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Coordinates: 17°N 121°E

Benguet
Benguet (Tagalog pronunciation: [beŋˈɡet]; Ibaloi: Probinsya ne Benguet; Ilocano: Probinsia ti
Benguet; Pangasinan: Luyag na Benguet; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Benguet) is a landlocked Benguet
province of the Philippines located in the southern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Province
the island of Luzon. Its capital is La Trinidad.
Province of Benguet
The highland province is known as the Salad Bowl of the Philippines due to its huge production of
upland vegetables.[1][2][5]

Situated within the interior of Benguet is the highly urbanized city of Baguio, which is
administered independent from the province. Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): Salad Bowl of the
Philippines[1][2]
Contents
History
Spanish period
American period
World War II
Modern history
Geology
Geography
Climate
Administrative divisions
Barangays
Demographics
Ethnicity
Languages
Religion
Economy
Education Location in the Philippines
Tourism Coordinates: 17°N 121°E

References Country Philippines

Region Cordillera
External links Administrative
Region (CAR)
Founded November 23,
History 1900
Province June 16, 1966
The mountainous area now covered by Benguet is generally presumed to have been settled from at
Capital La Trinidad
least the 14th century by tribes coming from the surrounding lowlands, lured by the abundance of
natural resources such as gold, hides, and wax. Two of these groups, the Ibaloi and the Kankanaey, Government
are dominant ethnolinguistic groups of the area. In the pre-conquest period, these tribes enjoyed • Type Sangguniang
flourishing trade with lowland groups immediately to their west and south, such as the Panlalawigan
Pangasinans. Governor Juan "Oraa" Cariño (1913-1918) one of the governors of Benguet, was the • Governor Melchor D.
first Filipino to be a governor. Diclas
(PDP-LBN)

The Kankanay occupied the northern highlands of the province, while the Ibaloy occupied the • Vice Governor Johnny D.
southern portion, while all Igorots practiced animism and ancestor worship. Rituals were Waguis
(PDP-LBN)
proscribed by the priests, mambunong. The economy of the region was based on rice terraces, root
• Congressman Nestor B.
crop swidden farming, livestock raising, hunting, foraging, plus the mining and trading of gold.
Fongwan
These Igorot gold mines were located in Suyoc, Tabio, Acupan, and Antamok. Gold panning took (PDP-LBN)
place in placer deposits along the Agno River, the Bued River, the Suyoc River, and the
Amburayan River. Gold was also mined from lode veins within andesite and diorite. Gold in Area[3]
Mankayan was associated with copper. Gold mining resulted in social stratification, with the upper • Total 2,769.08 km2
class consisting of the mine owners, the baknang, followed by the gold workers, or abiteg, and (1,069.15 sq mi)
then the bagaen, or slave class. These slaves were made up of war captives, and their children. Area rank 47th out of 81
Gold mines were inheritable kinship property, while original ownership was bestowed on those (excluding
individuals discovering the gold location, and then developing the property.[6][7]:183 Baguio City)
Highest elevation 2,926 m
(Mount Pulag) (9,600 ft)
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Spanish period Population (2015 census)[4]

