Department of Education

Region IX
Zamboanga Peninsula
Aurora Pioneers Memorial College
(formerly: Cebuano Barracks Institute)
Bonifacio Street, Poblacion, Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur

OFFLINE LEARNING MODULE

HUM 11 - Arts & Humanities

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PRETEST:
Write a 300-word essay sharing your thoughts about humanities.

INTRODUCTION:
With the advent of the computer age, advanced science and technology have overwhelmed many
aspects of our lives, and even our possibilities of survival are affected. But turning to the humanities
where the world of man’s spirit is evident in humans, rather than technical values, we experience a
certain degree of relief. The humanities can provide enjoyment and stimulation, especially when we try
to understand what it covers.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Having successfully completed this module, you will be able to:
1. understand the different subject areas: visual arts, literature, drama, music and dance
which are concerned with the thoughts, creations, and actions of human beings in the
past and in the present, making them more human;
2. integrate learned skills and knowledge derived from the study of the humanities and/or
the arts and other related disciplines, acquiring the necessary depth and breadth required
for a transdisciplinary perspective; and
3. appreciate the role of Philippine art in the development of our national identity and our
historical consciousness.
LESSON 1: General Overview of Humanities
The Meaning, Importance, and Scope of Humanities
The word humanities comes from the Latin humanus, which means human, cultured, and refined.
To be human us to have or show qualities like rationality, kindness, and tenderness. It has different
connotations in different historical eras. The term humanitiesrefers to the arts - the visual arts such as
architecture, painting, and sculpture; music, dance, the theater or drama, and literature. They are the
branches of learning concerned with human thought, feelings and relations. The importance of the
human being and his feelings and how he expresses those feelings have always have been the concern of
the humanities.
Art is very important in our lives. It constitutes one of the oldest and most important mean of
expression developed by man.
Art, like love, is not easy to define. It concerns itself with the communication of certain ideas and
feelings by means of a sensuous medium - color, sound, bronze, marble, words, and film. This medium
is fashioned into a symbolic language marked by beauty of design and coherence of form. It appeals to
our minds, arouses our emotions, kindles our imagination, and enchants our senses. (Machlis, 1963)
In every age or country, there is always are. Wherever we go, whether it be a city or a province,
here or abroad, we surely have to pass buildings our various sorts. Some of them appear attractive and
inviting; some do not. We look at some of them with awe or admiration and we get to be concerned with
architecture which is one of the oldest and most important of the many areas of art.
The art that we perceive through our eyes is called the visual art, and architecture is one part of it.
Clothes, household appliances, furnishings of homes, schools, churches, and other buildings are visual
arts. Through the ideas selected by painters and sculptors and the forms they create, they express the
ideals, the hopes, and the fears of the times in which they live.
Visual arts include much more than painting, sculpture and architecture. One of the many common
things we use in our daily lives, we derive real pleasure. A great range of objects can be included in the
visual arts, from the purely useful products at one extreme to those that were designed only for their
aesthetic appeal on the other. A similar range exists in all other fields of art. Because of this range, we
are surrounded by art in all the things we see, hear, do, or use. The aesthetic aspects of any work - a
painting, song, story, dance, or play - are what make it art. Aesthetics refers to the forms and
psychological forms of art.
Another form of the more important arts is music. This is the art of combining and regulating
sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions expressing various ideas and emotions. Its primary
function is to entertain. Music is one of the great arts of our civilization, along with literature, painting,
sculpture, architecture, and dance. As an art, it bases its appeal on the sensuous beauty of musical
sounds.
Like the other arts, music deals with emotions. It’s being a “a pure art” enables it to convey
emotions with great intensity and can affect people directly. It is a broad and varied field, serving
various moods and occasions. Great music especially, radiates infectious joy. Many who are receptive to
great music find it exhilarating. The song we sing may be a tune which is popular now but may possible
be forgotten later. It may be a selection which has been sung or played for several decades.
Dance is another form of art that is common to man even during the earliest times. It is the most
direct of the arts for it makes use of the human body as its medium. It springs from man’s love for
expressive gestures, his release of tension through rhythmic movement. Dance heightens the pleasure of
being, and at the same time mirrors the life of society.
The dance of the olden times is different from that of the present time; the dance of the barrio folks
is different from the dances in the city. Primitives and non-primitives dance. In its expressive aspects,
dance is uniquely able to intensify moods and emotions and to deepen and dignify the feelings of us all
(Compton’s Encyclopedia, 1974).
The area of the theater or drama is another of the important arts. Dramatic activities are usually part
of every school and community program. Classes dramatize the events they are studying; clubs,
organizations and institutions stage plays. Going to the theater to see a play is a wonderful experience.
The play may be a comedy, tragedy, mystery, musical or melodrama. In any of them, a group of people
act out the plot to get across to the audience the idea the author is trying to express.
Essentially, the stage is a place for re-enacting the joys and problems of life, a place where the
playwright strips life of nonessentials and deals with basic and importance issues. The spectators get
involved in these situations and thus gain greater insight into human motives and passion.
The motion picture is a popular addition to the various forms of the theater. Through it, a great
number of people are able to see dramatic performances every day. The radio makes drama available for
the auditory sense and the imagination. The television, too, brings the art of the drama to many people.
Theatrical productions, including motion pictures and television, combine art forms.
The play itself is a form of literature. Scenery and costume provide the visual arts, and music may
serve as a background to set the mood or to serve as part of the plot.
The opera is a drama set to music. Thus, it is a form of the theater. In many musical shows, dancers
are also important performers. The theater, therefore, combines several of the arts.
It is also necessary that we distinguish between art and nature for they are fundamentally different.
No matter how close art is to nature, however, art always shows that it is man-made. It is an
interpretation of nature and of life.

