Internet of Things Assignment -4

QUESTION 1-Conceptualize IoT framework for home Automation.

ANS-

Abstract—Internet of Things (IoT) conceptualizes the idea of remotely connecting and monitoring
real world objects (things) through the Internet . When it comes to our house, this
concept can be aptly incorporated to make it smarter, safer and automated. This IoT project focuses
on building a smart wireless home security system which sends alerts to the owner by using Internet
in case of any trespass and raises an alarm optionally.
Besides, the same can also be utilized for home automation by making use of the same set of sensors .
The leverage obtained by prefering this system over the similar kinds of existing systems is that the
alerts and the status sent by the wifi connected microcontroller managed system can be received by
the user on his phone from any distance irrespective of whether his mobile phone is connected to the
internet . The microcontroller used in the current prototype is the TI-CC3200 Launchpad board which
comes with an embedded micro-controller and an onboard Wi-Fi shield making use of which all the
elctrical appliances inside the home can be controlled and managed.

INTRODUCTION
Wireless Home security and Home automation are the dual aspects of this project. The currently built
prototype of the system sends alerts to the owner over voice calls using the
Internet if any sort of human movement is sensed near the entrance of his house and raises an alarm
optionally upon the user’s discretion. The provision for sending alert messages to
concerned security personnel in case of critical situation is also built into the system. On the other
hand if the owner identifies that the person entering his house is not an intruder
but an unexpected guest of his then instead of triggering the security alarm, the user/owner can make
arrangements such as opening the door, switching on various appliances inside
the house, which are also connected and controlled by the micro-controller in the system to welcome
his guest. The same can be done when the user himself enters the room and
by virtue of the system he can make arrangements from his doorstep such that as soon as he enters his
house he can make himself at full comfort without manually having to switch on the electrical
appliances or his favourite T.V. channel
The alerts and the status of the IoT system can be accessed
by the user from anywhere

QUESTION 2-What is a cloud? What is the role of cloud platforms in IoT? Explain

reference model of Fog computing for Internet of Things.

ANS-The "cloud" is a set of different types of hardware and software that work collectively to deliver
many aspects of computing to the end-user as an online service. Cloud Computing is the use of
hardware and software to deliver a service over a network (typically the Internet). Cloud computing
is an application-based software infrastructure that stores data on remote serves, which can be
accessed through the internet. ... The front end enables a user to access data stored in the cloud
using an internet browser or a cloud computing software. With cloud computing, users can access
files and use applications from any device that can access the Internet.

An example of a Cloud Computing provider is Google's Gmail. Gmail users can access files and
applications hosted by Google via the internet from any device.

Internet of Things (IoT) generate a huge amount of data or big data. Managing the flow and storage
of this data is a tedious task for enterprises. Cloud computing with its different models and
implementation platforms help companies to manage and analyze this data, enhancing the overall
efficiency and working of IoT system. DLM, AEP, and Digital Twins are some of the solutions better
leveraged through cloud platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure.
Internet of Things (sensors, machines, and devices) generate a huge amount of data per second.
Cloud computing helps in the storage and analysis of this data so that enterprise can get the
maximum benefit of an IOT infrastructure. IOT solution should connect and allow communication
between things, people, and process, and cloud computing plays a very important role in this
collaboration to create a high visibility. 

IOT is just not restricted to functions of systems connectivity, data gathering, storage, and analytics
alone. It helps in modernizing the operations by connecting the legacy and smart devices, machines
to the internet, and reducing the barriers between IT and OT teams with a unified view of the
systems and data

Fog computing is a paradigm with limited capabilities such as computing, storing and networking
services in a distributed manner between different end devices and classic cloud computing. It
provides a good solution for IoT applications that are latency-sensitive
Fog Computing is a geographically distributed computing architecture with a resource pool which
consists of one or more ubiquitously connected heterogeneous
devices (including edge devices) at the edge of network and not exclusively seamlessly backed by
Cloud services,to collaboratively provide elastic computation, storage and communication (and many
other new services and tasks) in isolated environments to a large scale of clients in proximity

QUESTION 3-What do you understand by big data? Explain its role for IOT
application.