• Total 446,224
At the beginning of the Spanish Era, colonisers heard of the rich gold mines in the mountains and • Rank 61st out of 81
attempted to colonize the highlands, but failed. In 1572, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo led • Density 160/km2
a small expedition into the southern part of Benguet, but the natives forced it to retreat.[5] The (420/sq mi)
first major expedition into the mountains occurred in 1620, when Spanish explorers went into the • Density rank 55th out of 81
La Trinidad Valley, followed by a second expedition in 1623, and a third in 1624. This was the last (excluding
attempt to occupy the Baguio gold mines by the Spanish until the Galvey expeditions (1829- Baguio City)
1839).[6]:473–475 Divisions
• Independent cities 1
In the 1800s, Spanish colonizers made more serious attempts such as expeditions under Col.
Baguio
Guillermo Galvey[8]:280 and succeeded in establishing a presence in the La Trinidad Valley, named
• Component cities 0
after Galvey's wife.[5]
• Municipalities 13
This area later became a district of the new province of La Montañosa (or La inMontaña)[9][10] Atok
1846. Eight years later, in 1854, Benguet became a separate comandancia politico-militar. Parts of Bakun
the present province were established as component territories of other comandancias such as Bokod
Lepanto and Amburayan.[5] Buguias
Itogon
American period Kabayan
Kapangan
When the Americans took control of the Philippines, they established local civil governments in Kibungan
many parts of the country. American civilian government was established in Benguet on La Trinidad
November 23, 1900 through Act No. 48, with Canadian journalist H.P. Whitmarsh appointed as Mankayan
the province's first governor.[11] Sablan
Tuba
The 19 historical townships of Benguet under Act No. 48[1][12] Tublay
Township Abolished? Notes Township Abolished? Notes • Barangays 140
Adaoay Yes Currently part of Kabayan Itogon No including
independent cities:
Ambuklao Yes Currently part of Bokod Kabayan No 269
Ampusongan Yes Currently part of Bakun Kapangan No • Districts
Lone district
Atok No Kibungan No of Benguet
including
Converted into a chartered city La independent
Baguio Yes No
in 1909* Trinidad cities: Lone
Currently part district of
Balakbak Yes Currently part of Kapangan Loo Yes Baguio City
of Buguias
Time zone UTC+8 (PST)
Currently part
Bokod No Palina Yes
of Kibungan ZIP code 2600–2614
IDD : area code  +63 (0)74
Buguias No Sablan No
ISO 3166 code PH
Daclan Yes Currently part of Bokod Tublay No Spoken languages English ·
Galiano Yes Ilocano ·
Tagalog · Ibaloi
· Kankana-ey ·
When Baguio was converted into a chartered city in 1909, barrio Tuba was separated from the city Kalanguya ·
and incorporated into the township of Twin Peaks.[13] Bontoc
Website benguet.gov.ph
Upon the American colonial government enacting Act No. 1876 on August 18, 1908 which created (http://benguet.
Mountain Province from areas of the old La Montañosa, Benguet (along with Amburayan, gov.ph)
Apayao, Bontoc, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Lepanto) became sub-provinces of this new province.[5][14] A
year later in 1909, the township of Baguio was abolished upon its conversion into a chartered city. In 1920, portions of the sub-provinces of
Amburayan and Lepanto were incorporated into Benguet.[5]

Mining companies started operating in the province in the 1930s. This brought jobs, and many lowlanders migrated to Benguet, especially in
towns surrounding the gold mines, such as Itogon, Mankayan and Tuba.[15]

World War II

During World War II, Igorot guerrillas and the combined Filipino and American forces fought Japanese soldiers during the final days of the
war in 1945.

Modern history
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On June 18, 1966, the huge Mountain Province was split into four provinces with the enactment of Republic Act No. 4695. The four
provinces were Benguet, Mountain Province, Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao.[5][16][17]

On June 22, 1973, as part of the Integrated Organization Plan of Marcos, Benguet was placed under the jurisdiction of the Ilocos Region as
a form of gerrymandering.[18] During the Marcos dictatorship, thousands of Benguet natives were tortured and murdered through various
means such as rape, forced stripping, electric shocks, beatings, and genital mutilations, among many others. Benguet religious leaders rose
up against Marcos until the People Power Revolution of 1986 occurred, where Corazon Aquino became president and democracy was
restored.[19][20][21] When the Cordillera Administrative Region was established by President Corazon Aquino thru Executive Order 220 on
July 15, 1987, Benguet was made one of its provinces.[5][22][23]

Geology
The Baguio Mining District consists of Late Cretaceous ophiolite basement rocks. These are overlain by Eocene back arc tholeiitic Pugo
Metavolcanics. These grade into the Dalupirip Schist, which is separated from the Early Oligocene-Early Miocene sedimentary Zigzag
Formation by an unconformity. The Zigzag is composed of deep depositional environment interbedded green sandstones, red siltstones,
oligomicitc conglomerates, and minor limestone units. The late Early Miocene-early Middle Miocene reefal Kennon Limestone overlays the
Zigzag. The Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Agno Batholith intrudes the Pugo and Zigzag. The Middle-Late Miocene Klondyke Formation was
deposited during Central Cordillera geologic uplift, consisting of coarse clastics, polymictic conglomerates, sandstones, and vitric (glassy)
tuffs, with minor shales and siltstones. Gold mineralization occurred with dioritic and gabbroic intrusions, and basaltic to andesitic lavas,
including the Monglo adakite. The Pliocene Baguio Formation consists of conglomerates interbedded with lava flows and pyroclastics.
Pleistocene gold-copper mineralization occurred with calc-alkaline and dioritic and dacitic adakitic intrusions. This mineralization
characterizes the Philex Mine.[24]