What the Arts Have in Common

The visual arts, music, dance, literature, and drama are the five areas of art but, there is one thing
that is common to them all.
The most basic relationship is that the arts are concerned with emotions, with our feelings about
things. When a person sees a picture, he thinks it is beautiful, or when he watches a play or dance
performance, he thinks it is exciting, he feels that it is lovely or stirring. His reaction is primarily
emotional. People experience excitement, pleasure, anger, and all the other emotional states in a way
which is very differnt from their intellectual responses. Emotions are part of our basic nature.

An Artist
An artist is a person who exhibits exceptional skills in design, drawing, painting, and the like who
works in one of the performing arts, like an actor or musician. Unlike other people, he is more sensitive
and more creative. He possesses, to an unusual degree, the knack for interpreting ideas into artistic form
through the use of words, pigments, stone, notes, or any of the other materials used by artists. When he
sees or learns something that impresses him, he expresses himself in one medium or another so that
others may understand it too. He, thus, learns to project his creative impulse through the symbols of his
art - a picture, a poem, or a piece of music according to his present inspiration and his training. His
process of creation, however, differs from that of an amateur or beginner only in degree.
There are two kinds of artists - creators and performers. A composer writes a song to be sung by
talented singers. A dramatist or playwright writes a play to be staged by a company of actors. A
choreographer composes a ballet or dance sequence which will be performed by a troupe of dancers.
Music, theater, and dance are performing arts. Besides the creators, they require other artists who
recreate what has been composed. Thus, performers are important.
Although artistry of the performers is based on the creation of others, they bring individual
interpretations to their performances. Thus, in the performing arts, the ideas and the interpretations of
the performer are added to the original ideas of the creator. This dual contribution gives added richness
and meaning to these fields of arts. It makes them different from painting, for example, in which the
creative artists communicate directly with the observer.
The Work of the Creative Artist
Creativity is an artist’s trait developed in the course of his life to solve problems or express his
feelings. His continuing reaction to emerging conditions of nature and social life gives birth to new ideas
and new methods. These in turn, he uses to overcome difficulties which in the process of confrontation
with reality, give the solution to a vision, create art, or activate social transformation.
The process of creativity is threefold, with the artist as the prime mover, communicating his ideas
though the performer, as his interpreter to the audience.
The Process of Creation. There are three major phases:
1. the artist must have an idea;
2. he must have a material in which to work on; and
3. he must give form to his idea.
The Idea. Artists are highly sensitive persons specially aware of the things that surround them.
They notice the sounds, colors, and movements of people and things. Art expression is based on the so-
called higher senses of sight and sound, with the other senses playing more or less indirect roles. A
particular experience may impress an artist so much that he decides to use it as the basis for a picture, a
poem, a play or a dance. In all these expressions, the artists clarify, identify, and give new meanings to
the experiences which are common to nearly everyone.
Through the centuries, artists have worked on new ideas which illuminate and enrich the lives of all
humankind. A study of the arts is the study of humankind, for through the arts we can discover man’s
major interests, feelings and problems through the ages. The art of ancient Egypt shows clearly how the
people of that time were preoccupied with life after death, for many of their most impressive monuments
were erected as tombs for the pharaohs (Compton’s Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, 1974).
Playwrights and novelists have always been concerned with the frailties of man, with his hopes and
fears, his courage and cowardice, his charity and greed. Poets with their artistry of statement, have given
nobility and intensity to man’s experiences. Through dance, the events of life are given symbolic and
ceremonial form.
The Material and Process. The second phase of creation that the artist uses to give form to his
idea. A painter uses pigments; a sculptor uses stone, metal or wood; an architect, various building
materials. An author uses words; a composer, musical sounds which he sets down as notes. A
choreographer uses people and their movements as the materials for his creations. The artist’s various
materials have a profound effect on his products.
Organization and Form. Artists have developed a host of different forms to express the ideas they
work on. In some of the arts, particularly the time arts, certain forms of organization are standard and
widely accepted. Popular songwriters use the conventional 32-measure length. Symphonic composers
use the accepted structure of sonnet, the quatrain, the Spenserian stanza. Operas and plays are always
divided into a number of acts.
Style is a term which refers to the development of forms in an art that is related to particular
historical periods.
1. Symmetrically Balance - two sides of the object are identical; tends to emphasize the center,
creating a logical focal point for something one wishes to emphasize.
2. Asymmetric Balance - the kind of organization found in most paintings and other two-
dimensional graphic works. Here, the forms and colors on one side are balanced by
different forms and colors on the other.
In any field of art, it is the idea which is the important factor. The parts and their organization into a
final art product grow out of that idea.
Thus, the third phase of the analysis of any work of art has to do with its form or organization. We
must decide whether the form grows out of the idea or problem which prompted it; whether the form has
been given is individualized and unique; whether the work has unity; and whether the organization in
itself calls forth an aesthetic response from us. The arts are remarkable in their diversity, not only in
subject matter but also in materials and forms. No rules can govern either creation or appreciation. The
artist is influenced by the world around him, so that his work reflects the time and place in which he
lives.
Time has since shown that the severe criticisms were unjustified; and we often wonder how people
of the past could have disliked some of the works of art we now admire. It is the responsibility of each
one of us to be open-minded. The understanding of the great art of all periods is a key to the
understanding of the human being. There is a need to associate with great men through their work in
order to enrich and ennoble our own lives.