ANS-Big Data is also data but with a huge size. Big Data is a term used to describe a collection of data
that is huge in volume and yet growing exponentially with time. In short such data is so large and
complex that none of the traditional data management tools are able to store it or process it
efficiently.
Role of Big Data in IOT

When organizations are grabbing hold of the data for analysis purpose, IOT is acting as a major
source for that data, and this is the point where the role of big data in IOT comes into the picture. Big
data analytics is emerging as a key to analyzing IOT generated data from “connected devices” which
helps to take the initiative to improve decision making. The role of big data in IOT is to process a
large amount of data on a real-time basis and storing them using different storage technologies.

IOT big data processing follows four sequential steps –

 A large amount of unstructured data is generated by IOT devices which are collected in the
big data system. This IOT generated big data largely depends on their 3V factors that are
volume, velocity, and variety.
 In the big data system which is basically a shared distributed database, the huge amount of
data is stored in big data files.
 Analyzing the stored IOT big data using analytic tools like Hadoop Map Reduce or Spark
 Generating the reports of analyzed data.

Since in IOT the unstructured data are collected via the internet, hence, big data for the internet of
things need lightning-fast analysis with large queries to gain rapid insights from data to make quick
decisions. Hence the need for big data in IOT is compelling.

QUESTION 4-What impacts will the Internet of Things (IoT) have on Smart cities region?

ANS-

Internet of Things is the core component whenever we are refer to Smart cities. It would be perfectly
right to say that if there is no Internet of Things, there is no Smart City. Following figure provides a
view of how at different places IoT can make a different to infrastructures and convert cities into
Smart cities

These are:

 Smart Infrastructure
The extensive market for smart urban infrastructure in smart cities includes smart parking, smart
lighting, advanced connected streets, and other transportation innovations. Here is how they work:

 Smart Lighting: With the help of smart lighting, city authorities can keep a track on real-
time use of lights to deliver demand-based lighting in several zones and optimize
illumination. Smart lighting and smart ceiling fans also help in saving energy by turning
down sectors with no inhabitants and daylight harvesting. For example, parking lots can be
dimmed during work hours and automatically illuminate when a car enters.
 Connected Streets: Smart streets are apt for delivering services and information and
acquiring data to and from several devices, which includes data about road works, traffic, and
road blockages. IOT is the network used to connect all the devices to each other, and
connected streets help in efficient management of people and resources to enhance urban
landscape and public transportation
 Smart Parking Management: IoT network and smart parking system can be used to find
vacant spots for a vehicle at different public places. In-ground vehicle detection sensors are
the technology used, which plays a key role in the smart parking programme that is
transforming how drivers in the city centres and malls find an unoccupied parking spot.
Wireless sensors are implanted into the parking space, which transmits information regarding
the time and duration of the space used via signal processors into a central parking
management application. Smart parking decreases vehicle emissions, reduces congestion, cuts
driver stress, and lower enforcement cost. Each device needs to have constant connectivity to
the cloud servers for effective implementation of smart parking technology
 Connected Charging Stations: Smart infrastructure should also include charging stations in
parking lots, shopping malls, airports, city fleets, and bus stations across the city. Electric
vehicle (EV) charging point can be integrated with IOT to streamline the function of charge
In address the effect on the power grid.
 Smart Buildings & Properties :Smart property utilizes different systems to ensure security
and safety of the building, maintenance of resources, and overall good
condition of the surrounding.
 Security & Safety Systems: Security and safety system include implementing biometrics,
remote monitoring, surveillance cameras, and wireless alarms to reduce un authorised access
to buildings and the possibility of thefts. With the help of IOT, all the devices can be
seamlessly connected, and can be accessed on your smart phone. Detecting people in non-
authorized areas, stopping the access of restricted area on the property, and using perimeter
access control is also a part of this security system.