The main gold base metal mineralization zone is approximately 8 km wide, trends north south for tens of kilometers, and is centrally located
at 16° 20' to 16° 26' N latitude and 120° 37' 30" to 120° 43' 30" E longitude. The western boundary of this zone is defined by a volcanic belt,
just west of Baguio City, while the eastern boundary is defined by an intrusive belt, just east of the Itogon and Antamok mines. The Agno
quartz diorite batholith is further east near Binga Dam. Key mines, starting from the south, include the Philex (Cu), Acupan (Au), Itogon
(Au), Black Mt. (Cu), Benguet Exploration (Cu), Atok (Au), Antamok (Cu and Au), and Baguio Gold (Au), where Baguio Gold and Antamok
are east of Baguio City. Continuing northwards, key mines include the King Solomon (Cu), St. Nino (Cu), Boneng (Cu), Lobo (Cu), Gambang
(Cu and Au), and Lepanto (Cu and Au). By 1979, underground mining had reached Level 1850 in the Antamok Mine.[25][26][7]

Geography
Benguet covers an area of 2,769.08 square kilometres (1,069.15 sq mi) occupying the southwestern
tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region. If Baguio City is included for geographical purposes, the
total area of Benguet is 2,826.59 square kilometres (1,091.35 sq mi).[27]

The province is bordered on the northeast by Mountain Province and Ifugao, on the southeast by
Nueva Vizcaya, on the south by Pangasinan, on the west by La Union, and on the northwest by
Ilocos Sur.

Situated within the Cordillera mountains, Benguet is dominantly mountainous. Mount Pulag, the
highest in Luzon is located within Kabayan. The mountains form the headwaters of several rivers,
Highland landscape at Bokod
the major ones which include the Agno, Amburayan, Bued, Bakun, Balili and the Asin. Some of
these run through river valleys or gorges.

Several natural lakes, small in size, are found within the hinterlands. The largest are the "Four Lakes" in Kabayan; Lake Bulalacao, Lake
Detepngepos, Lake Incolos and Lake Tabeyo.[28]

Climate

Most of Benguet falls under the subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) zone, experiencing annual
average highs of 25.3 °C (77.5 °F) in April and lows of 13.3 °C (55.9 °F) in January.[29]

The province suffers from crop damage resulting from seasonal frost during the cold months of
December to March, especially in high-altitude towns such as Atok, Buguias, Mankayan and
Kibungan.[30][31] In February 2007, Benguet suffered crop damage due to temperatures reaching as low
as 7 °C (45 °F).[32]

Foggy forest in Benguet

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Climate data for Benguet

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

23.1 23.9 24.7 25.3 24.6 24.1 22.9 22.5 23 23.6 23.8 23.3 23.7
Average high °C (°F)
(73.6) (75.0) (76.5) (77.5) (76.3) (75.4) (73.2) (72.5) (73) (74.5) (74.8) (73.9) (74.7)

13.3 13.9 14.8 16.2 16.7 16.6 16.4 16.6 16.3 16 15.5 14.2 15.5
Average low °C (°F)
(55.9) (57.0) (58.6) (61.2) (62.1) (61.9) (61.5) (61.9) (61.3) (61) (59.9) (57.6) (60.0)

150.8 101.8 82.3 44.9 132.5 146 196.9 181.6 168.5 199.2 191.2 233.7 1,829.4
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(5.94) (4.01) (3.24) (1.77) (5.22) (5.7) (7.75) (7.15) (6.63) (7.84) (7.53) (9.20) (71.98)

Average rainy days 2 3 6 9 19 21 26 26 23 14 9 5 163

Source 1: Storm247 (for average temperature and rainy days)[29]

Source 2: WorldWeatherOnline (for average precipitation)[33]

Administrative divisions

Benguet comprises 13 municipalities, all encompassed by double legislative districts.[27]

The highly urbanized city of Baguio, although administratively independent from Benguet, is situated in the interior of the province,
surrounded by the municipalities of La Trinidad, Itogon, Sablan and Tuba. The city used to be part of the province but became independent
when the city's charter was enacted in 1909.

Political map of Benguet

City or Population ±% p.a. Area[27] Density Barangay

municipality [i]

(2015)[4] (2010)[34] km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

Atok 4.4% 19,668 19,242 +0.42% 214.99 83.01 91 240 8

Baguio ‡ — 345,366 318,676 +1.54% 57.51 22.20 5,500 14,000 129
Bakun 3.4% 15,357 13,587 +2.36% 286.91 110.78 54 140 7
Bokod 3.1% 13,756 12,648 +1.61% 274.96 106.16 50 130 10
Buguias 9.8% 43,627 39,271 +2.02% 175.88 67.91 250 650 14
Itogon 13.4% 59,820 55,960 +1.28% 449.73 173.64 130 340 9
Kabayan 3.4% 15,260 13,588 +2.23% 242.69 93.70 63 160 13
Kapangan 4.3% 19,361 20,084 −0.70% 164.39 63.47 120 310 15
Kibungan 3.9% 17,292 16,850 +0.49% 254.86 98.40 68 180 7