The Scope of the Humanities

The humanities is a many-faceted subject. As mentioned earlier, it consists of the visual arts,
literature, drama and theater, music, and dance.
Visual Arts. We perceive with our eyes. They may be classified into two groups; graphic (flat, or
two-dimensional surface) and plastic arts (three-dimensional).
A. The Graphic Arts
1. Painting
2. Drawing
3. Graphic Processes
a) Relief printing
b) Intaglio printing
i. Dry point
ii. Etching
iii. Engraving
c) Surface printing
i. Lithography
ii. Silkscreen
4. Commercial Art
5. Mechanical Processes
6. Photography
B. The Plastic Arts
1. Architecture
2. Landscape Architecture
3. City Planning
4. Interior Design
5. Sculpture
6. Crafts
7. Industrial Design
8. Dress and Costume Design
9. Theater Design
 Literature. The art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms which
have artistic and emotional appeal is called literature.
A. Drama
B. Essay
C. Prose Fiction
D. Poetry
E. Miscellaneous - history, biography, letters, journals, diaries, and other works not formally
classed as literature often have definite literary appeal and status due to the high quality of
writing.
Music. The art of arranging sounds in rhythmic succession and generally in combination. Melody
results from this sequence, and harmony from the combinations. Music is both a creative and a
performing art. Musical compositions fall into three groups:
A. Vocal Music
B. Instrumental Music
C. Music Combined with Other Arts
1. Opera
2. Operetta and Musical Comedy
3. Oratorio and Cantata
D. Other forms of arts are the ballet music and background music of motion pictures.
Drama and Theater. A drama, or play, is a story re-created by actors on a stage in front of an
audience. The following are the most common types of drama:
A. Tragedy
B. Melodrama
C. Comedy
1. The Romantic Comedy
2. Farce
3. Comedy of Manners
D. Miscellaneous:
1. Tragicomedy
2. Miracle and Mystery Plays
3. Morality Plays
4. Closet Drama
5. Piano Drama
Dance. Involves movement of the body and the feet in rhythm. Some important types include:
A. Ethnologic
B. Social or Ballroom Dances
C. The Ballet
D. Modern
 E. Musical Comedy

ACTIVITY 1: Answer the following questions coherently:

1. What is common in all the areas of the arts?
2. What are added to the original ideas of the creator of the performing arts?
3. What does humanities consist of?

LESSON 2: Methods of Presenting the Art Subjects

In presenting anything, certain methods are employed in order to be effective. Likewise, in
presenting the art subjects, the artist uses different methods to express the idea he wants to make clear.
Authorities on art are one in their view that the different methods used by the artists in presenting
the art subjects are:
A. Realism
B. Abstraction
1. Distortion
2. Elongation
3. Mangling
4. Cubism
5. Abstract Expressionism
C. Symbolism
D. Fauvism
E. Dadaism
F. Futurism
G. Surrealism
H. Expressionism

