*P15*

Pre-Leaving Certificate Examination, 2017

Triailscrúdú na hArdteistiméireachta, 2017
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CHEMISTRY – HIGHER LEVEL

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DURATION: 3 HOURS
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400 MARKS
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Answer eight questions in all.

These must include at least two questions from Section A.

All questions carry equal marks (50).

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The information below should be used in your calculations.

Relative atomic masses: H = 1, C =12, N = 14, O =16, Fe = 56, Pb = 207

Molar volume at s.t.p. = 22.4 litres.

Avogadro constant = 6  1023 mol-1

Universal gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

The use of the Formulae and Tables booklet approved for use in the examination is permitted. A
copy may be obtained from the examination superintendent.

Page 1 of 8
 Section A

Answer at least two questions from this section. See page 1 for full instructions.

1. In an experiment to determine the mass of iron in an iron tablet,

0
four iron tablets of total mass 1.28 g were dissolved and made up Burette
to 250 cm3 of solution in a volumetric flask using dilute sulfuric
acid and deionised water. About 10 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid was 10

added to 20 cm3 portions of this iron (II) solution and the mixture
then titrated with a 0.005 M solution of potassium manganate (VII), 20

KMnO4.
The average titration value was 27.4 cm3 of potassium manganate 30 Potassium
manganate (VII)
(VII), KMnO4. solution
40

(a) Describe in detail the procedure for making up the 250 cm3
solution from the tablets. (15) 50

(b) Why was it important to use dilute sulfuric acid in making up

the solution from the tablets? (5)
Conical flask
(c) Why was more dilute sulfuric acid added before the titrations Solution
were commenced? (3) containing
iron(II) +
sulfuric acid
(d) How was the end-point detected? (3)
White tile

(e) Explain why nitric acid could not be used to provide acidic conditions for this reaction. (3)
The titration reaction is described by the equation:

MnO4– + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

(f) Calculate
(i) the number of moles in 27.4 cm3 of the potassium manganate solution,
(ii) the number of moles of iron (II) solution required to reduce this quantity of potassium
manganate,
(iii) the concentration of iron (II) solution in moles per litre, given that 20 cm3 were required
to reduce 27.4 cm3 of potassium manganate,
(iv) the (a) mass and (b) percentage of iron (II) in each tablet. (21)

2. The diagram shows the apparatus needed to extract clove oil from cloves.

(a) What is the term used to describe this arrangement? (5) X

Explain why clove oil is extracted in this way. (6)

Explain why it is preferable to use whole cloves instead

of ground cloves in the pear shaped flask. (3)

State the purpose of the tube marked X. (6)

Describe the appearance of the product and give the

correct name for such substances. (6)
Fig. 1
Page 2 of 8
 (b) Name a process which could be used to isolate and
collect a pure sample of the oil using the apparatus
shown in the diagram. (3) Organic
Layer
Name the organic substance used to isolate clove oil
Aqueous
and draw its structure. (6)
Layer

Outline the procedure to isolate and dry the clove oil.

(9)
What safety procedure must be carried out during the
process? (3)

Name the main constituent of oil of cloves. (3)

Fig. 2

3. In an experiment to determine the relative molecular mass of a volatile liquid a sample of the liquid
is vaporised at a given temperature and pressure and its volume measured. The mass of the sample
is also measured.

The number of moles of liquid is then calculated using the formula PV = nRT and from this the
relative molecular mass of the liquid is calculated.

(a) Explain the underlined terms. (8)

(b) Describe, with the aid of a labelled diagram, how you would carry out this experiment in
a school laboratory. From your description it should be clear how the mass, volume, and
temperature of the sample are measured. (21)

(c) How may the pressure be measured? (3)

In an experiment to measure the relative molecular mass of a volatile liquid 0.25 g of the liquid was
vaporised at 97 °C. The volume occupied was found to be 132 cm3. The pressure was 1 × 105 Pa.

(d) Calculate the number of moles of the volatile liquid vaporised. (12)

(e) Calculate the relative molecular mass of the volatile liquid. (6)

Page 3 of 8
 Section B

See page 1 for instructions regarding the number of questions to be answered.

