UPSC Prelim Book 2020 PDF

I CAN CRACK EXAM ~CHINTAN RAO INDEX
No. Subject Page No.
1 History …………………….. 1
2 Geography …………………. 65
3 Polity ……………………….. 87
4 Economics …………………. 122
5 Environment ………………. 149
6 Indian Art & Culture …….. 158
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History
https://t.me/IASSARATHI108 1
Ancient History
PRE - HISTORIC PERIOD
1. Paleolithic Age – (5 lakh BC – 8000 BC)
• We also found some cave painting from – Bhimbhetka, Bhopal (M.P.)
2. Mesolithic Period – (8000 BC – 4000 BC)
3. Neolithic Period – (4000 BC – 2500 BC)
• In that period man started agriculture  Wheat, Cotton, Barley
Indus Valley Civilisation – (2500 BC – 1750 BC) Or Harappan

Civilization
 FOUND PLACE - Harappa 1921, Mohenjo-Daro 1922
 The best feature of this civilisation was its city planning & draw system.
 People of this civilization makes Bronze (by adding his in difference) known as
Bronze Age civilisation.
 Gujarat has maximum number of sites of Indus Valley civilisation
Harappa
 Main crop – Wheat & Barley, a statue of goddess of fertility, a bull made up or a
seal, Button – shaped seals.
Mohenjo-Daro
 Biggest building found from this site was a great grain yard. But the most famous
building a great bath, Statue of Natraj (Lord Shiva),Tandava is the oldest dance
from of India, Statue of Pashupatinath (Lord Shiva), Statue of a dancing girl (made
up of Bronze), A make – up box.
Chanhudaro
 Evidences of bangles and lipsticks.
Lothal
 Lothal was the port of this civilisation & commercial capital of this place
 DOCYYARD
IVC had 2 administrative capitals which were known as Twin capitals.

 Harappa
 Mohenjo-Daro
 In about 1750 BC, that civilisation was destroyed by flood.
Vedic Civilization – (1500 BC – 600 BC)
 Veda – knowledge
 Aryan = Superior
 1500 BC – 1000 BC Rigvedic Period
 1000 BC – 600 BC Post Vedic Period
 Max Muller – They came from central Asia
 Bal GangadharTilak – They came from Arctic a
 Swami DayanandSaraswati – They came from Tibet
(a) Rigveda(1500 BC – 1000 BC)

 Oldest among all Vedas. It has 10 divisions.
 3rd division – GAYATRI MANTRA
 In Rigveda, Sarasvati has been described as the most holy river of vedic period.
The person who recites the mantra of Rigveda is known as HOUTI
(b) Samveda -- Singing
(c) Yajurveda -- Yagna
(d) Atharvaveda -- treatment of black magic, hypnotism, treatment
1-Buddhist text name-

AnguttorNikaye
Jain Text name -Bhagwati
Sutra.
Historic Period (600 BC – 712 BC)

 16 Mahajanapadas of 600 BC Information from
 1 - Buddhist text name- Anguttor Nikaye
 2 - Jain Text name -Bhagwati Sutra.
Mahajanpad Capital
1. Anga Champa
2. Kashi Varanasi
3. Gandhar Tasila
4. Kuru Indrapratha
5. Kamboja Hatok/Rajapur
6. Sursena Mathura
7. Kosala Ayodhya
8. Magadha Vaishali
9. Chedi Shaktimati
10. Panchal Kanpilya

11. Vejji Videha, Mithule
12. Matsya Viratnagar
13. Vatsa Kaushambi
14. Asmaka Patas/Patali (only Mahajanpada)
15. Avanti N - Ujjan, S - Mahishmali
16. Malla Khushinagar, Pavapuri
Religion Movement of 600 BC
1.BUDDHISM
 Founder – Gautam Buddha (Light of Asia)
 Birth – 563 BC Place – Lumbini, Kapilvastu, Nepal, Childhood name –
Siddhartha.
 All the age of 29 years, Siddhartha Left his home. This incident is known as
Mahiabhinishkramana.
 Buddha gave his first preachment (Dharmachakrapravartana) in Sarnath(Varanasi)
 He founded a Buddhist unioun in Sarnath
 3 Ratnas 1.Buddha, 2.Sanga, 3. Dharma
 Famous (students) • Anand • Upali
 He died (483 BC) in Kushinagar. That incident is Buddhism is known as
Mahaparinirvana.
First buddist council - 483 BC

Chairman-mahakasyap
Work – 2 Pitakas were added –
1)Suttapitaka (teachings of Buddha)
2)Vinaypitaka (rules of Buddhist union
Second Buddhist Council – 383 BC

Place – Vaishali
King – Karashoka (Shishunaga dynasty)
Chairman – Sabakmir (Sarvakamini)
Works Followers 1. Sthavire
2. Mahasanghika
Third Buddhist Council – 251 BC

Place – Patliputra
King – Ashoka (Maurya Dynasty)
Chairman – Mongliputtakissa
Work – 3rd Pitaka added in Buddhism
Abhidhanmapitaka (biographier of monks contemporary
to Ashoka)
Fourth Buddhist Council – 78 AD/ 81 AD