Design Relationships Between Painting and Other Visual Arts

The philosophy and spirit of a particular period in painting usually have been reflected in many of
its other visual arts. The ideas and aspirations of the ancient cultures, of the Renaissance, Baroque,
Rococo, and Neoclassical periods of Western art and, more recently, of the 19 th-century Art Nouveu and
Secessionist movements were expressed in much of the architecture, interior design, furniture, textiles,
ceramics, dress design, and handicrafts, as well as in the fine arts, of their times. Following the Industrial
Revolution, with the redundancy of handcraftsmanship and the loss of direct communication between
fine artist and society, idealist efforts unite the arts and crafts in service to the community were made by
William Morris in Victorian England and by the Bauhaus in 20th-century Germany. Although their aims
were not fully realized, their influences, like those of the short-lived De Stijl and constructivist
movements, have been far-reaching, particularly in architectural, furniture, and typographic design.
 Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci were painters, sculptors, and architects. Although no artists
since have excelled in so wide a range of creative design, leading 20th-century painters have expressed
their ideas in many other media. In graphic design, for example, Pierre Bonnard, Henri Matisse, and
Raoul Dufy produced posters and illustrated books; Andre Derain, Fernand Leger, Marc Chagall,
Mikhail Larionov, Robert Rauschenberg, and David Hockney designed for the theater; Joan Miro,
Georges Braque, and Chagall worked with ceramics; Braque and Salvador Dali design jewelry; and
Dali, Hans Richter, and Andy Warhol made films. Many of these, with other modern painters, have also
been sculptors and printmakers and have designed for textiles, tapestries, mosaics, and stained glass,
while there are few media of the visual arts that Pablo Picasso did not work on and revitalize.
In turn, painters have been stimulated by the imagery, techniques. And designs of other visual arts.
One of the earliest of these influences was possibly from the theater, where the ancient Greeks are
thought to have been the first to imply the illusions of optical perspective. The discovery or reappraisal
of design techniques and imagery in the art forms and processes of other cultures have been the
important stimuli to the development of more recent styles of Western painting, whether or not their
traditional significance has been fully understood. The influence of Japanese woodcut prints on
Synthetism and the Nabis, for example, and of African sculpture on cubism and the German
expressionists helped to create visual vocabularies and syntax with which to express new visions and
ideas. The invention of photography introduced painters to new aspects of nature, while eventually
prompting others to abandon representational painting, altogether. Painters of everyday life, such as
Edgar Degas, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Edouard Vuillard, and Bonnard, exploited the design
innovations of camera cutoffs, close-ups, and unconventional viewpoints in order to give the spectators
the sensation of sharing an intimate picture space with the figures and objects in the painting.

ACTIVITY 1: Answer the following questions coherently:

1. What are the methods of presenting the art subject? Describe each briefly.
2. Why is realism more observable in novels than in visual arts specifically in painting?
3. What are the sub-methods of presenting abstract subjects? Differentiate each of them.

ACTIVITY 2: Write your reflections on the influences/effects of the arts in the development of your
personality.

