1 Harmonic Analysis: Figure 3-1 Waveform of Linear Load

1 Harmonic Analysis
Harmonics are non-sinusoidal currents or voltages that are present in the

normally sinusoidal network.
Harmonics are associated with non-linear loads which draw non-sinusoidal

currents from the an essentially sinusoidal voltage source. Non-linear loads
generate harmonic currents which exhibit periodic distortion waveforms. The
following are examples of non-linear loads:
 Non-incandescent lighting
 Computers, Telecommunication equipment
 Uninterruptible Power Supplies
 Copy machines
 Battery Chargers
 Any device with a solid-state AC to DC power converter
 Variable Speed Drives
The below figures show sinusoidal waveform with and without harmonics.
Figure 3-1 Waveform of Linear Load

Figure-3-2 Waveform of Non-Liner Load
Harmonics are currents or voltages with frequencies that are integer

multiples of the fundamental power frequency. If the fundamental power
frequency is 50 Hz, then the 2 nd harmonic is 100 Hz, the 3 rd is 150 Hz and so
on. The distorted waveform is the sum of superimposed harmonics.
Figure-3-3 Current Containing Harmonics

When harmonics became significant component of the overall load, these
high harmonics current flow through the power system can cause
communication errors, overheating and hardware damage, such as:
 Overheating of electrical distribution equipment, cables, transformers
and standby generators.
 Equipment malfunctions due to excessive voltage distortion.
 Increased internal energy losses in connected equipment, causing
component failure and shortened life span.
 False tripping of branch circuit breakers.
 Metering errors
 Fires in wiring and distribution systems
 Generator failures
 Crest factors and related problems
 Lower system power factor, resulting in penalties on monthly utility
bills
1.1.1 Harmonics Distortion System Assessment
The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is the relation between the efficient
value of the voltage harmonic residue of the voltage and/or current and the
value of the fundamental component.
THD(U)% = √ U 22 + U3 2 + U5 2 +... .
U1
and
THD(I)% = √ I 22 + I 3 2 + I 5 2 +....
I1
The Total Demand Distortion (TDD) is almost similar to Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD). The Total Demand Distortion is calculated based on the
momentary content of harmonic current compared to maximum demand
load current at the Point of Common Connection (PCC).
TDD(I)% = √ I 22 + I 3 2 + I 5 2 +....
IL
It is essential to identify and analyze the harmonic disturbances of electrical
system.
Refer to the operation and maintenance manual of air cooled chiller on site
(1Carrier Air-Cooled Screw Chiller 30XA-352) that the Total Harmonic
Distortion of Voltage is 8%.
1
https://www.ahi-carrier.gr/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/Installation-Operation-Manual-
30XA_252_1702.pdf
According to the IEEE Std 519-2014 page 6, the voltage distortion limit of
(Individual Harmonic) is 5%.
Figure 3-4 Voltage Distortion Limit
Therefore, the voltage distortion of connected air-cooled chiller at JA-MDB

exceed to the voltage limit (8%>5%).
1.1.2 Harmonic Filtering Strategies
After the assessment of the disturbances, we move onto the treatment or

solution. Look for a balance between the technical solution and consider the
economic one. The ideal technical solution will be to filterdirectly the
disturbing loads, avoiding the propagation of the harmonic currents against
other loads and installation, and a greated drop in harmonic voltage which
provoke the distortion of the voltage wave.
Figure 3-5 Filtering Strategies
1.1.3 Harmonic Filter Sizing Calculation
2
Harmonic filters come in many shapes and sizes. In general harmonic filters
are “shunt” filters because they are connected in parallel with the power
system and provide low impedance paths to ground for currents at one or
mor harmonic frequencies. For power application, shunt filters are almost
always more economincal than series filters.
Shunt filters are designed in three basic categories as follows:
1. Single-tuned filters
2. Miltiple-tuned filters
3. Dumped filters
The single-tuned filter is the most common type of filter which is used in
industry for mitigating the harmonic. This filter is inexpensive and simplest
compared with other filters in mitigating the harmonic problems.
This filter is connected in shunt with the distribution system and it will offer
low impedance to curren
2
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/parallel-resonance
t through which harmonic current will tend to divert in the system. A very
simple arrangement of the single-tuned filter shown in Figure 3 -6.
Figure 3-6 Single-Tuned Passive Filter Arrangement
Calculating the Harmonic Order:

MVA SC
HP =
√ MVAr CAP
Where:
HP - Harmonic order at parallel resonance
MVASC - Short Circuit MVA at PCC
MVArCAP - Rating of capacitor bank (0.4MVAr)
Refer to Error: Reference source not found for the short circuit current I” K at
MDB is 38.81 (Point of Common Connection - PCC) to calculated the MVA SC.
MVA SC = √3 x I SC x kV
= √ 3 x 38.81 kA x 0.4 kV
MVA SC = 26.89 MVA
Therefore:
MVA SC
HP =
√ MVAr CAP
26.89
HP =
√ 0.4
HP = 8.2
Hp is close to 11th harmonic order and there is possibility of resonance.
Calculating the reactive capacitance of capacitor bank at the fundamental

frequency:
kV 2
XC =
MVAr CAP
Given:
kV2 - 0.4 kV
MVArCAP - 0.4 MVAr
Solution:
kV 2
XC =
MVAr CAP
0.42
XC =
0.4
X C = 0.4 Ω
@ 11th Harmonics XC11 will be;
XC
X C11 =
11
0.4
X C11 =
11
X C11 = 0.0364
Calculating the inductive reactance at 11th Harmonic Order:
XC
X LH =
H2
Given:
XC - 0.4 Ω (Capacitive Reactance)
H - 11 (11th Harmonic Order)
Solution:
XC
X LH =
H2
0.4
X LH =
11 2
X LH = 0.003306 Ω
To calculate the fundamental harmonic current of reactor:

VL-N
I1 =
X C - XL
Where:
VL-N - 230 V (Voltage at line to neutral)
XC - 0.4 Ω (Capacitive Reactance)
XL - 0.003306 (Inductive Reactance)
Solution:
VL-N
I1 =
X C - XL
230
I1 =
0.4 - 0.003306
I 1 = 579.79
To calculate for the 11th harmonic of reactor:
1 kW CONVERTERS
I 11 = x
H √ 3 x kV L-L
Given:
H - 11th Harmonics
KwCONVERTERS - 241 kW (2no. Chillers)
kVL-L - 0.4 kV
Requirements:
11th Harmonic of Reactor
Formula to be used is *****

1 kW CONVERTERS
I 11 = x
H √ 3 x kV L-L
Solution:
Subtituting the values from the given,
1 2(241)
I 11 = x
11 √ 3 x 0.4
I 11 = 63.25 A
To calculate for the peak voltage across the capacitor:

VC = I1XC + I11XC11
Given:
I1 - 579.79 A ()
XC - 0.4 Ω
I11 - 63.25 A ()
XC11 - 0.0364 Ω
Requirements:
VC – Voltage across Capacitor
Formula to be used is ******

VC = I1XC + I11XC11
Solution:
By substituting values from the given;
VC = (579.79 x 0.4) + (63.25 x 0.0364)
VC = 234.22 V
To calculate for RMS current of the reactor with 120% safety factor:
2 2
IRMS = 1.2 x √ I 1 + I 11
Given:
I1 - 579.79 A
I11 - 63.25 A
Requirements:
IRMS
Solution:
2 2
IRMS = 1.2 x √ I 1 + I 11
IRMS = 1.2 x √ (579.79)2 + (63.25) 2

IRMS = 583.23
Therefore use 600A, 230V reactor in series with the capacitor bank.

1 Harmonic Analysis: Figure 3-1 Waveform of Linear Load

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1 Harmonic Analysis

Harmonics are non-sinusoidal currents or voltages that are present in the

Harmonics are associated with non-linear loads which draw non-sinusoidal

Figure 3-1 Waveform of Linear Load

Harmonics are currents or voltages with frequencies that are integer

Figure-3-3 Current Containing Harmonics

1.1.1 Harmonics Distortion System Assessment

Therefore, the voltage distortion of connected air-cooled chiller at JA-MDB

1.1.2 Harmonic Filtering Strategies

After the assessment of the disturbances, we move onto the treatment or

1.1.3 Harmonic Filter Sizing Calculation

Figure 3-6 Single-Tuned Passive Filter Arrangement

Calculating the Harmonic Order:

Hp is close to 11th harmonic order and there is possibility of resonance.

Calculating the reactive capacitance of capacitor bank at the fundamental

To calculate the fundamental harmonic current of reactor:

Formula to be used is *****

To calculate for the peak voltage across the capacitor:

Formula to be used is ******

IRMS = 1.2 x √ (579.79)2 + (63.25) 2

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