Place – Kundalvan, Kashmir
King – Kanishka (Kushana dynasty)
Chairman – Vasumitra V. Chairman – Ashwaghosh
Buddhism divided into 1. Hinyana 2. Mahayana
Hinyana Mahayana
They do not believe in statue worship They follows statue worship
They consider Gautam Buddha as a They consider Gautam Buddha as a God.
Human being
There is no pilgrims form them There are four pilgrims for the
1. Lumbini, 2. Bodh Gaya, 3. Sarnath,
4. Kushinagar
Mainly found in Sri Lanka, Indonesia They are found in whole Asia.
&Myanmar.
JAINISM
 24 Tirthankaras of Jainism – 1st Rishabhdeva
 4 Mahavratha
 Satya (Truth)
 Ahinsa (Non-Violence)
 Astya (Non-stealing)
 Aparigraha (Non-acquisition/Non power)
 24th & Last Tirtharkara –Mahavir Birth – 540 B.C. Kundagram, Vaishali
Childhood name – Vardhamana
 At the age of 30 yrs, Vardhamana left his home by taking permission from his
elder brother, Nandivardhana.
 He met MakhaliGoshal, who became his first student before enlightment. After
enlightment, First student – Jamali.
 After meditation for 12 years he get enlightment at Jumbhikgram near bank of
river Rijupalika.
 468 BC, Mahair Swami died at Pavapuri
1. Jain council – pataliputra

Chandragupta Maurya time
Chairman-sthulbhadra
Work – Jainism divided into 2 communities
1. Swetambaras 2. Dagambaras
2. Jainism Council– 513 A.D.

Place – Vallabhi, Gujrat
Chairman – Devardhi Kshamasharavan
Work, Teachings of Jainism were scripted during this council
Jain Texts Aagam
Rise Of Magadh
Haryanka Dynasty – (544 BC – 412 BC)
 Capital -- Rajgrihi
1. Bimbisare(544 BC – 492 BC)

He was comtempory to Gautam Buddha.
2. Ajatashatra (492 BC – 460 BC)

Gautam Buddha & Mahavir Swami both died is his
ruling period.
In 483 BC he organized first Buddhist council
Shishunaag dynasty – (412 B.C – 344 B.C)
shishunag
Kalashoka(organised 2nd Buddhist council)
Nandi vardhan
Nanda Dynasty (344 B.C – 323 B.C)

 Last and the greatest ruler of this dynasty was Ghanananda. During his period in
326 B.C Invasion of Alexander. He was killed by Chandra Gupta Maurya with the
help of Chanakya, who founded biggest dynasty or Magadha.
Foreign Invasions In India

 Persian Invasion (Iran) (hakhamani dynasty)
CYRUS
 founder and first foreigner attack on Indian continent
DARA 1ST
Effects of Invasion
 Indo Persian trade was started
 Kharoti script started in India (Right to Left)
 Armeyik script was who started.
 Last ruler of this dynasty was Darius III.
Greek Invasion
 To enter in India, Alexander destroyed entire Persia in 3rd century B.C. He
destroyed Hakhamani dynasty .Then he went to Taksila. In Taksila, a ruler named
Ambi, surrendered in front of Alexander.3
 26 B.C Battle of Vitasta(Jhelum river)
 He went to Babylon and 323 BC he die @ 33 yrs.
Maurya Dynasty (323 B.C – 185 B.C)

Sources
 Literary Sources – Arthashastra(Written by – Chanakya)
Indica (written by – Magasthenese)
 Archeological Sources -- Inscription of Ashoka (oldest is Kharosht lipi & Brahmi
read by James prince in 1837)
 14 Stone edicts of Ashoka

 Stone Edict XIII
 Description of Kalinga war
7 Pillar Edicts of Ashoka

1. Topra pillar (Dehli)
2. Meerut Pillar
3. Allahabad pillar- This pillar is related to 3rulers–
1. Asoka2. Samudragupta3. A' Jahangir
4. Sanchi pillar
5. Sarnath pillar
6. LauriyaNandangarh Pillar-Champaranbihar.
7. Rampurva pillar
Chandragupta Maurya (323 B.C – 298 B.C)

 He killed Ghanand with the help of Chanakya and became ruler of Magadha the
age of 25 yrs.He was first Chakravartin Samrat of India.
 He built Sudarshan lake 305 B.C
 Invasion of seleucus Nicator
 Treaty of Chandragupta &Nicator.
 He gave Kabul, Gandhar, Herat & Jadrosia to Chandragupta and His daughter
Helena got married to Chandragupta.
 Ambassador of seleucus Nicator, Magasthenes.
 Chandragupta Maurya gifted 500 elephants to Nicator.
 In 300 B.C, he organized first Jainism council is Pattliputra in which Jainism was
divided into svetambaras & Digambaras. In the same year, Maurya went to
Shravanabelgola, Karnataka with Bhadrabahus. In 298 B.C, Chandragupta Maurya
died because of Santhara.(upavas)
Bindusara (298 B.C – 272 B.C)

 Also known as Amitraghata.He has 101 son .Ashoka killed his 99 brothers
1. Dymakusa (from Syria)and king was antiyox.
2. Dionysus (from Egypt)
Ashoka (269 B.C – 232 B.C)