LESSON 3: Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture

Mediums of the Visual Arts
Medium refers to the materials which are used by an artist. It is the means by which he
communicates his ideas. Many mediums have been used in creating different works of art. The architect
uses wood, bamboo, bricks, stone; the sculptor uses wood and metals like bronzes; while the uses
pigments on wood or canvass. Medium is very essential to art.
A. Painting - Professor Eric Zerrudo, the director of the cultural facilities for the GSIS further
explains that there are three possible interpretations of the painting entitled “Parisian
Life”:
i. The three gentlemen’s (J. Luna, Dr. J. Rizal, and Dr. Ariston Bautista Lin)
attention were caught while in the cafe in Paris by a beautiful lady in period
clothes seated awkwardly on a plush sofa.
ii. Juan Luna was probably projecting his turbulence with his wife into his painting
and that he was asking for counsel from his two friends, Rizal and Bautista Lin.
 iii. The third interpretation was submitted by UP Fine Arts professor Roberto Fileo
and his students comparing the body of the lady to the Philippine map.
1. Oil painting - This method has been used since the 15 th century; pigments come from many
sources like minerals, vegetable matter, coal tars, and other chemical combinations are mixed
in oil. The surface used is usually canvas although other surfaces like wood, paper and metal
may be used but, make sure that the surface be suitable, must receive oil paint freely and yet
not absorb it, can withstand temperature changes and not crack the pigment on it. Pigments
mixed with oil provide a medium that gives richness in the opacity of light and depth of
shadow. Two methods in painting in oil are direct method and indirect method.
Examples of oil painting are as follows:
- “Mother and Child.” Oil on canvas. 1977 (A painting of E. Aguilar Cruz)
- “Maria Makiling,” 1980 by Carlos “Botong” Francisco. Oil (From Mabuhay, Jan.-Feb.
1980)
- “Sari-Sari,” 1979 by Norma Belleza. Oil, Artist’s Collection (From Mabuhay, Sept.-Oct.
1980)
- “Red Talisman,” 1975 by Jose Joya. Oil (From Philippine Quarterly, Sept. 1975)
- “Parisian Life” oil painting by Juan Luna (The Philippines 1857-1899) signed, inscribed
and dated ‘LUNA, Paris 1892’
Did You Know?
The painting was originally entitled “The Maid” in 1953, “Coquette” in 1960 and
“Intere de un Cafe” or “Interior of a Cafe” in 1983. It was only in 2002 when the
painting was entitled “Parisian Life”.
Oil painting has some disadvantages. The oil paint dries slowly and has a tendency to rise to
the surface and form a film over the picture making it appear dull. It also has a tendency to
become yellow and crack so that preservation usually becomes a problem.
2. Tempera - before oils were in general use, tempera was popular. A mixture of ground
pigments and an albuminous or colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum or glue, used by Egyptian,
Medieval and Renaissance painters and it is still used today. Emulsion is the special
characteristic of tempera which makes rapid drying one of its advantages. Tempera painting is
usually done on a wooden panel that has been made smooth with a coating of plaster. The use
of tempera falls into three principal dimensions: unvarnished or gouache-like tempera,
varnished tempera, and tempera as an under painting for oil. Below are examples of tempera
painting are as follows:
- “Resurrection with Two Angels” by Bernardino Fungai Tempera on Wood Siena, 1460-
1616 (From Painting by Old Masters)
- “Majesty” by Segna di Bonaventura Tempera on Panel Siena, documented from 1298-
1326 (From Painting by Old Masters)
3. Watercolor - a process familiar to every school child; pigments are mixed with water and
applied to fine, white paper. Good water color paintings are not easy to make, they require a
high degree of technical dexterity. The colors are applied in very thin layers. In pure
watercolor painting, all the light comes from the ground. Paper is the most commonly used
ground. Other materials like parchment, ivory, silk and cambric are also used as ground. The
ground must be very clean and white and at the same time unchangeable. Opaque watercolor
is called “gouache”, made by grinding opaque colors with water and mixing the product with a
preparation gum by adding Chinese white to transparent water colors. If differs from the
brilliant quality of translucent watercolor painting whose major effects are caused by the white
paper.
 4. Pastel - the more recent medium; possesses only surfaces of light, gives no glazed effect and
most closely resembles dry pigment. The pigment is bound so as to form a crayon which is
applied directly to the surface, usually a paper. As far as the technique is concerned, the
painter is free to handle the material to suit himself. It is a very flexible medium. Varied
effects may be produced in pastel painting but not a very popular medium because no one has
yet discovered the way to preserve its original freshness.
5. Fresco - the most popular type of painting; colors are mixed with water and applied to fresh
plaster which absorbs the color. Since the pigment has been incorporated with the plaster, it
lasts until the wall is destroyed. Fresco paintings flourished during the 15 th and 16th centuries
when Masaccio, Michelangelo, Raphael, Tintoretto and others covered the wall of Italian
churches with their masterpieces. In Italian, “fresco” means fresh and is used to designate the
process of painting in fresh wet plaster. Since fresco must be done quickly, it is a very
exacting medium. There is no changing once the design is begun. Fresco has two
disadvantages: first, it is almost impossible to move a fresco, and second, the painting is
subject to the disasters that may happen to the wall of which it has become a part. The Sistine
Chapel in Rome is magnificently decorated with paintings by Michelangelo. The series of
frescoes remain as one of the world’s greatest achievements in art. During the 17 th, 18th and
19th centuries, the interest in fresco painting declined, but the 20th century has seen a renewed
interest in mural paintings done in this medium.
6. Acrylic - newest medium and one that is used widely by painters today; these are synthetic
paints using acrylic emulsion as binder. They combine quick-drying qualities of watercolor
and are as flexible as oil. They are completely insoluble when dry and can be used almost on
any surface. They also do not tend to crack, and turn yellow with age. Filipino painters have
produced many paintings using acrylic as medium. Some of the more recent ones are:
- “Sisa” by Mario Parial Acrylic, 1979 Artist’s Collection (From Mabuhay, Sept.-Oct.
1980)
- “Anting-Anting” by Rodolfo Paras-Perez Acrylic, 1975, Artist’s Collection (From
Mabuhay, Sept.-Oct. 1980)
- “Blue Odyssey” by Jose Joya Acrylic Collage, 1973 (From Philippines Quarterly, Sept.
1975)

Some Famous Filipino Painters

1. Fernando Amorsolo
2. Fabian dela Rosa
3. Carlos “Botong” Francisco
4. Jose Joya
5. AngKiukok
6. Juan Luna
7. Vicente Manansala
8. Hernando R. Ocampo
9. Damian Domingo
10. Mauro Malang Santos
11. Benedicto “Bencab” Cabrera

