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India – Waste Generation Scenario

Every year, about 55 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and 38 billion liters of
sewage are generated in the urban areas of India. In addition, large quantities of solid and liquid
wastes are generated by industries. Waste generation in India is expected to increase rapidly in
the future. As more people migrate to urban areas and as incomes increase, consumption levels
are likely to rise, as are rates of waste generation.  It is estimated that the amount of waste
generated in India will increase at a per capita rate of approximately 1-1.33% annually.  This has
significant impacts on the amount of land that is and will be needed for disposal, economic costs
of collecting and transporting waste, and the environmental consequences of increased MSW
generation levels.

Types of Waste

Waste can be broadly classified into

i. Urban Waste
ii. Industrial Waste
iii. Biomass Waste
iv. Biomedical Waste

Urban waste includes Municipal Solid Waste, Sewage and Fecal Sludge, whereas industrial
waste could be classified as Hazardous industrial waste and Non-hazardous industrial waste.

More on the types of wastes from here.

Why Waste to Energy is Important?

Most wastes that are generated, find their way into land and water bodies without proper
treatment, causing severe water pollution. They also emit greenhouse gases like methane and
carbon dioxide, and add to air pollution. Any organic waste from urban and rural areas and
industries is a resource due to its ability to get degraded, resulting in energy generation.

The problems caused by solid and liquid wastes can be significantly mitigated through the
adoption of environment-friendly waste-to-energy technologies that will allow treatment and
processing of wastes before their disposal. These measures would reduce the quantity of wastes,
generate a substantial quantity of energy from them, and greatly reduce environmental pollution.
India’s growing energy deficit is making the government central and state governments become
keen on alternative and renewable energy sources. Waste to energy is one of these, and it is
garnering increasing attention from both the central and state governments.
While the Indian Government’s own figures would suggest that the cost of waste to energy is
somewhat higher than other renewable sources, it is still an attractive option, as it serves a dual
role of waste disposal and energy production.

India Waste to Energy Potential

According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), there exists a potential of
about 1700 MW from urban waste (1500 from MSW and 225 MW from sewage) and about 1300
MW from industrial waste. The ministry is also actively promoting the generation of energy
from waste, by providing subsidies and incentives for the projects. Indian Renewable Energy
Development Agency (IREDA) estimates indicate that India has so far realized only about 2% of
its waste-to-energy potential. A market analysis from Frost and Sullivan predicts that the Indian
municipal solid waste to energy market could be growing at a compound annual growth rate of
9.7% by 2013.

More about Waste to Energy Potential in India

Technologies for the Generation of Energy from Waste

Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as non-
biodegradable) through thermal, thermo-chemical, biochemical and electrochemical methods.

(i)  Thermal Conversion: The process involves thermal degradation of waste under high
temperature. In this complete oxidation of the waste occurs under high temperature. The major
technological option under this category is incineration. But incineration has been losing
attention these days because of its emission characteristics.

(ii) Thermo-chemical conversion: This process entails high temperature driven decomposition
of organic matter to produce either heat energy or fuel oil or gas. They are useful for wastes
containing high percentage of organic non-biodegradable matter and low moisture content. The
main technological options under this category include Pyrolysis and Gasification. The
products of these processes (producer gas, exhaust gases etc) can be used purely as heat energy
or further processed chemically, to produce a range of end products.

(iii) Bio-chemical conversion: This process is based on enzymatic decomposition of organic

matter by microbial action to produce methane gas, and alcohol etc. This process, on the other
hand, is preferred for wastes having high percentage of organic, bio-degradable (putrescible)
matter and high level of moisture/ water content, which aids microbial activity. The major
technological options under this category are anaerobic digestion (bio-methanation) and
fermentation. Of the two, anaerobic digestion is the most frequently used method for waste to
energy, and fermentation is emerging.

(iv) Electrochemical conversion: Electrochemical conversion in the context of waste to energy

refers typically to microbial fuel cells (MFC). These systems are developed to trap the energy
from wastes, where the reduction-oxidation machinery of immobilized microbial cells is
catalytically exploited, for the accelerated transfer of electrons from organic wastes, to generate
electricity and bio-hydrogen gas. However this methodology needs extensive evaluation studies
on bulk scale liquid waste treatments and stands at a nascent level in India as well as worldwide.