 Maski Inscription -- Ashoka Name -- Ashok Vardhan
 He killed his 99 brothers with the help of Radhagupta and became next ruler of
Maurya dynasty
 He married to Maha Devi (first) she was princess of Ujjain. They had 2 Children –
Mahendra(son) and Sanghmitra(daughter). He sent both children to Sri Lanka to
spread Buddhism.
 He had only one war i.e. Kalinga war in 261 B.C
 After Kalinga was, Ashoka adopted Budhism
 Who made Buddhist – Moggaliputtatisa
 he built Sanchi Stupa & Sarnath stupa -- biggest stupa of India
 He donated Barabar caves to Aajivakar.
 Last ruler of Maurya dynasty -- Brihadratha
Post Mauryan Period

Shunga Dynasty (185 B.C – 72 B.C)
 1st Brahman dynasty of Indi
 Founder PushyamitraShunga
 He is know as the destroyer of Buddhism in India, because he destroyed about
84,000 stupa built by Ashoka.
 Maximum development of Sanskrit language during his period.
 He organized 2 Ashwagandha Yojana – Which were performed by Patanjali
Kanva dynasty – (72 B.C – 28 B.C)

 Founder – Vasudeva Kanva Son → Susharma (next ruler) & (illegible son)
Andhra Satvahana Dynasty (28 B.C – 3Rd Century)

 Capital – Pratishthan (Maharashtra) , Founder – Simukha
 Total – 28 rulers .First great ruler of this dynasty – satakarni
 Greatest ruler – 23rd ruler → Gautamiputra Satkarni (106–130)
 He issued land coins in India.
 He started using his mother's name before his name.
 He is known as 1st Andhra Samrat, because he attacked in South & conquered
the region of Andhra.
 Last ruler – Pulmavi III
Foreign Invasion Of Post Mauryan Period

Indo–Greeks
 Origin – Greeks
 Founder of Indo-Greeks in India – Demetrius I
 Greatest ruler of Indo-greeks – Menander
 First golden coins were issued in Milinnd's period.

 He adopted Buddhism in India & he get teachings of Buddhism from a monk
named – Nagsena → Source – book – Milindpanho
Saka dynasty
 Origin – Central Asia
 Greatest ruler of this dynasty – Rudradaman (Ujjain)
 Junagarh Inscription
 Last ruler of this dynasty – RudrasenaIII.He was killed by Chandragupta II, who
destroyed saka dynasty from India.
Kushan Dynasty
 Greatest ruler – Kanishka
 He destroyed Saka dynasty from Kashmir & Started Saka Samvat in 78 A.D.
 He was first ruler of Indian history, who issued pure gold coins.
Gupta Period (319 AD – 540 AD)(Golden Era of Indian

History)
Archeological Sources
 Mehravli Pillar Edict → related to Chandragupta II
 Junagarh Inscription → Skandgupta
 Allahabad Pillar Edict → Samundragupta
 1st temple of India ,Dashvatar Temple in Deogarh, Jhansi
 Ajanta & Ellora caves, Aurangabad, Maharashtra Cave no. 16, 17 & 19 built in
Gupta period.
Literary Sources
 Kalidas
 Abhigyanshakuntala ,Meghadutam, Raghuvansham ,Vikramvanshiyam
Malvikagnimitran,KumarSambhavam ,Ritusanharam
 Vishakha Dutta -- Mudrarakshas
 Varahmihir -- Brahadsanhita, Panchsidhantika
 Banmaths – Harshcharitra, Kadambari
 Harshvardhan -- Naganand,RatnavaliPriyadarshika
 Dhanvantri -- Anusidhantha
 Somdeva -- Kathasaritsagar
 Panini -- Asthadhyayi
 Kalhan – Rajatranni
 According to these sources, Shri gupta is considered as the founder of Gupta

dynasty.
Srigupta (240 – 285)
Chandratupta I (319 – 335)

 He started Gupta Savant.He took the title of maharajadhiraj
 wife – Kumaradevi (Licchavi Princess)
 First Gupta ruler to issue silver coins
Samundragupta (335 – 375)

 Napolean of India
 He defeated 12 rulers in South India – Dakshinapath& 9 rulers in North India –
Uttarapath.He also become a chakravartin Samarth.He took the title of
Vikramaya.
 Organised an AshwamedhaYojana
 His poet Harishena to describe his victories in Allahbad pillar edicts.
 Samudragupta was a poet.He was also a Vienna player & he issued Vienna playing
type coins.
Ramgupta(375 – 380) Source - Airan inscription
Chandragupta II (380 – 913)

 Greatest ruler of this dynasty
 1st ruler who had 9 gems in his court.
 Navratnas of Chandragupta
 Dhanvantari (great physician) ,Harishena (great poet),Kalidas (also a great poet
& paly writer), Varahamihir (great megisian)
 He killed Rudrasena III → Vikramaditya
 399 A.D – a famous chinese traveller fahien arrived India & he stayed here for 15
years.
Kumargupta (413 – 454)

 413 A.D he founded Nalanda university which is considered as oldest university of
present India. In Gupta period, he had maximum no. of inscriptions.
Skandgupta (454 – 467)