 Sprinkler & Smart Garden System: Smart sprinkler system with connected technology can
be used to water plants. On the other hand, smart garden devices can perform tasks such as
helping the city authorities to save the water (smart sprinkler devices use weather information
to stay off when it rains automatically), measure soil moisture and level of fertilizer, and
lastly keep the grass from overgrowing with the help of robotic lawnmowers.
 Smart Ventilation & Heating: Smart ventilation and heating systems monitor several
perimeters such as pressure, vibration, temperature, humidity of the property, and other public
places such as historical monuments and movie theaters. With the help of wireless sensor
network, the data is collected to optimize the HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) system to improve their performance and efficiency in the buildings.
 Smart Grid: A smart grid is a self-healing, digitally monitored energy system that delivers
gas or electricity from generation source. Smart grid solutions can be residential, industrial, or
distribution and transmission projects. IoT solutions like gateways can be used to conserve
energy at both transmission level and consumer level. For example, gateways can provide an
in-depth summary of energy consumption to utility companies with real-time analytics and
high connectivity. It also develops a demand-response system for the utility providers to
strengthen energy distribution based on consumption level.
  Smart Meters: A smart meter can be used in industrial sectors and residential areas for gas
and electricity expenditure where there is a need to determine real-time data on energy usage.
Consumers and companies with smart meters can monitor their energy consumption.
Additionally, energy reports, analytics, and public dashboards can be accessed over the
internet via mobile applications connected with these smart meters.

Question 5. What impacts will the Internet of Things (IoT) have on Transportation
Sector?

Answer. Internet of Things has made its presence felt in almost every industry and
transportation is no exception. IoT in transportation can help us track vehicles and people,
connect infrastructure and make transport work better. The Internet, along with mobile
applications, increased communication and technology such as data collection, cell-phone
triangulation, machine-to-machine communication, cloud computing, etc., the potential to
revolutionize transportation is high.

Let us look at some ways IoT can change transportation:

Cars will be Connected

Imagine if you could make changes to your car just like your smartphone, by
changing its exterior or interior appearance at will or you could just sit relaxed in the
car while it takes you to your destination on its own. Sounds like a dream? Well, it’s
not. Internet of Things will make all that possible in the near future. We already have
connected systems that allow the drivers to connect their smartphones and use various
apps, navigate the roads, listen to satellite radio, request roadside assistance, find open
parking spaces, remotely lock/unlock the doors and view streaming videos. IoT will
also make driverless and autonomous cars possible, where the passengers can
socialize, relax or even work in the car without driving it. Autonomous cars can
reduce road accidents and lower the energy consumption.

Automobiles as Sensors

Sensors have been implemented in automobiles, which enable them to achieve several
tasks. Some sense acceleration and braking of the automobile which helps in
conserving fuel and reducing maintenance costs, some sensors along with mobile apps
help in diagnosing the engine problems and display travel logs. However, since
sensors are becoming quite affordable and are capable of achieving bigger tasks, there
will come a time when automobiles will become sensors themselves. They can help
you in identifying empty spaces in a parking lot, give important alerts, etc.
Automobiles as sensors would be able to gather data and make accurate predictions
for weather. By connecting all the sensors on automobiles to IoT, vehicles can
 communicate with each other, collect data off each other and store it in the cloud
infrastructure, which can further be used and analyzed by businesses.

Infrastructure will be Connected

IoT will allow one to create connections amongst different vehicles, and between the
vehicle and transportation infrastructure. Connected infrastructure will bring in
several benefits. If there is heavy traffic or an accident on a route, you will be notified
of the same. You will also be notified if an emergency vehicle such as an ambulance
is on the way so that vehicles can get out of the way to enable it to reach the accident
site as quickly as possible. By connecting transportation infrastructure, IoT can create
a coordinated system which can map how people can get to their destinations safely
and on time.

In the case of an accident, the sensors on the vehicle will send an alert to nearby
vehicles, allowing them to take an alternate route. One of the benefits you enjoy now
because of IoT is through Google Maps which shows the severity of traffic on any
route through colors. IoT will bring in more benefits in the future for transportation.
According to Morgan Stanley, IoT in transportation could save approximately 30,000
lives and avoid 2.12 million injuries each year.

IoT would support innovation in the transportation industry. We should harness the
power of IoT but, unfortunately, the adoption rate of IoT in transportation is still quite
low. However, this will change soon and we will see IoT being incorporated into
vehicles, which would greatly impact the industry and present new opportunities that
seemed impossible a few years back.

Question 5.What impacts will the Internet of Things (IoT) have on Health Care Sector?

Answer. Internet of things is the connection of physical objects to a network so that they can
transmit signals and data to each other. Internet of Things (IoT) is having its roots in all
industries across the world. From retail to smart homes IoT is everywhere.By using IoT in
healthcare doctors can ensure on-time and on-time patient care, reduce the cost of treatments
and make treatments more effective. From health and wellness management via smart
watches to after cancer care, IoT is impacting healthcare in all directions.