More on the technological routes for generating energy from waste

Indian Government Support for Waste to Energy

The Indian Government has recognized waste to energy as a renewable technology and supports
it through various subsidies and incentives. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is
actively promoting all the technology options available for energy recovery from urban and
industrial wastes. MNRE is also promoting the research on waste to energy by providing
financial support for R&D projects on cost sharing basis in accordance with the R&D Policy of
the MNRE.  In addition to that, MNRE also provides financial support for projects involving
applied R&D and studies on resource assessment, technology up-gradation and performance
evaluation. 

Specific data on the government support for waste to energy projects can be obtained from
here.

A number of key statistics, such as the value of recyclables, the amount of environmental
pollution from waste sources, and the quantity of industrial waste generated, need to be
computed to gain a better understanding of this sector. In terms of research related to waste to
energy, detailed analysis of costs and available funding is needed.
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Introduction

The high volatility in fuel prices in the recent past and the resulting turbulence in energy markets
has compelled many countries to look for alternate sources of energy, for both economic and
environmental reasons.

With growing public awareness about sanitation, and with increasing pressure on the government
and urban local bodies to manage waste more efficiently, the Indian waste to energy sector is
poised to grow at a rapid pace in the years to come. The dual pressing needs of waste
management and reliable renewable energy source are creating attractive opportunities for
investors and project developers in the waste to energy sector.

Why Waste to Energy?

Most wastes that are generated find their way into land and water bodies without proper
treatment, causing severe water and air pollution. The problems caused by solid and liquid
wastes can be significantly mitigated through the adoption of environment-friendly waste to
energy technologies that will allow treatment and processing of wastes before their disposal.

The environmental benefits of waste to energy, as an alternative to disposing of waste in

landfills, are clear and compelling. Waste to energy generates clean, reliable energy from a
renewable fuel source, thus reducing dependence on fossil fuels, the combustion of which is a
major contributor to GHG emissions.

These measures would reduce the quantity of wastes, generate a substantial quantity of energy
from them, and greatly reduce pollution of water and air, thereby offering a number of social and
economic benefits that cannot easily be quantified.

In addition to energy generation, waste-to-energy can fetch significant monetary benefits. Some
of the strategic and financial benefits from waste-to-energy business are:

 Profitability - If the right technology is employed with optimal processes and all
components of waste are used to derive value, waste to energy could be a profitable
business. When government incentives are factored in, the attractiveness of the business
increases further.
  Government Incentives - The government of India already provides significant
incentives for waste to energy projects, in the form of capital subsidies and feed in tariffs.
With concerns on climate change, waste management and sanitation on the increase (a
result of this increasing concern is the newly formed ministry exclusively for Drinking
Water and Sanitation), the government incentives for this sector is only set to increase in
future.

 Related Opportunities - Success in municipal solid waste management could lead to

opportunities in other waste such as sewage waste, industrial waste and hazardous waste.
Depending on the technology/route used for energy recovery, eco-friendly and “green”
co-products such as charcoal, compost, nutrient rich digestate (a fertilizer) or bio-oil can
be obtained. These co-product opportunities will enable the enterprise to expand into
these related products, demand for which are increasing all the time. 

 Emerging Opportunities - With distributed waste management and waste to energy

becoming important priorities, opportunities exist for companies to provide support
services like turnkey solutions. In addition, waste to energy opportunities exist not just in
India but all over the world. Thus, there could be significant international expansion
possibilities for Indian companies, especially expansion into other Asian countries.

India - Potential of Energy Recovery from Urban and Industrial Wastes

According to MNRE estimates, there exists a potential of about 1460 MW from MSW and 226
MW from sewage.