B. Sculpture
 - has two major sculpture processes used: subtractive and additive.
- has stone and wood are the two major mediums used to make sculpture, other mediums like
soap, insulating brick and plaster of Paris have also been used.
- in general may be divided into two types: relief and free-standing. The first refers to figures
which are attached to a ground like the relief of “Stela of Akhenaten” (From Egyptian Art
Through Ages) and the sculpture executed by Ed Castrillo for the Polytechnic University of the
Philippines. A free-standing figure can be seen from all sides like the UP Oblation made of
bronze and stone by Guillermo Tolentino in 1949.
- Stone and Bronze. Most commonly used for sculpture; the famous “Pieta” by Michelangelo in
the Basilica of St. Peter’s in the Vatican City and the “Head of Ptolemy I” are made of marble.
- Wood. being cheap, readily available, and easy to cut are advantages of such sculpture
medium; the carved pulpit of the San Agustin Church in Intramuros is an example of Philippine
woodcarving at its best. Woodcarving as folk art is popular in town of Paete and Pakil in
Laguna and in Betis, Pampanga. The main drawback in using wood is that it is limited in size
and burns easily. Wooden sculptures are known to discolor and decay easily in the Philippine
climate.
- Ivory. Unlike wooden sculpture, a large number of old ivory statues have survived to the
present time. The survival is due to the intrinsic value of the material. Ivory lends itself to
technical mastery, though it lacks vigor of wooden statues. Like wood, it cracks. Ivory, like
terra cotta, is seldom used today. A comb, carved on both sides with religious scenes and made
of ivory is entitled “A Comb” (Ivory; 13 x 8 cms; 6 th Century B.C.) (From Egyptian Art
Through the Ages, 6th Century B.C.)
- Terra Cotta. Unfired clay is a fragile material and sculpture in this medium would have a short
life. For a more durable work in clay, the sculptor can fire original in a kiln. The result is
usually referred to as tierra cotta, which literally means “cooked earth.” Terra cotta
nevertheless is a beautiful and versatile medium. The “Red Terra Cotta Figure of a Standing
Male” (1,500-100 B.C.) (From Mabuhay, Jan.-Feb. 1980) is an example of such.
- Other Materials.

C. Architecture
- an art of designing and constructing a building; by definition - functional
- one primary purposes of architecture is to fulfill a need that led to its creation. Since the needs
of different periods in history varied, different architectural styles evolved.
- the materials used in a building and the methods which are used in assembling them are among
the factors contributing to architectural style. Durability and beauty are also other factors often
considered in the choice of materials.
- stone and wood have long been used; brick has also been in use from very early times.
Concrete was known and extensively used from the Roman period; glass and plastic materials
are used by architects today.
- the type of construction to be employed also determines the choice of materials to be used.
These may be one of the following: post-and-lintel, arch, and cantilever.
- again, the most common materials used in architecture are stone, wood, concrete and steel.

ACTIVITY 1: Answer the following questions coherently:

1. What medium is popular to painters? Why?
2. Why are good watercolor paintings not easy to make?
 3. What type of sculpture is the UP Oblation?
ACTIVITY 2: Watch the video entitled “Life in London: Visiting an Art Gallery” to see what is inside
a gallery, etc. After watching, write a brief reaction about the video. If you can access the internet, here
is the YouTube link of the said video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CK4OrYTsf-Q.

LESSON 4: Elements of Literature and the Combined Arts

At present, not all written works can be considered literature. To understand a good literary work,
we should know first the important elements of literature. It is undeniable that the medium of literature
is language, and language is composed of words that are combined into sentences to express ideas,
emotions or desires. Writers, therefore, should be careful in their choice of words and expressions of
their emotions and ideas in order to carefully organize sentences that would manifest a high sense of
value.
In other words, a writer should bear these objectives in mind:
1. To strive in raising the level of the reader’s humanity and
2. To accomplish the purpose of making one a better person, giving him high sense of value.
The important elements of literature are:
1. Emotional appeal
2. Intellectual appeal
3. Humanistic value
Perrine stated that literature can be classified as: escape and interpretative literature.

Uses of Literature
1. Moralizing literature
2. Propaganda literature
3. Psychological literature

Elements of Poetry
Poetry is as universal as language and almost as ancient. Poetry writing is the most challenging for
the following reasons: first, the choice of proper words or grammar; second, the denotative and
symbolical meaning of the chosen grammar and third, the limitation imposed by the structure and
rhythm of sounds. It is the last reason that makes a poem beautiful and appreciated by the reader.
1. Denotation/Connotation
2. Imagery
3. Figurative Language
4. Rhythm and Meter
5. Meaning and Idea

Elements of the Short Story

1. Plot
 2. Character
3. Theme
4. Symbol and Irony
a. Verbal irony
b. Dramatic irony
c. Irony of situation
5. Language and Style

Elements of the Essay

When reading an essay, the following elements should be considered:
1. The issue introduced.
2. The writer’s viewpoint and thought.
3. The relevance of the issue to the life of the reader.

Elements of the Novel

Novels, like the other genres, have important elements such as setting, plot, characters, theme, and
at times a moral lesson.