 He was considered as last greatest ruler of this dynasty.
 He conducted 2nd rennovation of sudarshan lake in Girnar hill and he appointed
Chakrapani(son of Parnadatta) → Governor of Gujarat)
 Attack of Huna rulers (foreign invaders) during his ruling period. He defeated them
 Last ruler of Gupta dynasty – Vishnugupta
Harshvardhan (606 – 647)

 Last hindu ruler of India
 Dynasty – Pushyabhuti dynasty (Vardhan dynasty)
 Capital – Thaneshwar (Haryana), Second Capital – Kannauj (U.P)
 629 A.D – 645 A.D – Chinese traveler HIUEN –TSANG arrived India and stayed
here for 16 years. He got Buddhist edict from Nalanda university & he wrote a
famous book – Si Yu Ki. During his travel to India his also visited
Lakhpat(Gujarat) and KanchiKanchipuram (South India).
Pre – Medieval India
Gurjarpratihara Dynasty
 first description of this dynasty found in Ahole inscription of Pulakeshan II
 Capital – Kannauj, Actual founder – Naagbhatta I, He destroyed Huna dynasty
from India.
 Last and most Famous ruler of dynasty – Jai Chanda
 1194 – He was defeated & killed by Mohd. Ghori in Battle of Chandawar.
Chauhan Dynasty
 Capital – Shakambari (near Ajmer)
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Prithviraj III (1178 – 1192)
 1191 – He defeated Mohd. Gauri is Battle of Tarain. But is the II battle of Tarain
he was defeated & killed by Mohd. Gauri.
Chandel Dynasty
 Capital – Khajuraho
 Founder – Nunuka he was succeeded by Yashovarman who built famous temple of
Vishnu in Khajuraho.
Parmar Dynasty
 Capital – Malwa
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Bhoj
 Dynasty destroyed by – AllaudinKhilji (in 1305)
Chalukya Dynasty
 Capital – Gujarat (Anhilwad)
 Founder – Mulraj I and he made Anhilwad his capital during his ruling period
Ghaznavi attacked somnath temple in Gujarat. He built/reconstructed the temple
with stones.
 Last great ruler of dynasty – Moolraj II/ Bhim II
 1178 – He defeated & arrested Mohd. Gauri @ mount Abu.
 1195 – This dynasty was destroyed by QutubuddinAibak.
Pala Dynasty – (Bengal)

 8th Century – This dynasty was founded
 Founder – Gopal, Succeeded by his son, Dharmapal, who founded Vikramshila
university in his ruling period
 Dynasty destroyed by – Mohd. Bis Bakhtiyar Khilji
South India
Rashtrakutas
 Comtemporary to – Prathihar dynasty & Pala dynasty
 8th Century – This dynasty was founded
 Founder – Dantivarman he made himself independent from Chalukya dynasty of
South. He was succeeded by Krishna I. He destroyed Chalukya dynasty. India he
built famous Kailash Temple.Last ruler of dynasty – Karka II
Vakataka Dynasty
 Founder – Vindhyashakti
 Great ruler of dynasty – Pravelsena I, the organized 4 Ashwanejha Yajanas
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Rudrasena II,
Pallava Dynasty
 Founder – 1. Sinhvishnu
 2. Mahindrawarman is poet and written matvilas
 3. Narsinghvarman I. He built Mahabalipuram temple is his ruling period. (Famous
– Rath temple),Famous Chinese traveller – huan sang visited kanchi is his ruling
period.
 4. NarsinghvarmanII, he built KailashNath temple, Kanchi & share temple,
Mahabali
 Last ruler of dynasty – ParmeshwarVarman
Chola Dynasty
 Founder – Vijayalaya (in 9th Century).
 He was succeeded by Rajraj I. He built Brihideshwa Temple (Tanjaur). He also
built Rajrajeshwar temple (Kanchi).
Vijaynagar Empire
 It was started contemporary to ruling period of Mohd.-Bin-Tughlaq.
 Founder – 2 brothers – Harihar & Bukka in 1336
1. Sangam Dynasty (1336 – 1485)

 Founder – Hariharar I, He was succeeded by his younger brother Bukka I.
 1337- he send his ambassadors to China. He attacked on Mohd. Shah of Bahmani
Empire, in which he was defeated by him. In his ruling period, Krishna river was
considered as the boundary of Vijaynagar & Bahmani Empire.
 Devrai II, he took the talk of of Immadi Devrai. He has been compared to God
Indra. He also took the title of Gajabetkar (killer of elephants). In his ruling period
a famous persion traveller Abdul Razzak
 Last ruler of dynasty – Virupaksha II
2. Salwa Dynasty
 Last ruler of dynasty – ImmadiNarsa Singh, he was killed by his PM. Veer
Narsingha who founded a new dynasty .
3. Tuluva dynasty
 Krishna DevRai – (1509 – 1529)
 1513 – He attacked on Udaigiri and added it into Vijaynagar
 1520 – He added Bijapur is his empire.
 1510 – Portugese governor Alphanso Di Albukark sent Saint Lauir in his court.
 There were 8 great poets in court of Krishna DevRai and their group was
known as Ashthadiggaj. He shifted his capital from Vijaynagar to Naaglapur.
He was contemporary to Mughal Emperor Babur and Babur described him as

the most powerful ruler of India in his autobiography.He constructed Hazara
temple & vithalDev Temple. He was the follower of Vaishnav religion.
Sadashiv
 In his ruling period, In 1565 a famous battle of Taliketa fought b/w vijaynagar
Empire & other Muslim rulers of South India.
Medieval India
* Arabian Invasion In India *
Mohammad Bin Qasin – (712-714)