From Liquid From Solid Wastes

State/Union Territory Total (MW)
Wastes* (MW) (MW)
Andhra Pradesh 16.0 107.0 123.0
Assam 2.0 6.0 8.0
Bihar 6.0 67.0 73.0
Chandigarh 1.0 5.0 6.0
Chhattisgarh 2.0 22.0 24.0
Delhi 20.0 111.0 131.0
Gujarat 14.0 98.0 112.0
Haryana 6.0 18.0 24.0
Himachal Pradesh 0.5 1.0 1.5
Jharkhand 2.0 8.0 10.0
Karnataka 26.0 125.0 151.0
Kerala 4.0 32.0 36.0
Madhya Pradesh 10.0 68.0 78.0
Maharashtra 37.0 250.0 287.0
Manipur 0.5 1.5 2.0
 Meghalaya 0.5 1.5 2.0
Mizoram 0.5 1.0 1.5
Orissa 3.0 19.0 22.0
Pondicherry 0.5 2.0 2.5
Punjab 6.0 39.0 45.0
Rajasthan 9.0 53.0 62.0
Tamil Nadu 14.0 137.0 151.0
Tripura 0.5 1.0 1.5
Uttar Pradesh 22.0 154.0 176.0
Uttaranchal 1.0 4.0 5.0
West Bengal 22.0 126.0 148.0
Total 226.0 1457.0 1683.0

*Liquid wastes in this case refers to total sewage sludge viz., sewage sludge generated at STPs
and untreated sewage.

According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, there is a potential to recover 1,300
MW of power from industrial wastes, which is projected to increase to 2,000 megawatt by 2017.
Projects of over 135 megawatt have been installed so far in distilleries, pulp and paper mills, and
food processing and starch industries. (2011)

http://www.indiablooms.com/NewsDetailsPage/2011/newsDetails141111g.php

India Waste to Energy Tapped Potential

From the above section one can infer that there exists an estimated potential of about 225 MW
from all sewage (taking the conservative estimate from MNRE) and about 1460 MW of power
from the MSW generated in India, thus a total of close to 1700 MW of power.

Of this, only about 24 MW have been exploited, according to MNRE. Thus, less than 1.5% of
the total potential has been achieved.

Current Waste-to-Energy Installed Capacity

GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER  
 Contribution
(CAPACITIES IN MW)
(%)
 
Waste to Power      
  Urban 20.20 27.4
  Industrial 53.46 72.6
  Total 73.66  
OFF-GRID/ CAPTIVE (CAPACITIES IN Contribution
 POWER    
MWEq*) (%)
 
Waste to Energy                   
  Urban  3.50 4.6
  Industrial 72.30 95.4
  Total 75.8  

*MWEq: Megawatt Equivalent; Source: MNRE, 2011

Major Constraints Faced by the Indian Waste to Energy Sector

The growth of this sector has been affected on account of the following limitations/ constraints:

 Waste-to-Energy is still a new concept in the country;

 Most of the proven and commercial technologies in respect of urban wastes are required
to be imported;
 The costs of the projects especially based on biomethanation technology are high as
critical equipment for a project is required to be imported.
 In view of low level of compliance of MSW Rules 2000 by the Municipal Corporations/
Urban Local Bodies, segregated municipal solid waste is generally not available at the
plant site, which may lead to non-availability of waste-to-energy plants.
 Lack of financial resources with Municipal Corporations/Urban Local Bodies.
 Lack of conducive policy guidelines from State Governments in respect of allotment of
land, supply of garbage and power purchase / evacuation facilities.
http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/typ/clas/classification.html

Growth of population, increasing urbanization and rising standards of living have contributed to
an increase both in the quantity and variety of wastes generated by various activities. Broadly,
waste can be classified as urban waste, industrial waste, biomass waste and biomedical waste.

Classification of Waste

 
Other Waste
        Urban Waste Industrial Waste
Biomass Waste Biomedical Waste
       

Municipal Solid Waste Solid-  Crop debris  Human

(stalks, straws, anatomical
 Paper, Glass,  Paper and pulp cobs, husks, oil wastes
Metals wastes cakes, shells,
 Synthetic polymers  Bagasse pods etc...)  
(cables, wires, toys  Livestock
and plastic goods (sugarcane, bamboo etc ) wastes (cattle,  Animal waste
etc) pig, poultry and from
 Inerts (stones, sand  Pressmud sheep waste veteneraries
and pebbles etc)  Brine mud etc…)
 Hides and leather  Metallurgical  
discards slags  
 Pharmaceuticals  Gypsum  Laboratory
wastes (tablets,  Fly ash  Abattoir reagents
ointments, lotion  Oil sludge wastes (flesh,
etc),  Synthetic fibres bones, organs,  
 Rags and  Sanitary (Scrapings of blood etc...)
wares nylon, polyesters  Bulk forest  Discarded
 Kitchen wastes- etc) wastes (wood, medicines
(Fruit and vegetable stubbles and
peels, raw and   Humus)    and cyto-toxic drugs
processed food  Alternative
ingredients etc) Liquid – forest wastes  
(Leaf litters,
   Waste oil and oil dead seeds and  Body fluids
emulsions spores etc…) (blood, urine,
semen and saliva
  Tarry
Sewage – waste/Heavy   etc...)
metals
 Bulk excretory  Effluent dyes  Microbial  
matters (Feces and  Slurries and biomass (algae
urine) spent washes and bacteria  Surgical wares
 Body wastes (Sweat,  Whey from dairy from cultured
oil, nails, dead tissue, plants systems)  
saliva, tears and hairs  Alcohol distillery
etc) wastes    Incineration
 Bath wastes  Molasses ash
 Laundry wastes  Miscellaneous  
(Detergent and soap dissolved  
precipitates) organics
(synthetics and  Microbial
biologicals) cultures
(Pathogens
etc…)