The Elements of Drama

Despite the immense diversity of drama as a cultural activity, all plays have certain elements in
common. They are: plot, character, thought, language (dialogue), theme, climax/denouement, music and
spectacle, costume and make-up, scenery and lighting.
Importance of Reading Literary Works
Literary works of art like poetry, stories, novels, and plays are worth reading for they not only
entertain us or give pleasure. From some of the characters of the stories or novels, we learn moral values
that can improve our life. Reading literary works helps us acquire knowledge and information
particularly the individual’s progress and achievement, this serving as inspiration.

ACTIVITY 1: Answer the following questions coherently:

1. Describe the important elements of literature.
2. Why is a short story classified as interpretative rather than escape literature?
3. Compare drama and poetry.

ACTIVITY 2: Write an essay on the slogan of former President Benigno Aquino III, “DaangMatuwid”.
LESSON 5: The Drama
Drama, which is believed to have its origin in the art of dance, is found in some form
in almost every society, primitive and civilized, and has served a variety of functions in
the community. At its best, it is a reflection of many phases of life. We learn that the past,
as shown on the board of the theater, is not concerned only with kings and great
personages, but with peasants and mechanics, saints and sinners, and rich and poor as
well; that it is not the exclusive province of fine writers but also of inspired clowns and
strolling mummers.
The abridged Oxford Dictionary defines drama as a composition in prose or in verse,
adapted to be acted and is represented with accompanying gesture, costume, and scenery,
as in real life.
Drama in ancient Greek meant something that is acted out, or lived through. It is
essentially social and involves contact, communication and the negotiation of meaning.
The group nature of the work imposes certain pressure on the participant, but also brings
considerable rewards (O’Neill and Lambert, 1982).
In drama, the essential requirement for human beings is being developed such as the
ability to take the role of the other people. Humans recognize the emotional responses of
other people, because they feel what the other person feels.
As audience in the theatre, we allow actors to stand in for us, but we still maintain our
separation or distance.
Drama is a social encounter in a special place and in a special time. The actors and
the spectators move between real time and imaginary time, from existential reality to
dramatic reality.
Miss Saigon is a world-wide show of dramatic entertainment. Produced by Cameron
Mackintosh of England. The title Miss Saigon was conceived by Alain-Boublil, a lyricist
and Claude-Michel Shonberg who wrote the musical score. As to casting, the producers
unanimously felt that they had to tell the story authentically and as the music was
resolutely western, they needed Asian voices that could sing Western music. It is here
that Miss Lea Salonga, a Filipina who became the first star of the show.
Miss Saigon proved to be an overwhelming triumph.

Development of Drama
1. Ancient Drama
2. Medieval Drama
3. Renaissance Drama
4. Drama of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries
5. Modern Drama

Oriental Drama
 Oriental drama, the Japanese, the Chinese, and the Filipino drama, in particular, will
help us appreciate Asian heritage, culture, and civilization more. This is a culture or
civilization not far from those established by Rome, Greece, or other countries.
Philippine Drama
Before the Spanish period, the early forms of the Philippine drama were the duplo
and the karagatan. The first recorded drama was staged in Cebu way back in 1958.
Eleven years later, in 1609, another stage play was staged in Bicol.
Three kinds of plays become popular among the masses during the Spanish era. They
were the Cenakulo, the Moro-moro, and the Zarzuela. The Ati-atihan and the Moriones
emerged as street dramas.

The Modern Philippine Drama

The modern Philippine drama/stage play was rejuvenated upon the establishment of
the Repertory Philippines in June of 1967 which was founded by Zenaida “Bebot”
Amador and Baby Barredo. In its years of existence, Repertory Philippines has become
the country’s leading theater company, keeping abreast of new materials and demanding
outstanding performance from its extraordinary talents.

Japanese Drama
The traditional forms of Japanese drama are:
1. Noh plays
2. Joruri plays
3. Kabuki drama

Chinese Drama
There are three types of Chinese plays, namely:
1. Vun Pan Shi
2. Sin Pan Shi
3. Vun Min Shi

The Cinema
Cinema or motion picture is one of the most popular form of art and entertainment in
the Philippines. People go to the movies or watch movies on television. The TV networks
use picture techniques to film many of the programs that appear on television each week.
Philippine motion picture is also a source of information as well as of entertainment
and can introduce us to new ideas and help us explore serious social issues.
 More than just a medium of entertainment, the cinema or motion picture is an art
form that is appreciated. The film medium itself has been called “a wild combination of
art, culture, commerce, and technology”; pieces together certain elements from other art
forms; extensively makes use of sound and light; and has its intellectual, imaginative, and
technical aspects.
Brief History Timeline of the Philippine Cinema
In 1926, Hollywood silent pictures were shown in the Philippines.
In 1927, the Silos brothers made “The Three Tramps”, a short comedy.
In 1929, Carlos Vander Tolosa wrote and directed “Collegian Love”.
In 1932, George Musser produced for Manila Talkatone the first talking picture in
Tagalog entitled “AngAswang” and it was exhibited at the Lyric Theatre.
In 1933, Jose Nepomuceno starting making Tagalog talkies with American
technicians and some cameras brought from Hollywood by Harris and Taft.
World War II and Philippine Movies
Present Movie Development. From the period of Liberation up to the present, the
local movies have been struggling hard but gradually improving. Despite this
condition, there are some local producers who are creating quality pictures. The slow
pace of the development of the Philippine movies could be attributed to some factors
like:
1. The limited market of local movies.
2. Lack of capital or funding.
3. inadequate facilities or equipment.
In spite of these intervening factors, Philippine movies can compete with other Asian
movies with regard to quality of production.
In 1982, the Philippine government sponsored the First Manila International Film
Festival.