 He was first Muslim who invoted India. He attacked on Sindh & defeated the Hindu
ruler Dahir. First Muslim who apply tax in India known as Jaziya (tax paid by Non-
Muslim. (1/2 –1/3 of income) except widow, handicaped, Brahmans.
 He issued golden coins in India known as Dirhan coins – (currency of UAE)
 He brought Arabian horses in India.
 They also brought an Arabic word – Monsoon.
 They also are drawn Atlas.
 They translated our 2 books in Arabic–
(1) Charak samhita (Medicine)
(2) Panchtantra (most famous book is Bible & second is Parchatantra)
* Turkish Invasion In India *
Mehmood Ghaznavi (1000 – 1027)

 Central Asia ,Ghazni (Afghanistan) ,Ghazni dynasty (Yamini Dynasty)
 1000 –
 1st attack – 1000 AD is Peshawar on the ruler Jaipal.
 1025 AD attack – Somnath Mandir in Gujarat.
 He was first Muslim in India who took the title of Sultan and Ghazi.
 Writers Al-Beruni → Kitab-ul-hind
Mohammad Ghori (1175 – 1206)

 1191 – First Battle of Tarain (Ghori Lost & Prithviraj Won)
 1192 – Second Battle of Tarain, Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan & killed him from
then Muslim rule was started.
 1193 – he made Delhi as his capital.
 In 1192 – Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti came to India and made it his cottage at Ajmer
and promoted Sufi Rule.
 1194 – Mohamad Ghori attacked Jaichand in Battle of Chandawar.Ghori defeated
Jaichand & killed him
 Mohd. Ghori appointed Aibak as his commander Chief
Qutubbudin Aibak
 Built mosque dhai din ka Jhopra in Ajmer.He started construction of Qutub Minar
in 1199 in the name of his teacher (Qutubbudin bakhtiyar kaki).It was completed in
1225 by Iltutamish.
* Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 – 1526) *
Slave Dynasty (1206–1526)
Qutubbuddin Aibak (1206–1210)

 Founder of slave dynasty -Capital – Lahore
 After becoming the ruler he donated lakhs of ruppes in his region. That’s why
citizens of Lahore gave him the title of 'Lakh Baksh'.
 He died while playing polo in 1210.
 His tomb is in Lahore.
Iltutanish (1211–1236)
 First sultan of India, because he got the title from Khalifa.
 1221 – Invasion of Genghis (actual name Thmuchin from Mongolia)
 He started the system of Trukan-e-Chahalgani or Dal Chalisa (group of 40 nobles)
 He also started Ikta (Province) system.
 Iktedari system Tax from Iktedars.
 In 1229 – He completed the constructed of Qutub Minar & Shifted his capital from
Lahore to Delhi.
 He declared his successor to his daughter Razia & he died in 1236.
Razia Sultan (1236 – 1240)

 First and last female of Delhi who was a ruler.
Ghiyasuddin Balban (1265 – 1287)

 After becoming the Sultan Balban abolished Dal chalisa.
 Balban started the policy of Iron and Blood
 He also started the system of Sajda and Paibas
 Balban also started a new festival named Navroz (Persion New year) (on 21
March).Nawroz was prohibited by Aurangzeb
 Aurangzeb prohibited the policy of Iron and Blood.
 Tomb of Balban and his son is in Mehrauli, Delhi
* Khilji Dynasty (1290 – 1320) *
1. Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji (1290 – 1296)
2. Allauddin Khilji (1296 – 1316)

 In Jodhpur inscription of Sanskrat, he has been compared to God.
 He was first sultan who had a standing army in delhi sultanate. He also started paying
salaries to his army.
 Amir Khusre was the famous poet in his court.
 He also known as Parrot of India Sitar and Tabla was invented by him.
Qawali – Amir Khusro Khadi Boli – Amir Khusro
 Malik Kafur → Hazar Dinari → (Allauddin bought him in 1000 diner from Gujrat)
to his Gujrat mission
 In 1303, Chittor Mission → Novel → Padmavat → Written by Malik Mohd. Jayasi
in 1540-1545) in the rule of Sher Shah Suri
 Sultan-e-Jahan – title by Amir Khusro. After he applied Jaziya(Tax paid by non-
Muslim) and Zaqat (tax paid by Muslims).
 He formed a tax dept. to control corruption Diwan-e-Moosat kharaj.
 He also started Masohat system (A system to measure the lands)
 He was first Sultan who fixed the prices of commodities in his markets.
 He also started Huliya-Dagh system (Sher Shah Suri adopted this system).
* Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 – 1414) Longest Period *
1. Giyazuddin Tughlaq (1310–1325)