Classification of Waste

Urban Waste

Municipal Solid Waste

Sewage

Fecal Sludge

Industrial Waste
http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/typ/clas/msw.html

MSW includes commercial and residential wastes generated in municipal or notified areas in
either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-
medical wastes.  It consists of household waste, wastes from hotels and restaurants, construction
and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets.

MSW Generation in India

As per estimates more than 55 million tons of MSW is generated in India per year; the yearly
increase is estimated to be about 5%. It is estimated that solid waste generated in small, medium
and large cities and towns in India is about 0.1 kg, 0.3 – 0.4 kg and 0.5 kg per capita per day
respectively. The estimated annual increase in per capita waste generation is about 1.33 % per
year.

Composition of MSW Generated in Indian Cities

In India, the biodegradable portion dominates the bulk of MSW. This is mainly due to food and
yard waste. With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of
municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition has been changing.

MSW Management in India

A typical waste management system in India includes the following elements:

 Waste generation and storage

 Segregation, reuse, and recycling at the household level
 Primary waste collection and transport to a transfer station or community bin
 Street sweeping and cleaning of public places
 Management of the transfer station or community bin
 Secondary collection and transport to the waste disposal site
 Waste disposal in landfills

In most of the Indian cities, the MSW collection, segregation, transportation, processing and
disposal is carried out by the respective municipal corporations and the state governments
enforce regulatory policies.

Note:  In most of the Indian cities open dumping is the common practice which is adversely
affecting on environment and public health.

The  major stakeholders in the management of Municipal Solid Waste include: (a) Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF) (b) Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) (c) Central and
State Pollution Control Boards (d) Department of Urban Development  (e) State Level Nodal
Agency  (f) Urban Local Bodies  (g) Private Formal and informal Sector.

In some cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad garbage
disposal is done by Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). The private sector has been involved in
door-to-door collection of solid waste, street sweeping (in a limited way), secondary storage and
transportation and for treatment and disposal of waste.

Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500 to Rs.1500 per ton on solid waste management of
which, 60-70% of the amount is on collection alone, 20% - 30% on transportation, but hardly
any fund is spent on treatment and disposal of waste

Potential for Energy Generation from MSW

The total estimated potential for power from all MSW across India is about 1457 MW (2002).
MNRE estimates the energy recovery potential from municipal solid wastes to be about 1500
MW and this could go up to 5,200 MW by 2017. These trends have made many state
governments keen on tapping this source of energy.

Technological Routes for Energy Generation from MSW

Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as non-
biodegradable) through thermo-chemical and biochemical methods.

To know more about the technological processes of energy generation from waste, Click Here
http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/typ/clas/india_urban_wastes.html

The proliferation of urban waste has direct impacts on sanitation in India. With crowded cities
and significant poverty, millions of people in Indian cities are directly exposed to the harmful
effects of all urban waste, especially from fecal and sewage sludge from rivers and lakes. The
economic costs of these harmful effects are indeed dire.

(a)    Municipal Solid Waste (b)   Sewage (c)    Fecal Sludge

 Paper, Glass, Metals  Bulk excretory Sludge removed from all kind of
 Synthetic polymers (cables, matters (Feces and on-site sanitation systems such
wires, toys and plastic goods) urine) as septic tanks (settled solids,
 Inerts (stones, sand , pebbles  Body wastes (Sweat, scum and liquid), bucket
etc), oil, nails, dead tissue, latrines, pit latrines etc.
 Hides and leather discards saliva, tears and hairs
 Pharmaceutical wastes (tablets, etc)  
ointments, lotion etc),  Laundry wastes
 Kitchen wastes (Fruit and (Detergent and soap
vegetable peels, raw and precipitates)
processed food ingredients)

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is more commonly known as trash or garbage. MSW includes  
commercial and residential wastes generated in municipal or notified areas in either solid or
semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes. 
It consists of household waste, wastes from hotels and restaurants, construction and demolition
debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets.

