be usedas an indicator of the Valley Mine, Nevada (Einaudi, 1977).
thermal and chemical evolution of the ore fluid, and A representativepyroxenealteration reactionmay
one might searchfor a correlationbetween Pb/Zn be written as follows:
and the degreeof evolutionof the skarnitself.Within (CaFeSi206)+ 2HSO4q- 4H + --•
individualdeposits, thiscorrelationholdswell, espe- in pyroxene
cially at YeonhwaI, where the lower levels consist
of garnet-pyroxene with Pb/Zn valuesof 0.06 to 0.24, FeS + 2SiO2+ H2S+ Ca+2+ 2H20 + 402, (1)
pyrrhotite quartz
the intermediatelevelsconsistof pyroxenewith lesser
garnet and Pb/Zn valuesof 0.30 to 0.74, and the whereore fluidscontainan unspecifiedproportionof
upper levelsconsistof pyroxene-rhodochrosite veins oxidizedsulfur speciesand pyroxeneis replacedby
with Pb/Zn greater than 1.0. YeonhwaII is similar pyrrhotiteand quartz. A representativereactionfor
in both skarn mineralogyand Pb/Zn ratios to the depositionof sulfidesfrom chloridecomplexescanbe
lower levelsof Yeonhwa I; however, Ulchin doesnot written (Barnes,1979) as follows:
fit thisscheme:
the upperlevelsof Ulchinretaingar- MeC12/aq•
+ H2S•aq•
-• MeS+ 2H+ + 2C1-. (2)
net-pyroxeneskarn,but the oresdisplayPb/Zn values
similar to the carbonate environment at Yeonhwa I. Equation (2) showsthat depositionof sulfidescould
10130 S. YUN AND M. T. EINAUDI

0.5
UPPER LEVEL PIPES, VEINS
Yeonhwa-Ulchin district probably occurred at tem-
peraturesgreater than 250øC, a conclusioncompat-
YEONHWA-
I r• r-•--•l
_ 5_••.. ible with temperaturesdeducedfrom fluid inclusions
in very similarZn-Pb vein and skarndeposits(Roed-
der, 1971;Surles,1978;Alpers,1980).Althoughtem-
,,-,----....__,to perature also is a factor, it cannot be the sole cause
! ßß ß of sulfide depositionin this case,because,in contrast
." .-' •'I•-TI ,' ,/ / .........
ULL.,I-III•I
with pH and oxidationstates,temperaturecould not
vary systematicallywith the local, small- to large-
[] • 'A,•,,•,.•½ ,,'
scalevariationsin mineral assemblages observedin
,•Aff$•*• •.$, LOWER
LEVELS the deposits.

