Differential Equations

15SCIB02C

Lecture 3

Chapter 1

First –Order Differential Equations

With Applications
(6) Exact D.E.

The D.E. M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 is called exact D.E. if there exists a

function u(x, y):

u u
Mdx  Ndy  du  dx  dy
x y

For example the D.E. xdy+ydx=0 is exact where the previous D.E.

xdy+ydx=d(xy)=0 then the solution is xy=constant.

There are two methods to solve D.E.Let us explain the methods in example (1)

Solve the following D.E.

dy xy 2  cos x sin x
(1)  , y  0  2 .
dx y 1  x 2 

Solution. Method (1)

M  xy 2  cos x sin x , N  y  x 2  1

M N
 2xy   D.E. is exact 
y x

The solution of the D.E. is u  x, y   C

u u
Where ,  xy 2  cos x sin x ,  y  x 2  1 (1)
x y

Integrating the first equation in (1) w.r. to x

u  x, y   12 x 2 y 2  12  cos x   g  y 
2
(*)

Diff (*) w.r. to y

u (1)
 x y  g '  y   yx 2  y
2

y
 g ' y    y 
Integrating
w.r.to y
 g  y    12 y 2

In (*) we get the general solution

x 2 y 2  12  cos x   12 y 2  C
1 2
2

y 0   2 3

x 0,y 2
0  12  2  c  c  
2

 the particular solution is

3
x 2 y 2  12  cos x   12 y 2  
1 2
2
2

Method (2)

Method 2.
 (2) ( cosy sinhx +1)dx-coshx siny dy=0

Solution
(3) e 2y
 ycos  xy   dx   2xe 2y  x cos xy  2y  dy  0

Solution:

Let

M  e 2y  y cos  xy  , N  2xe 2y  x cos xy  2y

M N
  2e 2 y  xysin  xy   cos  xy 
y x

Hence the D.E. is exact and the solution is

u  x, y   C ,

u u
Where M , N
x y

u u
 e 2 y  y cos  xy  ,  2xe 2 y  x cos xy  2y (1)
x y

Integrating the first equation in (1) w.r. to x

u  x, y   xe 2 y  sin  xy   g  y  (*)

u
Differentiating (*) w.r.to y  2xe 2 y  x cos  xy   g '  y  (2)
y

Equating second equation in (1), (2) 

2x e 2 y  x cos  xy   2y  2 xe 2y  x cos  xy   g '  y 

2y  g '  y  
Integrating
w.r.toy
 g  y   y 2 in  *
The solution of the D.E. is

u  x, y   xe 2 y  sin  xy   y 2  C
Integrating factor.

1.The integrating factor is function of x only if

M y Nx
 (x)=e 
f ( x )dx
 f (x ) then
N

2.The integrating factor is function of y only if

M y Nx
 (y)=e 
 g ( y )dy
 g (y ) then
M
Example:

Solve the following D.E.

(1) x 3
 xy 4  dx  2y3dy  0.

(2) y   y 2  x  y '  0.

Solution:

(1) x 3
 xy 4  dx  2y3dy  0

M  x 3  xy 4 , N  2y3

M N M N
 4xy3 , 0 , 
y x y x

The D.E. is not exact

My  Nx 4xy3
 3
 2x (Independent of y) then
N 2y

(x)  e 
2xdx
 ex
2

If we multiply eq. (1) by the integrating factor (x) we get an exact D.E.

x  xy 4  e x dx  2y3 .e x dy  0
2 2
3

The solution of the D.E. is

u  x, y    2y3e x dy  g  x 
2

u  x, y   12 y 4 e x  g  x 
2

Diff. w.r. to x

u
 xy 4 e x  g '  x   x 3e x  xy 4 e x
2 2 2

x
 g '  x   x 3e x (Integrating w.r. to x)
2

gx  x  1 e x  C1
2
1 2
2

y 4 e x  12  x 2  1 e x  C1  0
2 2
1
And the solution is 2

(2) ydx   y 2  x  dy  0

M  y , N  y2  x

M N M N
1 ,  1 , 
y x y x

My  Nx 2
 (Independent of x)
M y

1
  y   e 2ln y  eln y 
2

y2

1
Multiplying both sides of (2) by
y2

1  x 
dx  1  2  dy  0
y  y 

(Exact D.E.) the general solution is

x
yC H.W.
y
Example
Find the value of k such that the following differential equation is

exact and solve it

(4 sin y  ky 4 x  tan x )dx  (4x cos y  sec 2 y  x 2 y 3 )dy  0

Solution
Let M= (4sin y  ky x  tan x ) , N= (4x cos y  sec y  x y )
4 2 2 3

M N
 4cos y  4ky 3x ,  4cos y  2xy 3
y x
M N 1
For the D.E.to be exact  k 
y x 2
1
Let k= in the D.E.
2
1
(4sin y  y 4 x  tan x )dx  (4x cos y  sec 2 y  x 2 y 3 )dy  0
2
Then solve it as an exact D.E.(H.W.)

The solution is
1
u ( x , y )  4x sin y  y 4 x 2  tan y  ln(cos x )  c
4