Sewage and Sewage Sludge

Sewage is defined as untreated municipal liquid waste requiring treatment in a sewage treatment
plant. Sewage contains about 99.9% of water, while the remaining content may be organic or
inorganic. Sewage denotes both black water and grey water at the household level, where black
water refers to waste water generated in toilets and grey water to the waste water generated in
kitchen, bathroom and laundry.
Sewage sludge is the semi-solid precipitate produced in wastewater treatment plants. Such
sludge can also occur in untreated sewage disposed off into lakes and other water bodies. 
Sewage sludge generation in India is increasing at a faster rate as more and more sewage
treatment plants (STP) are being developed. Sewage sludge and effluents from these STPs are
frequently disposed off on agricultural lands for irrigation/manure purposes.

Fecal Sludge

Sludge of variable consistency collected from so-called on-site sanitation systems, such as
latrines, non-sewered public toilets, septic tanks and aqua privies is denoted as fecal sludge. The
fecal sludge comprises varying concentrations of settleable or settled solids as well as of other,
non-fecal matter. Fecal sludge from septic tanks which consists of settled solids, scum and liquid
is termed as Septage.
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Basic Techniques of Energy Recovery from Waste

Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as non-
biodegradable) through thermal, thermo-chemical and biochemical methods.

A brief description of the commonly applied technologies for energy generation from waste is as
follows

Anaerobic Digestion/Biomethanation

In this process, the organic fraction of the waste is segregated and fed into a closed container
(biogas digester). In the digester, the segregated waste undergoes biodegradation in presence of
methanogenic bacteria and under anaerobic conditions, producing methane-rich biogas and
effluent. The biogas can be used either for cooking/heating applications, or for generating motive
power or electricity through dual-fuel or gas engines, low-pressure gas turbines, or steam
turbines. The sludge from anaerobic digestion, after stabilization, can be used as a soil
conditioner. It can even be sold as manure depending upon its composition, which is determined
mainly by the composition of the input waste.

Combustion/Incineration

In this process, wastes are directly burned in presence of excess air (oxygen) at high
temperatures (about 800°C), liberating heat energy, inert gases, and ash. Combustion results in
transfer of 65%–80% of heat content of the organic matter to hot air, steam, and hot water. The
steam generated, in turn, can be used in steam turbines to generate power.

Pyrolysis/Gasification

Pyrolysis is a process of chemical decomposition of organic matter brought about by heat. In this
process, the organic material is heated in absence of air until the molecules thermally break down
to become a gas comprising smaller molecules (known collectively as syngas).

Gasification can also take place as a result of partial combustion of organic matter in presence of
a restricted quantity of oxygen or air. The gas so produced is known as producer gas. The gases
produced by pyrolysis mainly comprise carbon monoxide (25%), hydrogen and hydrocarbons
(15%), and carbon dioxide and nitrogen (60%). The next step is to ‘clean’ the syngas or producer
gas. Thereafter, the gas is burned in internal combustion (IC) engine generator sets or turbines to
produce electricity.

Landfill Gas recovery

The waste dumped in a landfill becomes subjected, over a period of time, to anaerobic
conditions. As a result, its organic fraction slowly volatilizes and decomposes, leading to
production of ‘landfill gas’, which contains a high percentage of methane (about 50%). It can be
used as a source of energy either for direct heating/cooking applications or to generate power
through IC engines or turbines.