La Trinidad † 28.9% 129,133 107,188 +3.61% 70.04 27.04 1,800 4,700 16

Mankayan 8.1% 35,953 35,586 +0.20% 130.48 50.38 280 730 12

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City or Population ±% p.a. Area[27] Density Barangay

municipality [i]

(2015)[4] (2010)[34] km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

Sablan 2.6% 11,457 10,511 +1.65% 105.63 40.78 110 280 8

Tuba 10.7% 47,648 42,874 +2.03% 295.97 114.27 160 410 13
Tublay 4.0% 17,892 16,555 +1.49% 102.55 39.59 170 440 8

Total [ii] 446,224 403,944 +1.91% 2,769.08 1,069.15 160 410 140

†  Capital municipality  Municipality

‡  Highly urbanized city (geographically within but independent from the province)

i. The globe icon marks the city/town center.

ii. Total figures exclude the highly urbanized city of Baguio.

Barangays

The 13 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 140 barangays, with Pico in La Trinidad as the most populous in 2010, and
Anchokey in Kabayan as the least.[34]

Demographics
Population census The population of Benguet in the 2015 census was 446,224 people,[4] making it the most populous
province in the region. It had a density of 160 inhabitants per square kilometre or 410 inhabitants
of Benguet
per square mile. If the highly urbanized city of Baguio is included for geographical purposes, the
Year Pop. ±% p.a. population is 791,590, with a density of 280/km2 (725/sq mi).
1990 302,715 —
1995 313,833 +0.68% In the May 2000 census, Benguet had a total population of 330,129. This figure is up by 16,296
2000 330,129 +1.09% from 313,833 persons recorded in the 1995 census, giving an annual growth rate of 1.09% during
2007 372,533 +1.68% the 5-year period compared to the national average of 2.43%. The province registered 63,123
2010 403,944 +2.99% households, an increase of 4,588 households over the 1990 figure. This gave an average household
2015 446,224 +1.91% size of 5.20 persons, slightly higher than the national average of 4.99.
(excluding Baguio City)
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[4][34][35]
Ethnicity as of 2000[36]

Ethnicity

The native inhabitants of Benguet comprise three ethnolinguistic groups. Kankanaeys dominate the
northwestern municipalities, Ibalois are concentrated on the southeast, and Kalanguyas are mostly found in
the east.[5][37][38] Migrants from lowland provinces have fused with the local populace to form a melting pot
in some areas.[17][38][39]

According to the 2000 Philippine census, Kankanaeys comprised 42.96% (141,434) of the entire provincial
household population of 329,216 at the time, while 29.15% (95,968) were identified as Ibalois, and
3.69% (12,147) were Ikalahan/Kalanguya. Major resident lowland ethnic groups included Ilocanos at
13.36% (43,984) and Tagalogs at 2.36% (7,773). Ilokano population arrived in the province after then
Kankanaey: 141,434 (4
president Marcos ordered an Ilokona migration towards the province in an attempt to solidify his
Ibaloi: 95,968 (29.1%)
administration's rule in northern Luzon. This resulted in ethnic land-grabbing of Ilokanos from indigenous
Ibaloi, Kankanaey, and Kalanguya peoples. In 2002, the Ibaloi people formally retaliated against the Marcos- Ilocano: 43,984 (13.3%
initiated exploitation of their lands by 'exorcising' the now-destroyed Bust of Ferdinand Marcos in La Kalanguya: 12,147 (3.7
Union.[36] Tagalog: 7,773 (2.4%)
Others: 27,396 (8.3%)
Other foreign ethnicity:
Languages Not Reported: 575 (0.2

Benguet residents generally speak their own languages in addition to Ilocano, Tagalog, and English, which
are used for trade and commerce. The Ibaloi tribe speak Ibaloi, which is similar to Pangasinan, while the Kankanaey have their own
eponymous language, which is related to the Bontoc language.

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The SIL Ethnologue database classifies the languages under the South-Central Cordilleran branch. Nabaloy (named in the database as
Ibaloi) is part of the Southern Cordilleran branch which also includes Pangasinense. The Kankanaey language is under the Central
Cordilleran branch, which also includes Bontoc and Ifugao.[40]

Religion

Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion with 59% adherence.,[41] Protestants, especially
Anglicans, Methodists, Baptists, and Evangelicals, form about 33% of the population,[42][43] while the
Iglesia ni Cristo forms about 3%.[44] There is also small community of Muslims (0.472% of the province
population).