 He formed a city named Tughlaqabad in Delhi.
 He was first sultan who built canals for irrigation
 In 1323, he sent his son Jauna Khan to Telangana Mission. He added Telangana in
Tughlaq empire of changed its name into Sultanpur.
 Hazrat (Title – Mehboob-e-Ilahi) Nizamuddin Aaliya was a famous Sufi Saint in
Delhi contemporary to Giyasuddin Tughlaq.
 In 1325 revolt of Bugara Khan Bengal
 1325, Giyasuddin was killed in his wooden palace
2. Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq (1325-1351)
 He was a great scholar of Arabian & persian language.
 In his ruling period in 1333, a famous African traveller from Morocco, Ibn- e-
Batuta came to his court.He appointed his as his Qazi. He wrote a famous book
named Rehala.
 He was first Sultan who tried to prohibited Sati system
 Decisions taken by him – (failed)
1. He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devgiri/Daulatabad
2. Failure of Khurason Mission
3. Increase is tax in doab (drought condition) → (Diwan-e-Kohi)
3. Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388)

 He was also known as Akbar of Sultanate period.
 He built no. of canals for irrigation. He built a canal is Sirsa and he planted 1200
gardens there.
 He shifted Ashoka's Topra (at first in Ambala) pillar and Meerut Pillar to Delhi.
 1398 – Invasion of Taimur (Samarkand, Turkey)
 In 1414 Nasiruddin Mehmood was destroyed by Khijra khan, who founded first Shia
dynasty of India.
Sayyed Dynasty (1414 – 1451)

 Founder 1 – Khijra khan (1414 – 1421)
 In 1451, Alam Shah surrendered his throne to Bahlol and he founded first Afghani
dynasty of India, Lodhi dynasty.
* Lodhi Dynasty (1451 – 1526) *
1. Bahlol Lodhi(1451-1489)
 Founder of Dnyasty
2. Sikandar Lodhi (1489–1517)

 Greatest Lodhi sultan of Lodhi dynasty
 17th May 1498, Vasco De Gama (Europe) entered in India.
 In 1504, Sikandar lodhi formed Agra near Yamuna River. As Sikandarabad.
 In 1506, he shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra
 He was a poet and his pet name was Gulrukhi.
 He wrote a famous book on Ayurveda Farhange Sikandari
 He started a measurement unit, Ghaz-e-sikandari or Sikandari Ghaz
1. Sikandari Ghaz = 30 inches.
2. Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-1526)

 Last ruler of Lodhi dynasty.
 In 1517, Battle of Khatauli b/w Rana Sanga and Ibrahim Lodhi.
 In this battle Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi.
 1526 – First Battle (Ibrahim Lodhi vs Babur) of Panipat
 Babur killed Ibrahim Lodhi & founded Mughal Empire dynasty.
 He was only sultan was killed in the battle field. Babur killed Ibrahim Lodhi &
founded Mughal Empire dynasty.
Babur (1526 – 1530)
 In 1494 at the age of 11 yrs, he became the ruler of Fargana after the death of his
father
 In 1504, he conquered Kabul and Kandhar.
 In 1507, Babur took the title of Badshah in Kabul.
 1 April 1526 → First battle of Panipat → Babur (won)v/s Ibrahim Lodhi (lost)
 First capital of Mughal dynasty – Agra
 After winning the battle he got the title of Ghaji
 1528 – Battle of Chanderi
 He killed Medini Rai
 1527-28, Babri Mosque was built at Ayodhya, by Mir Baqi
 Battle of Ghaghra – 1529
Humayun (1530 – 1540 & 1555 – 1556)
 Humayun was born in 1508 in Kabul.

 Enemies of Humayun
a) Mehmood Lodhi – Bengal , Sher Khan – Bihar, Bahadur Shah – Gujarat
 In 1533, Humayun defeated Bahadur Shah
 In 1539, Battle of Chausa
 After winning the battle of chausa Sher khan took the title of Shershah.
 In 1540, Battle of Bilgram or Kannauj
 Sher khan defeated Humayun & formed suri dynasty in India. (Second
Afghani dynasty)
 In 1541, Humayun got married to Hamide Bano Begum
 After that Humayun went king virsal of Amarket in Rajasthan
 In 1542, Akbar born in Amarket (Rajasthan)

 Humanyun went to Guru Angad Dev (Second Guru of Sikhs) to take his blessings
 After defeating sikandar suri, Humayun establish Mughal dynasty once again
 Humayun's tomb in Delhi, built by his wife Haji Begun (completed by Akbar)
 Humayunama written by Gulbadan Begum (his son)
* Suri Dynasty (1540 – 1555) *
 Founder – Sher Shah Suri

 he is known as the biggest administrator of Indian history during his ruling period.
He build a road named Sher Shah Suri marg. (from Sonagram (Bengal) to Peshawar).
GranTank road at present from Amritsar → Kolkata
 Silver coins → Rupaya Copper coins → Daan
 He also adopted Huliya Daag system.
Akbar (1556-1605)
 Birth – 15 Oct. 1542, Amarkot (Raj) Name – Badruddin