Analysis of Key Aspects of Waste to Energy Technologies

  Criteria Incineration Anaerobic Digestion Gasification/Pyrolysis

A Feedstock
  Industrial
  Liquid Not suitable Suitable Not suitable
  Solid Suitable Not suitable Suitable
              Urban
  Liquid Not suitable Suitable Not suitable
  Solid Suitable Suitable Suitable
             Farm
  Poultry Suitable Suitable Suitable
  Cattle Suitable Suitable Suitable
B Technology features
  Technology status      
  Industrial Proven Proven Emerging
  Urban Proven Proven Emerging
  Farm Proven Proven Proven
  Energy efficiency 85-90% (Based on 50-60% (Based on 90-95% (Based on
calorific value) volatiles) calorific value)
C Operating conditions
  System Complex Simple Complex
configuration
  Process Flexibility Low Good Low
  Modular Yes Yes Yes
D Capital, O & M costs
  Relative capital Very high Medium-high Very High
cost
  O&M High Low Limited
  Commercial Less viable than others Readily viable Varies considerably
viability owing to costly
downstream air
pollution control
  Captive power Significant (25-30%) Low (5%) Variable (5-20%)
requirements
  Area requirements Elaborate Compact Compact
E Environmental Can be minimized, Minimum Can be controlled to a
impacts but requires significant extent
expensive technology
investments
F Socio-economic impacts
  Public Not fully satisfactory Satisfactory Satisfactory
acceptability
  Waste disposal Complete, except for Complete except for Complete
ash to landfill.
sludge stabilization
Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as non-
biodegradable) through thermo-chemical and biochemical methods. Incineration of RDF pellets
for power generation and biomethanation are currently the preferred technologies for MSW to
energy in India.

Some emerging technologies such as fermentation, plasma pyrolysis, microwave waste

destruction and laser waste destruction exist and are at various stages of commercial uptake.
These merit a continuing review to assess their relevance for possible application to the treatment
of specific waste types under Indian conditions.

The pathways illustrating the primary MSW to energy technologies are highlighted below:

 
 
MNRE has promoted the national programme for the recovery of energy from industrial and
urban wastes. Since this programme seeks to promote setting up of waste-to-energy plants,
various financial incentives and other eligibility criteria have been proposed by the MNRE to
encourage the participation in waste-to-energy projects.

These are listed below:

 Financial assistance is provided by way of interest subsidy for commercial projects

 Financial assistance is provided on the capital cost for demonstration projects that are
innovative in terms of generation of power from municipal/ industrial wastes
 Financial assistance is provided for power generation in STPs
 Financial incentives are given to municipal corporations for supplying garbage free of
cost at the project site and for providing land
 Incentives are given to the state nodal agencies for promotion, co-ordination and
monitoring of such projects
 Financial assistance is given for carrying out studies on waste to energy projects,
covering full costs of such studies
 Assistance is given in terms of training courses, workshops and seminars and awareness
generation
Company Headquarters Highlights
Biomethanation
M/S Asia  Bio- energy Pvt Chennai Follows “Biogas induced mixing arrangement-
Ltd (ABIL) (BIMA)” technology for a 5.1 MW MSW to energy
project
Cicon Environment Bhopal Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Technologies technology and activated sludge process are
followed in installations
Bermaco/WM Power Ltd Navi Mumbai Completed 11 MW biogas plant in Mumbai using
WABIO process.
Sound craft Industries Mumbai Installing 12.8 MW plant at Mumbai with
technology from Ericsons, USA
Hydroair Tectonics Limited Navi Mumbai Adopting aerated and UASB technologies for the
treatment of waste sludge and biogas generation
respectively.
Ramky Enviro Engineers Hyderabad Undertaking comprehensive biomethanation
Ltd projects coupled to secure composting and landfills.
Also involved in incineration and presently
operating India's largest waste incinerator at Taloja,
Maharashtra.
Mailhem Engineers Pvt Pune Has adopted modified UASB technology. Has
Ltd. installed about 250 waste-to-energy plants.
Combustion /Incineration
A2Z Group of Companies Gurgaon RDF based combustion technology with scope for
cogeneration of heat and power.
Hanjer Biotech Energies Mumbai Developing 15 MW combustion power plant in
Surat District with MSW based RDF pellets as fuel.
SELCO International Hyderabad SELCO setup the first commercial Municipal Solid
Limited Waste-processing unit in India in 1999. Have
installed 6.6 MW using RDF pellets as energy
source.
East Delhi Waste New Delhi Implementing 10 MW incineration power plant with
Processing Company Pvt MSW derived RDF pellets as fuel.
Ltd
Gasification
Zanders Engineers Limited Mohali Has a collaborative gasification technology to
process multiple feedstocks including MSW for
power
UPL Environmental
Engineers Pvt Ltd