Elements of Philippine Motion Pictures

1. Music and Musical Director
2. Make-up, Coiffeur, and Costumes
3. Acting and the Stars
4. Color in the Movies
5. Set and Art Directors
6. Sound, Cameras, and Technicians

ACTIVITY 1: Answer the following questions coherently:

 1. Outline the development of the drama.
2. Distinguish between Oriental and Western drama.

ACTIVITY 2: Write an essay answering this question: Why is cinema or motion picture the most
popular form of art and entertainment in the Philippines?
LESSON 6: The Mediums of Music
The Properties of Musical Sound
Musical sounds have four properties, namely:
1. Pitch
2. Duration
3. Volume
4. Timbre of tone color
Range.

The Two Mediums in Music

We have two mediums in music: the vocal medium and the instrumental medium.
Vocal Medium. The oldest and still most popular of all instruments is the human voice.
Vocal Register. The six classes of vocal register are: (female voice) soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto or
contralto; (male voice) tenor, baritone, bass.
Voice Qualities.
1. coloratura soprano
2. lyric soprano
3. dramatic soprano
4. mezzo-soprano
5. contralto
6. tenor
7. lyric tenor
8. dramatic tenor
9. baritone
10. bass

The Different Musical Instruments

The String Instruments
1. Bowed Strings
a) Violin
b) Viola
c) Violoncello
d) Double Bass
2. Plucked Strings
a) Classical Guitar
b) Electric Guitar

The Woodwind Instruments

 1. Flute
2. Piccolo
3. Oboe
4. English Horn
5. Clarinet
6. Bassoon and Contrabassoon
7. Saxophone
The Brasses
1. Trumpet
2. Horn
3. Trombone
4. Tuba
5. Cornet

The Percussion Instruments

1. Kettledrums
2. Glockenspiel
3. Xylophone
4. Marimba
5. Chimes
6. Harp

Keyboard Instruments
1. Piano
2. Organ
3. Celesta

Combinations of Instruments
1. Ensemble Media
2. Orchestra
3. The Symphony Orchestra
4. Concerto
5. Band
6. The Rondalla
7. Mixed Ensembles
8. Chamber Orchestra
9. Chamber Ensembles
a. Solo Sonatas
b. String Quartet
c. Duos, Trios, Quintets, and Other
10. Special Ensembles

The Conductor
 Today, the size of orchestras and the complicated music have made the conductor essential. The
conductor, like Sergio Esmilla Jr., is the director of the orchestra. He has to know every detail of the
music and be able to give the most precise directions with his baton and hands.

ACTIVITY 1: Write a songor rap with the education system today.

LESSON 7: Dance
Dance involves a successive group of bodily motions and steps rhythmically performed and timed
to music. It is said to be the oldest of the arts.
Dancing is both an art and a form of recreation. As an art, a dance may tell a story, set a mood, or
express an emotion.
As a form of recreation, dancing has long provided fun, relaxation, and companionship.
Dancing serves many purposes. For many people, dancing provides one of the most personal and
effective means of communication. It has its own story to tell and provides for us a release of tension in
our body. A dancer can express feelings such as joy, anger or helplessness, without saying a word. The
field of dance therapy uses modern dance to help treat physically handicapped and emotionally disturbed
people (The World Book Encyclopedia, 1981 ed.).

Kinds of Dancing
1. Ethnologic Dance
2. Social or Ballroom Dance

Theatrical or Spectacular Dance

1. Ballet
2. Modern Dance

Elements of the Dance

1. Theme
2. Design
3. Movement
4. Technique
5. Music
6. Costume and properties
7. Choreography
8. Scenery

Now, we have seen how this course introduces you to the different areas of the arts, enabling you
to perceive the importance of human being, your feelings and how you express those feelings. It has
taught you also how to use leisure productively, to spend a part of your time in the arts so that you will
not experience any dull moment and avoid loneliness or boredom.

ACTIVITY 1: Answer the following questions coherently:

1. Why is dance referred to as the “mother of arts”?
2. Can there be dance without music? Explain your answer.