 After death of Humayun, Hemu attacked on Delhi & conquered the throne of
Mughals.
 He took the tile of Vikramaditya
 At the age of 13 yrs, Akbar became king of Mughal dynasty and named Jalaluddin
Mohammad (by help of Behram Shah Khan).
 1561 → 1st attack on Baj Bahadur (ruler of Malwa)
 1561 Married to Harka Bai(Marriyam-Uz-Zamani) (Daughter of king Bharmal of
Amer)
 In 1562, he prohibited Slavery.
 In 1563, he prohibited Sati System.
 In 1564, he removed Jaziya & Pilgrimage Tax.
 After all these prohibition, the people of his reign gave him the title of Akbar Akbar
was the follower of Sheikh Salim Chisty(In Fatehpur Sikri)
 In 1569, Akbari son was born & named him Salim
 In 1572, Akbar went to his Gujrat mission & added Gujrat to Mughal dynasty.
 Gujrat → Sea → Portugease
 In 1573, he built Buland Darwaza in Fatehpur Sikri.
 Ibdadkhana, Panch Mahal (Dream of Stones), Tomb of Salim Chishti
 He shifted his capital from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri
 In 1576, Battle of Haldighati

 In 1577, Akbar gifted 500 bhiga land to Guru Ram Das (4th Guru of Sikh) on that
land Guru Das founded Amritsar City.
 In 1582, Akbar founded a new religion named Din-i-illahi.
 He named Prayag to Allahabad.
 Again shifted capital to Agra.
 3 fort 1. Agra's for 2. Lahore's fort 3. Allahabad;s fort
 His ruling period is known as Golden Era of Literature.
 Persian became the official language of India during his present.
 In 1599, John Mildenahal first Britisher arrived in India In Akbar's court
 Tomb – Agra's Sikandarabad
 The only ruler who was buried & burnt.
 Biography Ain-e-Akbari by Abul Fazal Akbaranama.
 9 Gems of Akbar court –
1. Birbal or Mahesh Das 2.Tansen or Ram Tanu Pandey
3. Man Singh 4.Todar Mal
5. AbulFazal 6.Abul Rahim
7. Faizi 8.Mulla Do Pyaza
9. Fakir Aziuddin
 Chandragupta II first rule who kept 9 gems is his court.
Jahangir (1605 – 1627)
 Jahangir was born in 1569 in Fatehpur Sikri. Childhood Name – Salim

 Main instructor – Abdul Rahim khan-e-khana
 In 1588, Salim got married to Jagat Gosai/ Jodha who was daughter of Uday Singh
of Malwad.
 In 1592, Salim's second son was born his name was Khurram (Shahjahan) in Lahore.
 In 1611, Salim wanted to marry Merunnisa
 He gave her the tile of NoorJahan to Mehrunnisa. She was the biggest
administrator of Mughal Emperor.
 In 1606, Revolt of Khusro.
 In this revolt fifth Guru of Sikhs helps khusro his name was Guru Arjun Dev.
 Jahangir killed Guru Arjun Dev
 In 1589, Guru Arjun Dev built Golden Temple.
 Guru Arujun Dev written Guru Granth Sahib.
 In 1608, capitain William Hawkins come to Mughals Darbar. He was representative
of east India company.
 Jahangir Ruling Period – 1st factory – 1613, Surat, 2nd factory – Musalipattaram
 1615 – Sir Thomas Rae (king James 1), 2nd British came to Jahangir's Court.
 Jahangir was famous for his Ordinance – 12th ordinance (Ain-e-Jahangir)
 Jahangir period is known as Golden Era of painting In Mughals, painting started
from Humayun
 Jahangir's most famous painter – Ustad Mansur khan
 Autobiography – Tujuk-e-Jahangiri
 Shahjahan killed him & became next Mughal Emperor
Shahjahan (1627 – 1658)
 Born – Lahore (1592) Childhood Name – Khurram

 Shahjana's Period – Golden Era of Architecture
 In 1612, he married to Arjumand Bano (Mumtaj Mahal Shikeh) Begum
 In 1631, Mumtaj Mahal died, during the birth of 14th son (Murad Baksh)
 TajMahal, White Marble exported from – Makrana, Rajasthan
 (Chief Architect) Designed by Ustad Ahmed Lahori
 Chief constructor – Ustad Isa
 Art – Pitra Dewa a persion art
 Taj mahal was copied from difference monuments of old Mughal Emperor.
 In India, white marble – 1st used in Humayun ka Makbara.
 In India, pitra Dewa art – 1st used in – Tomb of Itmaduddaula.
 Batter of Successorship–
1. Battle of Bahadurpur – 1658
2. Battle of Dharmat (M.P) – 1658
3. Battle of Samugarh – 1658
 Aurangzeb, Mubarak Baksh (won) vs Dara Shiekh (Lost)
i) In 1658, Aurangzeb declared himself as king and killed Murad Baksh.
4. Battel of Kanjua (Allahabad) – 1659
i) Aurangzeb won, Shah Suja lost & killed
 In 1666 – Shahjahan died in Agra fort
 Biography – Shahjahan Nama Written by – Inayat khan
Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658 – 1707)
 Born – Dahod in 1618

