Fliud Therapy

Fluid Therapy
• Moments Alone With Jack the Dripper

Why Give Fluids During Surgery?
• Number one reason:

• Prevent hypotension:
– Vasodilation (what drug?)
– Decreased cardiovascular function (inj? inh?)
– Blood loss
– Evaporative fluid losses
• Maintenance during surgery 10 ml/kg/hr
Why Give Fluids During Surgery?
• Prevent/correct acid-base abnormalities

(acidosis) due to:
– Respiratory depression: respiratory acidosis
• What injectable drugs? Inhalant?
– Decreased cardiac function: metabolic acidosis
Why Give Fluids At Other Times?
• Correct dehydration
• Correct acid-base abnormalities d/t disease
• Correct electrolyte abnormalities
• Deliver drugs in a constant-rate infusion
• Prevent dehydration (GI disease)
• Diuresis (renal disease, toxicities)
Signs of Dehydration
• <5%
• No clinical signs
• 5-6% = “mild dehydration”:
• Tacky mucous membranes
• Slight skin tint
• 7-8% = “moderate dehydration”
• Dry mucous membranes
• Skin tint
• CRT 2-3 sec
• Slight depression of eyes into
sockets
• 10-12% = “severe dehydration”
• Severe skin tint
• CRT >3 sec
• Markedly sunken eyeballs
• Cold extremities
• +/- shock
• 12-15% obvious shock, imminent death.
Diagnosing Dehydration
• Physical exam
• Weight loss
• PCV (HCT)
– INCREASED
• albumin or total protein
– INCREASED
• BUN, creatinine
– INCREASED =“Prerenal azotemia”
Skin Tint
• Elasticity of the skin will vary depending on
the amount of fat in the subcutaneous tissues
• Old animals or thin animals may have

reduced skin elasticity
• Fat animals may have a normal skin tint even

when dehydrated
Fluids: How Much to Give?
• Weight in kg times percent dehydration
equals the amount in liters that the animal
is dehydrated
• Example: 10 kg animal who is 8% dehydrated
• 10kg X 0.08 = 0.8 liters
• Patient is lacking 0.8 liters, or 800 ml fluids
How Much to Give?
– Correct dehydration
• Maintenance
fluids
Maintenance Fluids
• 30 ml/pound/day
• 10 pound animal
needs:
• 10 X 30ml/lb
=300 ml/day
How Much to Give?
– Correct dehydration
– Maintenance fluids
• On-going losses
On-going Losses
• Sensible losses
– GI disease
• Vomiting/diarrhea
– Renal disease
• Low specific gravity
– Diabetes mellitus
• Insensible losses
(evaporation/diffusion)
– Weigh to determine
Fluid Needs
• Maintenance needs
• On-going losses
Principles of Rehydration
1. Correct dehydration,
electrolyte, and acid-base
abnormalities prior to
surgery
Principles of Rehydration
2. Do not attempt to replace chronic fluid losses
all at once
– Severe dilution of plasma proteins, blood cells and
electrolytes may result
• Aim for 80% rehydration within 24 hours
• Monitor pulmonary, renal and cardiac
function closely
Types of Fluids
• Crystalloids
– 0.9% NaCl
– Lactated Ringers Solution
– Ringers Solution
– 5% Dextrose in water
– Plasmalyte, Normosol, etc
Crystalloid Fluids
• Isotonic
– Mimic plasma
electrolyte
concentrations
• Hypertonic
– Follow with
isotonic
Lactated Ringer’s Solution
• Composition closely resembles ECF
– Contains physiological concentrations of:
sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium
• Also contains lactate, which is metabolized

by the liver alkaline-forming
– Because small animals that are sick or under
anesthesia tend towards acidosis
Ringer’s Solution
• Same as LRS except no lactate added
• Commonly used in Large animals
• Why?
– Large animals who are sick tend towards
alkalosis instead of acidosis
Saline
• 0.9% Sodium chloride = ISOTONIC
• Lacking in K+, Ca2+
• Used for hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia
• Used as a carrier for some drugs
• Used if don’t want lactate
Dextrose Solutions
• 5% dextrose is isotonic
• 50% dextrose commonly found
• C1V1= C2V2
• Used for hypoglycemia, neonates,
hyperkalemia, as part of Total Parenteral
Nutrition
Additives for Crystalloid Solutions
• Potassium
– available as potassium chloride (KCl)
– available as potassium phosphate (K3PO4)
• Very common additive
– 20 meq in 10 ml bottle
Potassium
• DANGER: Rates higher than 0.5
meq/kg/hr will stop the heart
• Added to fluids at 10-80 meq/L
– Amount depends on how low K is
– Obtain WRITTEN approval from vet
• IF ADDING >40meq to L (2 btls)
– DOUBLE CHECK with Veterinarian
Calculating Safe Rates for Infusions
Containing KCl
(Weight) (Dosage)
Concentration
• Body weight in kg X 0.5 meq/kg/hr = maximum
amount of potassium allowable
• Figure out the concentration of the fluids being
administered in terms of meq/ml
• Divide weight times dosage by the concentration of
potassium in the fluids
• Answer is the fastest allowable rate per hour
– Set rate less than this to be safe
Step 1: Maximum Dose
1. Body wt in kg X 0.5 meq/kg/hr =