Ways IoT is Impacting Healthcare:

Here are some ways IoT is impacting healthcare and hospitals:

1. Real Time Remote Monitoring:

With IoT, multiple monitoring devices can be connected thus enabling real-time monitoring
of patients. Along with this, these devices can transmit signals from home also thus, reducing
the time needed for patient care in the hospitals. This can reduce the need for doctors
attention and can improve the level of care provided at the same time. This will also provide
real time information which will help in providing evidence based medications.

2. Smart Pills:

WuXi PharmaTech, Proteus Digital Health, and TruTag are some of the pharma companies
who are developing edible IoT, “smart” pills that will aid monitoring of health issues,
adherence and medication controls. These pills will dissolve in the stomach and transmit a
signal to the sensor worn on the body. That signal will then be transferred to mobile phones
for easy access to the patients. Smart pills will not only help drug companies to reduce their
risks but also ensure that patients are able to monitor their medications and take prompt
medication.

3. Diabetes Management:

Dana Lewis along with her husband Scott hacked Dana’s CGM(continuous glucose monitor)
and her insulin pump. A Raspberry Pi computer deciphers the data transmitted from the CGM
and controls the pump to put the required amount of insulin in the blood. This was presented
at the OSCon 2016, held in Austin, where it was reported that 59 people were using this
solution. 2016, Roche acquired distribution rights to an implantable long-term continuous
glucose monitoring (CGM) system. This system uses a 90-day sensor which is placed below
the patient’s skin. By using a smart transmitter it monitors and sends signals about the blood
glucose levels to the mobile.

4. Blood Pressure Monitoring:

In 2016, Roche also launched a Bluetooth enabled coagulation system to monitor the pace of
blood coagulation for anticoagulated patients. Similarly, sensor based intelligent system can
be used to monitor blood pressure levels in patients suffering from hypertension. Medications
can be taken in accordance with the need thus there will not be a need for guess work. These
monitoring devices can also lower the risk of cardiac arrests in critical cases.

5. Smart Watches taking on Depressions:

Takeda is creating a test case on 30 patients suffering from major depressive disorder
(MDD). For this purpose, they have developed an Apple Watch App which can monitor and
assess people’s mood and report data to the server. Along with this, there are apps developed
to monitor sleep cycles and fitness activities like runs. reps, etc. These apps are still in the
testing phase and present a huge potential for growth in future.

Other benefits of IOT in healthcare sector are

Simultaneous reporting and monitoring

Real-time monitoring via connected devices can save lives in event of a medical emergency
like heart failure, diabetes, asthma attacks, etc.

benefits of iot health reporting and monitoring

With real-time monitoring of the condition in place by means of a smart medical device
connected to a smartphone app, connected devices can collect medical and other required
health data and use the data connection of the smartphone to transfer collected information to
a physician.Center of Connected Health Policy conducted a study that indicates that there was
a 50% reduction in 30-day readmission rate because of remote patient monitoring on heart
failure patients.

The IoT device collects and transfers health data: blood pressure, oxygen and blood sugar
levels, weight, and ECGs.

These data are stored in the cloud and can be shared with an authorized person, who could be
a physician, your insurance company, a participating health firm or an external consultant, to
allow them to look at the collected data regardless of their place, time, or device.

End-to-end connectivity and affordability

IoT can automate patient care workflow with the help healthcare mobility solution and other
new technologies, and next-gen healthcare facilities. IoT in healthcare
enables interoperability, machine-to-machine communication, information exchange, and
data movement that makes healthcare service delivery effective.

Connectivity protocols: Bluetooth LE, Wi-Fi, Z-wave, ZigBee, and other modern protocols,
healthcare personnel can change the way they spot illness and ailments in patients and can
also innovate revolutionary ways of treatment.

Consequently, technology-driven setup brings down the cost, by cutting down unnecessary
visits, utilizing better quality resources, and improving the allocation and planning.

Data assortment and analysis

Vast amount of data that a healthcare device sends in a very short time owing to their real-
time application is hard to store and manage if the access to cloud is unavailable.

Even for healthcare providers to acquire data originating from multiple devices and sources
and analyze it manually is a tough bet.