4. Answer eight of the following items (a), (b), (c), etc. (50)
(a) What is the oxidation number of sulfur in Na2S2O3?
(b) How could you confirm the presence of sulfate (SO42–) ions in an aqueous solution?
(c) Draw the structure and give the IUPAC name for CH3COCH3.
(d) Distinguish between sigma (σ) and pi (π) covalent bonding.
(e) Complete and balance the equation: C2H5OH + Na
(f) Name the spectroscopic technique used to detect heavy metals, e.g. lead, in environmental
analysis.
(g) Write the electronic configuration of a neutral copper atom.
(h) Define isotope.
(i) The value of the dissociation constant Ka for ethanoic acid is 1.8 × 10−5.
Calculate the pH of a 0.05 M solution of ethanoic acid.
(j) State Charles’ law.
(k) Answer part A or part B.
A Write an equation for the photodissociation of ozone.
or
B Give an example of (i) an ionic crystal and (ii) a covalent macromolecular crystal.

5. (a) Define electronegativity. (5)

(i) Explain why there is a general increase in electronegativity values across the periods in
the periodic table of the elements. (6)
(ii) State and explain, in terms of the structures of the atoms, the trend in reactivity down
Group I (the alkali metal group) of the periodic table. (6)
(iii) Use the electronegativity values provided in the Formulae and Tables booklet on page
81 to predict the bond type in the following compounds.
(i) LiBr (ii) PH3 (iii) H2O (9)

(b) Consider the following hydrides from the second and third periods of the periodic table:

BeH2 NH3 H2O MgH2

(i) Which two of the hydrides have the same shape? Name this shape. (6)
(ii) State the shape of the H2O molecule and explain using electron pair repulsion theory
how this shape arises. (6)
(iii) Select from the above the hydride or hydrides in which hydrogen bonding occurs
between the molecules. Give one property that is affected by the presence of this
hydrogen bonding. (6)

(c) Distinguish between intermolecular and intramolecular bonding. (6)

Page 4 of 8
6. (a) The hydrocarbon methane (CH4) is the first member of the homologous series called alkanes.
Explain the term homologous series. (5)
Name a natural source of methane gas and state one property of methane which accounts for
its usefulness as a fuel. (6)
Methane gas is hazardous in coal mines and refuse dumps as it forms an explosive mixture
with air. Name another environmental hazard associated with methane gas. (3)

(b) There are two structural isomers of the hydrocarbon of formula C4H10. In the case of each of
these isomers, draw the structure of the molecule and give its systematic IUPAC name. (12)

(c) Identify two structural features of a hydrocarbon fuel which affect its octane number. (6)

(d) Define heat of formation. (6)

Ethene is prepared by the dehydration of ethanol using the dehydrating agent aluminium
oxide according to the following balanced equation.
Al2O3
C2H5OH(l) C2H4 (g) + H2O(l)

Calculate the heat change for the reaction given that the heats of formation of ethanol, ethene
and water are – 278, + 52.3 and – 286 kJ mol – 1 respectively. (12)

7. (a) Define (i) a conjugate acid base pair and (ii) a weak acid in terms of the Bronsted-Lowry
theory of acids and bases. (8)
Identify one species acting as a base and also identify its conjugate acid in the following
system. (6)

HSO3– + H3O+ H2SO3 + H2O

(b) Define pH?

What are the limitations of the pH scale? (12)

(c) Explain how an acid-base indicator, which is itself a weak acid and is represented by HX,
functions, given it dissociates in water as follows: (9)

HX (blue) H+ + X– (red)

(d) Describe clearly the processes involved in the primary and secondary stages of urban sewage
treatment. What substances are removed by tertiary treatment of sewage? (15)

Page 5 of 8
8.

X Y Z
(A) C2H5OH (B) C2H4 (C) C2H6 (D) C2H5Cl

(E) C2H4Br2

(a) Give the systematic (IUPAC) names of A, B, C, D. and E. (5)

(b) For each of the conversions labeled W, X, Y, and Z, classify it as an addition, a substitution or
an elimination reaction. (12)

(c) Which of the compounds contains only planar carbons? (6)

(d) Compound B is converted to compound E by reacting it with bromine water. The reaction
involves the formation of an intermediate ionic species. Draw the structure of this species.
Give the names or structural formulae of the two other products that would be formed if the
bromine water used in the reaction contained sodium chloride.
How does the formation of these three products support the mechanism for this reaction? (18)

(e) Name the polymer formed when chloroethene undergoes addition polymerisation.
Draw two repeating units of this polymer. (9)

9. (a) Define the rate of a chemical reaction. (5)

(b) Sodium thiosulfate solution reacts with hydrochloric acid solution according to the following
equation.