maximum amount of potassium allowable
• 8.8 pound cat  2.2 = 4 kg
• 4 kg cat X 0.5 meq/kg/hr = 2 meq per
hour allowable
Step 2: Figure Out the Concentration
• If fluids contain 60 meq/l then each ml
contains 0.06 meq (60 divided by 1000
ml in a liter)
• 60 meq x 1 liter 60meq 0.06meq
1 liter 1000 ml = 1000ml = ml
Step 3: Divide Dose by Concentration
• Divide dose (2 meq/hr) by
concentration (0.06 meq/ml)
• 2meq/hr
0.06 meq/ml = 33 ml/hr
• Maximum safe rate would be 33 ml/hr
Weight X Dosage
Concentration
Sodium Bicarbonate
• Alkalinizing
• Used for severe acidosis
– Antifreeze toxicity
– Ketoacidosis associated with diabetes mellitus
• Do not add to calcium-containing fluids
or calcium precipitates will occur
B Vitamins
• B Complex
• Frequent additive; water-soluble effects
• Turns bag yellow
• Protect from light
• 1-2 ml/liter
• Appetite Stimulant,
• Replaces lost B vitamin
Additives
• Always label the
fluid bag with the
amount and
concentration of
all additives
immediately!
• Date fluids
Daily Monitoring While on
Fluids:
• Weigh patient daily

Daily Monitoring
• Auscult the lungs

– Crackles
– Wheezes
– Nasal discharge
• Serous
Daily Monitoring
• Urine production
Daily Monitoring
• Central venous pressure

Daily Fluid Monitoring
• Overdose:
– Serous nasal discharge
– Dyspnea, crackles
– Restlessness
– Decreased PCV, TP
– Increased BP
Administration Routes
• Oral
– If the stomach works,
use it!
– Safest route if tolerated
• Subcutaneous
– Works well in most animal
– Sometimes need to use
multiple sites
– Can’t add glucose, large
quantity KCl, or some drugs
– No MICRO drip for SQ
• Intravenous
– Best route in dehydrated animals
– Possible problems:
• Volume overload
• Catheter reactions (swelling, fever)
– 24-hour maintenance
INTRAOSSEOUS
• If situation is dire and no vein accessible
• Into the medullary (bone marrow) cavity of

long bones
– Femur or Humerus are commonly used
• Used frequently in birds

IV Catheters
• Size: In GAUGES like needles
– Smaller = BIGGER
• Types:
– Cephalic
• How long in?
– Jugular
• How long in?
• Other Advantages?
Taping
Flushing
• Flush w/ Heparinized Saline
– 1cc (1,000/mL) into 1000mL
• Flush after first piece of tape
– Make sure it’s in
• Flush before each injection
• Flush after each injection
• Flush every 4-6 hours if not used
So How Is It Delivered?
• Infusion pump (easy)
• IV drip set: drops per ml written on
package
• Regular Drip sets have 10, 15, or 20
drops per ml
– Med – large dogs
• Micro drip sets have 60 drops per ml
– Small dogs - cats
Calculating Fluid Rates
Intra-operative Fluids:
• 10 ml/kg/hr first hour, then reduce to

5ml/kg/hr
• Example: 10 kg dog would get:
– (10 ml/kg) (10 kg) = 100 ml in the first hour
– 50 ml in the second hour

Calculate Drops Per Hour
• 1. Calculate ml/hr (as far as you go for PRI)
• 2. Calculate drops/hr by:
– ml/hr X drops/ml (from the package)
– Gives you drops needed in an hour
• Example: 100 ml X 10 gtt per ml =
1000 drops in the first hour
Calculate Drops Per Minute
• 3. Divide drops per hour by 60 min/hr to get
drops per minute
• Ex: 1000 gtt/ hr divided by 60 minutes per

hour = 16.7 gtt per minute
• 16.7 gtt/min divided by 60 sec per min =

0.28 gtt/sec
So What?
• What if you don’t want to count drops
over a whole minute?
• If you want to count over a 30 second
period of time, then divide by two
• If you want to count over a 15-second
period of time, divide by four
• Ex: 16.7/min divided by 2 = about 8 drops
over 30 seconds
• 16.7/min divided by 4 equals about 4 drops

over 15 seconds
All together…
• x kg x 10mL x 1 hr x 1 min x x gtt
1 kg/hr 60min 60 sec mL
• = wt x 10 x gtt Gives you gtt/sec

3600 sec
Then make it into a usable # of gtt / so many sec

Calculating Fluid Requirements
in Hospitalized Animals
• Maintenance fluids
plus
• Replacement fluids (80% of deficit)
plus
• On-going losses
equals
• Total Fluid needs over 1st 24 HRS
Types of Fluids
Crystalloids
Colloids
Natural Colloids
• Blood products:
– Whole blood
– Plasma
– Platelet-rich plasma
– Packed RBC’s
– “Parvo serum”
Synthetic Colloids
• Dextrans, Hetastarch
• Used when quantity of a crystalloid is
too great to be able to infuse quickly
• Stays within the vasculature
maintain blood pressure
Synthetic Colloids
• Duration of effect is determined by
molecular size:
bigger = longer
– Small volumes produce immediate

increases in blood pressure

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Fluid Therapy

• Moments Alone With Jack the Dripper

• Number one reason:

• Prevent/correct acid-base abnormalities

• Old animals or thin animals may have

• Fat animals may have a normal skin tint even

• Also contains lactate, which is metabolized

1. Body wt in kg X 0.5 meq/kg/hr =

• Weigh patient daily

• Auscult the lungs

• Central venous pressure

• Into the medullary (bone marrow) cavity of

• Used frequently in birds

• 10 ml/kg/hr first hour, then reduce to

– 50 ml in the second hour

• Ex: 1000 gtt/ hr divided by 60 minutes per

• 16.7 gtt/min divided by 60 sec per min =

• 16.7/min divided by 4 equals about 4 drops

• = wt x 10 x gtt Gives you gtt/sec

Then make it into a usable # of gtt / so many sec

– Small volumes produce immediate

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