Conclusions

The Yeonhwa-Ulchinskarnsof the Taebaegsan

•-• •'•YEONHWA-H
•U ' • Mole
%Hd
basin,SouthKorea, define part of a Pb-Zn-(W-Mo)
metallogenicprovince associatedwith felsic calc-al-
kaline magmatismof Cretaceousto early Tertiary
age. The structuralcontrol and mineral zoning of
-2.5 skarnssuggestthat skarn-formingfluidswere not lo-
0 5' '
I0 '
15 '
20 2•5 cally derivedfrom the smalligneousbodiesexposed
at the surface;rather, skarnswere formed in the first
Wt. % (Pb +Zn)•
carbonateunits encounteredby hydrothermal solu-
FIG. 15. Relation between Pb/Zn (log wt fraction), Pb + Zn tionsthathadrisenperhapsseveralkilometers through
(wt %),and ironcontentof pyroxene(mole% hedenbergite) at the granite,quartzite,and slate.The solutionscouldhave
three skarndepositsas a functionof depth. Pb/Zn and Pb + Zn
retained temperatureshigh enough for skarn for-
displaya positivecorrelationoverall.At YeonhwaI and Ulchin,
metal zoningdescribes an increasein Pb/Zn and Pb + Zn toward mationby a combinationof the effectsof depth and
the surface;YeonhwaII displaysno apparentmetalzoningover district-widemagmatism,althoughneither of these
a comparableverticalinterval.CombinedPb + Zn gradeis highest effects has been quantified. These tentative conclu-
in skarnthat containsthe mostFe-rich pyroxene;samplesto the sionssupportthe conceptthat enrichmentof solutions
right of the heavy line contain >40 mole percenthedenbergite
(Hd) (10 samples average61 mole% Hd), whereasto the left they in F'e,Mn, Zn, and Pb, and depletionin A1,Mg, and
contain<88 mole percentHd (four samplesaverage$1 mole % Cu, a characteristicfeature of Zn-Pb skarn deposits
Hd). Symbols: YeonhwaI: ß = 280 to 460 m elev;¸ = 520 to 755 in limestone,may requirethat fluidstravel longdis-
m elev. YeonhwaII: ß = Seongokstopes,40 to 400 m elev; [] tancesfrom their sourceat high to intermediatetem-
= Wolgokfootwallstopes, 280 to 580 m elev;[] = Wolgokhanging- peraturesthroughrelativelynonreactive(noncarbon-
wall stopes,580 to 700 m elev. Ulehin:ß = easternpendant,225
to 425 m elev;/• = westernpendant,$$0 to 500 m elev. Numbers ate) rocks.The process doesnot requirea specialized
in squaresrefer to mole percent Hd in pyroxeneassociatedwith sourceenrichedin the components presentlyfound
a given ore stope. at the siteof ore deposition(Meinert, 1980b;Einaudi
et al., 1981).
Calc-silicatesare zoned laterally and vertically,
result from: (1) an increasein the concentrationof with garnet-pyroxene-pyrrhotite at depthor inward,
H2S due to sulfate reduction, (2) an increasein pH, pyroxenewith pyrrhotite-sphalerite (+_galena)
in an
and ($) a decreasein the concentrationof C1- re- intermediateposition,and bustamitein a fringe posi-
suitingfrom additionto the fluid of a C1- ion pairingtion. Locally,high-gradeveinsand pipesof massive
ionsuchasCa+2.All of theseeffectscouldbe brought pyritic ore, accompaniedby rhodochrosite-quartz,
on by the interactionof the ore fluid with pyroxene; cut earlier skarnor formed in limestonebeyondand
an increasein reduced sulfur or an increasein pH above skarn.
are the mosteffectiveprocesses for depositionof sul- The high concentrationof manganeserelative to
fides(Anderson,1975; Barnes,1979). In the present iron and magnesiumin solutionresultedin garnets
context,the observedpositivecorrelationbetweenPb with 1 to 10 molepercentspessartine,
pyroxeneswith
-t-Zn grade and mole percent hedenbergitein py- 5 to 25 molepercentjohannsenite,
and stabilizedbus-
roxenesuggests that sulfatereductionmay havebeen tamitc rather than wollastonite or ferrobustamite near
the dominant processin skarn. Becausethe rate of the marble front. With distancefrom major hydro-
sulfate reductionmay be too low for depositionof thermal conduits,pyroxenesdisplay an increasein
largeamountsof sulfidesat low temperatures(Barnes, Mn/F'e dueto progressivedepletionof ironin solution
1979), ore depositionin the pyroxenezonesof the and an increasein Mg contentowing to a progressive
 Zn-PbSKARNS,SOUTH KOREA 1051

REFERENCES
approachof the fluid toward equilibrium with do-
1omitic wall rocks. Alpers,C. N., 1980, Mineralogy,paragenesis,
and zoningof the
Pyroxenecompositions indicatethat the maximum Luz vein, Uchucchacua,PerG:Unpub. B.A. thesis,Cambridge,
Massachusetts,Harvard Univ., 188 p.
oxidation-sulfidation
statelay at valuesnear the pyr- Anderson,G. M., 1978, The hydrothermaltransportand deposition
rhotite-pyrite-magnetitebuffer. Only the pyroxene of galenaandsphaleritenear100øC:EcoN.GEOL.,v. 68, p. 480-
skarnat Ulchin lay belowthisbuffer and couldthere- 492.

fore have controlledthe precipitationof pyrrhotite Ashley,P.M., 1980,Geologyof the BanBanzincdeposit,a sulfide-
bearingskarn,southeast
Queensland,
Australia:ECON.GEOL.,v.
ratherthan pyrite duringthe early stagesof sulfide 75, p. 15-29.
deposition. Atkinson,W. W., Jr., and Einaudi,M. T., 1978,Skarnformation
If the compositionsof pyroxene,combined with and mineralizationin the contactaureoleat Carr Fork, Bingham,
the overallgarnet/pyroxeneratiosand relativeabun- Utah: Ecoa. GV,OL., v. 78, p. 1826-1865.
Barnes,H. L., 1979, Solubilitiesof ore minerals, in Barnes,H. L.,
danceof rhodochrosite-pyritecan be usedasindica-
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Ulchin are found only in the veinswith carbonate Burton,J. C., Taylor,L. A., andChou,I-I•ling,1982,Thefo•-T
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This paperis derivedin part from the firstauthor's titative electronmicroprobeanalysis:Allentown,Pennsylvania,
Ph.D. dissertationresearchat Stanford University Bell TelephoneLabs.
(Yun, 1979c).We are gratefulto C. S. Byeon,K. S. Einaudi, M. T., 1977, Petrogenesis of the copper-bearingskarnat
Hah, Y. C. Bae,and D. B. Choi of the Youngpung the Mason Valley mine, Yerington district, Nevada: Eco•.
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