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 + S

In the reaction mixture above what effect, if any, does an increase in temperature of 10 K have
on each of the following:
(i) the number of collisions,
(ii) the effectiveness of the collisions,
(iii) the activation energy. (9)

(c) What is a catalyst? (6)

Draw a clearly labelled reaction profile diagram for an exothermic reaction with and without
a catalyst. (9)

State the difference between a homogeneous and a heterogeneous catalyst. (6)

State the theory that best describes how iron catalyses the gaseous reaction between nitrogen
and hydrogen below: (6)
Fe
N2 + 3H2 2NH3

Describe in terms of the stated theory how the catalyst works. (9)

Page 6 of 8
10. Answer any two of the parts (a), (b) and (c). (2 × 25)

(a) State Le Châtelier’s principle. (7)

A gaseous mixture of hydrogen, iodine and hydrogen iodide form an equilibrium according to
the following equation.

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this system. (6)

(ii) The value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction is 50 at 721 K. If 4 moles
of hydrogen iodide gas were introduced into a sealed vessel at this temperature, calculate
the amount of hydrogen iodide gas present when equilibrium is reached. (12)

(b) The salt lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) on heating decomposes fully according to the following
balanced equation:

2Pb(NO3)2(s) 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

When 16.55 g of this salt is heated strongly calculate

(i) how many moles of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) reacted, (6)
(ii) the mass of lead oxide (PbO) formed, (6)
(iii) the volume at s.t.p. of nitrogen dioxide gas evolved, (6)
(iv) the number of oxygen molecules produced. (7)

(c) Name the scientist pictured on the right who proposed the existence
of energy levels in an atom based on the hydrogen emission spectrum. (4)

Distinguish between the terms energy level and atomic orbital. (9)

Write the electronic configuration (s, p) of an atom of sulphur showing

the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals in the ground state. (6)

Hence, state how many (i) main energy levels, (ii) atomic orbitals are
occupied in the sulphur atom in its ground state. (6)

Page 7 of 8
11. Answer any two of the parts (a), (b) and (c). (2 × 25)

(a) Describe a test which could be carried out to identify the presence of the phosphate ion in an
aqueous solution. (12)

What test could be carried out to distinguish between the two phosphate salts barium
phosphate (Ba3(PO4)2) and potassium phosphate (K3PO4)? (3)

What observations would be made during this test?

(6)

What method is used to remove heavy metal ions from large quantities of water? (4)

(b) Define oxidation in terms of a change in oxidation number. (5)

In the electrolysis of sodium sulfate using inert electrodes, universal
indicator is added to the solution in the voltameter.
The initial colour of the solution is green.

(i) Write balanced half equations for the reactions that take place
at each of the electrodes. (12)

(ii)State and explain the colour change that is observed at both electrodes.
(8)
(c) Answer either part A or part B

A Explain the terms (i) greenhouse gas and (ii) an

acidic oxide. (7)
State two major ways by which human activities
contribute to the addition of carbon dioxide to
the atmosphere. (6)
Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere
when it dissolves in rainwater, in seas, in lakes, etc.
What three chemical species form as a result of carbon
dioxide gas dissolving in water? (9)
Acidic oxides can be removed from waste gases by scrubbers in chimneys before the
gases are released into the atmosphere. Name a reagent used in scrubbers to remove
acidic oxides. (3)

or

B Aluminium is extracted from alumina by electrolysis using the following setup

(see diagram). Cryolite is added to the alumina before electrolysis.
What is the formula of alumina? (3) Positive Anodes
Why is the cryolite added? (6)
What materials are used for (i) the anodes
and (ii) the cathode? (6) Negative
Write the equation for the reaction which Alumina + Cryolite
occurs at the cathode. (6) Cathode Aluminium

State one use of aluminium. (4)

Aluminium out. Steel container

Page 8 of 8