IoT devices can collect, report and analyses the data in real-time and cut the need to store the
raw data.This all can happen overcloud with the providers only getting access to final reports
with graphs.
Moreover, healthcare operations allow organizations to get vital healthcare analytics and
data-driven insights which speed up decision-making and is less prone to errors.

Tracking and alerts

On-time alert is critical in event of life-threatening circumstances. Medical IoT devices

gather vital data and transfer that data to doctors for real-time tracking, while dropping
notifications to people about critical parts via mobile apps and other linked devices

Reports and alerts give a firm opinion about a patient’s condition, irrespective of place and
time.

It also helps make well-versed decisions and provide on-time treatment.

Remote medical assistance

In event of an emergency, patients can contact a doctor who is many kilometers away with a
smart mobile apps.

With mobility solutions in healthcare, the medics can instantly check the patients and identify
the ailments on-the-go.

Also, numerous healthcare delivery chains that are forecasting to build machines that can
distribute drugs on the basis of patient’s prescription and ailment-related data available via
linked devices. IoT will Improve the patient’s care In hospital. This in turn, will cut on
people’s expanse on healthcare

Research

IoT for healthcare can also be used for research purposes. It’s because IoT enables us to
collect a massive amount of data about the patient’s illness which would have taken many
years if we collected it manually.

This data thus collected can be used for statistical study that would support the medical
research.

Thus, IoT don’t only saves time but also our money which would go in the research.

Thus, IoT has a great impact in the field of medical research. It enables the introduction of
bigger and better medical treatments.

IoT is used in a variety of devices that enhance the quality of the healthcare services received
by the patients.
Even the existing devices are now being updated by IoT by simply using embedding chips of
a smart devices. This chip enhances the assistance and care that a patient requires.

QUESTION 7-Explain the deployment and operational view, resources, services, virtual
entities, users in an IoT system by considering a Parking lot example.

ANS- Deployment and operational view

Deployment and Operational View: Description of the main real world components of the system
such as devices, network routers, servers, etc.

Virtual Entity functional group

The Virtual Entity FG contains functions that support the interactions between Users and Physical
Things through Virtual Entity services.

Virtual Entity context information, i.e. the attributes (simple or complex) as represented by parts of
the IoT Information model.

IoT Service output itself is another important part of information generated by an IoT system. For
example, Sensor or a Tag Service.

Virtual Entity descriptions in general, which contain not only the attributes coming from IoT
Devices (e.g. ownership information).   

The Virtual Entity FG consists of three Functional Components:

 VE Resolution;
 VE & IoT Service Monitoring;
 VE Service.

The VE Resolution FC is the Functional Component which provides the functionalities to the IoT
User to retrieve associations between VE’s and IoT Services.

VE & IoT Service Monitoring FC is responsible for automatically finding new associations, which are
then inserted into the VE Resolution FC. New associations can be derived based on existing
associations, Service Descriptions and information about VE’s

VE Service FC handles with entity services. An entity service represents an overall access point to a
particular entity, offering means to learn and manipulate the status of the entity. Entity services
provide access to an entity via operations that enable reading and/or updating the value(s) of the
entities’ attributes.

IoT deployment is a process. Unless a business undertakes and completes each part of the process,
the deployment will be rich with problems as well as data. It begins with planning that has little to
do with the technology of the IoT and everything to do with what the business is trying to achieve.
The Deployment and Operation view aims at providing users of the IoT Reference Model with a set
of guidelines to drive them through the different design choices that they have to face while
designing the actual implementation of their services. To this extent this view will discuss how to
move from the service description and the identification of the different functional elements to the
selection among the many available technologies in the IoT to build up the overall networking
behaviour for the deployment.

QUESTION 8-Explain service choreography and Processing of IoT services with a neat
diagram

ANS- Service Choreography

Offers a broker that handles Publish/Subscribe communication between services. One service can
offer its capabilities at the FC and the broker function makes sure a client interested in the offer will
find the service with the desired capabilities.

Also service consumers can put service requests onto the Choreography FC while a suitable service is
not available at the time when the request was issued. The service consumer will get notified as soon
as a service became available that fulfils the service request issued before.

Service choreography is a form of service composition in which the interaction protocol between
several partner services is defined from a global perspective. In service choreographies the logic of
the message-based interactions among the participants is specified from a global perspective