Immaculate Conception Parish

Church in Sablan

Religion in Benguet[43]

Roman Catholic (59%)

Protestants (33%)
Iglesia Ni Cristo (2%)
Other (6%)

Economy
Agriculture, mining, and tourism are the major industries in Benguet. Its cool climate and high altitude has
made it an ideal place for producing highland vegetables. Benguet is often called the Salad Bowl of the
Philippines.[2][5][38] The La Trinidad Vegetable Trading Post in the capital town of La Trinidad serves as the
hub of vegetable trading in the province, attracting farmers, merchants and traders from the local community
and the Philippines' different provinces.[45] Major crops produced which include potatoes, Baguio beans,
peas, strawberries, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, lettuce, sayote and carrots are shipped throughout the
country.[5][46][47][48]

Horticulture and floriculture are practiced in the province.[49] The province supplies flowers to the different
municipalities, including Baguio City, as well as to Metro Manila, including other parts of Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao.[50][51][52] Roses are produced, particularly in Barangay Bahong in La Trinidad, earning the
barangay the title Rose Capital of the Philippines.[53] Apisang (scientific name: Pittosporum resiniferum), a
plant endemic to the Philippines, is grown in the municipalities of Kapangan and Kibungan as a potential
Benguet is a major producer
alternative source of fuel and energy, rivaling the jatropha biofuel plant.[54][55]
of highland vegetables in the
Other agricultural-related activities are monggo processing, fruit preservation, peanut brittle manufacturing, country.
broom making and basket weaving.[5][56]

Mining is a major industry in Benguet, which is one of the country's leading gold producers.[5] The Benguet
Corporation, the first and oldest mining company in the Philippines, has extracted gold, copper and chromite in
Itogon since 1903.[57][58]

Other mineral deposits are silver, copper, pyrite, and limestone. Silver smithing is a large industry in Benguet, and
many entrepreneurs sell silver works at lower prices in Baguio compared to Manila. In 2006, revenues from
mining reached 4 billion pesos from just two (Lepanto Consolidated Mining Corporation and Philex Mines) of
many mining firms operating in the province. The province's mining vigor has never translated into better quality
A gold ore from
of life of the Benguet people, simply because a bulk of the mining firm's taxes are not paid directly to the
Mankayan copper mines
province.[59] The two mining corporations, like many others around the country, have principal offices in the City
of Makati, a set-up that makes Makati the prime mining tax beneficiary.

The location of Baguio City within Benguet draws many tourists from the lowlands. Often, people who go to Baguio also explore the
province, especially the strawberry fields in La Trinidad.

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Education
Higher education in the province is centered in the capital town of La Trinidad,[60] which houses the Main Campus of the only university in
Benguet, the Benguet State University (BSU). The university has two satellite campuses in two municipalities; the Buguias Campus at Loo,
Buguias, and the Bokod Campus at Ambangeg, Bokod.[61]

Other educational institutions which include Advocates Academic College, BVS Colleges, Cordillera Career Development College, King's
College of the Philippines, Philippine College of Ministry, Philippine Nazarene College, as well as the Cordillera Regional Science High
School, the Benguet National High School (with several annexes) and the Benguet SPED Center are also situated within La Trinidad.

The independent chartered city of Baguio hosts several higher education institutions, which include most notably the University of the
Philippines Baguio, Saint Louis University, University of the Cordilleras (formerly Baguio Colleges Foundation), University of Baguio, Pines
City Colleges, Baguio Central University, and Baguio School of Business and Technology, attracting students from across the Philippines.

Tourism
The province is a major tourist destination in the country,[1] with most of its tourist spots centered on
culture and nature.[62] Baguio's location within the province provides a boost to the tourism industry of the
province.[63] Notable interesting places in the province include Mount Pulag along Kabayan, Kennon Road
in Tuba, Ambuklao Dam in Bokod, Binga Dam in Itogon, strawberry and flower farms in La Trinidad, and
the Palina and Naguey rice terraces in Atok.
Strawberries from La Trinidad,
Tuba and Tublay hot springs are usually flocked by local tourists from the neighboring provinces. recognized as the "Strawberry
Vegetable terraces can be seen along the Halsema Highway, especially during the growing season. Kabayan Fields of the Philippines"
is known for its centuries-old mummies, while Buguias is visited for its hot springs and the Apo Anno.

References
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ts_about_Philippine_provinces.html?id=r0EOAQAAMAAJ). Fast Benguet Province until February 4, 1920)"
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External links
Media related to Benguet at Wikimedia Commons
Benguet travel guide from Wikivoyage
Geographic data related to Benguet (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/52304) at OpenStreetMap

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