 Married to Dilras Bano Begum (Rabia Biwi)
a) Tomb of Biwi (Biwi ka Makbara), 2nd Taj Mahal or ugly copy of Taj Mahal.
b) Aurangabad (Maharashtra) Now – Shanbaji Nagar
 After becoming the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb banned the printing of Qalma on
coins.
 He prohibited the consumption of Tobacco & Liquor.
 Also banned Gambling. • Also prohibited slavery & sati system.
 In 1664 he applied Pilgrimage Tax again.
 In 1664 – Shivaji attacked on a port of Mughal.
 In 1665 – Aurangzeb send Jaisingh to attack shivaji
 Treaty of Purander in 1665
 In 1668 – He banned all Hindu festival. He also banned Muharram as because he
hates shiyas.
 In 1669 – He destroyed 3 famous Hindu Temples–
1. Somnath Temple (Gujrat) 2. Kashi Viswanath Temple (Varanasi)
3. Keshav Rai Temple (Mathura)
 In 1679 – Aurangzeb applied Jaziya Tax again.
Mughal dynasty in south
 In 1686 – He added Bijapur
 In 1687 – He added Golconda
 In 1689 – Aurangzeb attacked on Shambaji & killed him after that he arrested his
wife Yesubai & son Shahu
 Maxi Hindu ministers in Aurangzeb's ruling period.
 In 1707 – Aurangzeb died in Ahmad Nagar (Maharashtra)
 Tomb – Daulatabad (Maharashtra)
 Biography – Alam-Gir-Nama By Qazim Shiraji)
 Also Aurangzeb banned music but he plays venna.
* Marathas & Peshwas *
1. Shivaji (1627-1680)
 life period Born – 1627, Shivner fort, Pune
 Mother – Jija Bai Religious Teacher – Ram Das
 Primary Education – Kondwa (Grand Father)
 1657 – He did his first attack on Mughals. That time Aurangzeb was the governor
of Ahmednagar. In that attack Aurangzeb defeated Shivaji. After that Shivaji
attacked on 23 fort of Mughals & conquered them.
 1664 – First Loot of Surat – big loss of Mughals.
 1665 – Jaisingh (Commander of Aurangzeb) attacked on Shivaji (treaty of Purander)

 After that treaty Jaisingh present Shivaji & his son Sambhaji is the court of
Aurangzeb.
 1670 → second loot of Surat done by Shivaji.
 1678 → Shivaji founded a Navy, Whose head quard was in colaba (Mumbai)
 1980 → During Karnataka Mission, Shivaji died
Asthapradhan of Shivaji
1. Peshwa – P.M.
2. Amatya – Revenue Minister
3. Sumanta – Foreign Minister
4. Sar-e-Naubat – Commander-in-chief
5. Vakianavis – Information Minister
6. Surunavis – Letters Minister
7. Pandit Rao – Minister of religious work
8. Nyayadhish – Law Minister
 He was succeeded by his son Shambhaji.
2. Shambhaji (1680 – 1689)

 1681 → Shamabhaji helped Akbar is his revolt against Aurangzeb.
 1689 → Aurangzeb attacked on Shambhaji & killed him
3. Rajaram (1689 – 1700)

 Tarabai sat on the throne as Shivaji II was only 4 yrs old. She ruled in the name of
Shivaji II.
4. Tarabai (1700 – 1707)

 1707 → Shahu was released from arrest
 1707 → Shahu attacked Tara Bai .
 Shahu (won) vs Tara Bai (Lost)
 Shahu became the ruler by the name – Chatrapati shahu Maharaj
5. Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj (1707 – 1749)

 Capital – Satara
 1713 – Started Peshwai System is Maharasthra & appointed his first Peshwa to
Balaji Vishwanath(1713 - 1720)
6. Bajirao – I (1720 – 1740)

 1729 – Battle of Palkhera
a) Bajiro II (won) vs Nizam-ul-Mulk (lost) Nizam of Hyderabad
 1st Nizam of Hyderabad Nizam-ul-Mulk
 1740 – Bajirao died
7. Balaji Bajirao (Nana Saheb Peshwa) (1740 – 1761)

 14 Jan 1761 – Third Battle of Panipat
 Ahmed Shah Abdali (won) vs Marathas (lost)
 Marathas ended after this battle. Last Peshwa of Marathas – Bajirao II (1796 – 1818)
Modern India
Battle Of Plassey (1757)
 Participants in the War : The British East India Company against Siraj-ud-
Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and a small French force
 Result of the war : Mir Jafar Khan entered Murshidabad with Clive and became
Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Mir Jafar Khan was compelled to pay
substantial sums of money to the East India Company and also to Clive and other
officers of the company
Third Battle Of Panipat (1761)
 Participants in the War: between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha

Empire and a coalition of the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani, the Rohilla
Afghans of the Doab, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Oudh
 Result of the war : Marathas lost the battle. They lost their prestige. English
benefited from this war
Battle Of Buxar (1764)
 Participants in the War: Fought between British East India Company and Mir
Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh and Shah
Alam II, the Mughal Emperor
 Result of the War : It led to the signing of the Allahabad Treaty in 1765 by Lord
Robert Clive with Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. British gained revenue rights over
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The Nawab of Awadh, Shujaud Daulah, was made to pay
a war indemnity of 5 million rupees to the Company
 Chronological Came in India

 Portuguese
 Dutch
 English
 Danes
 French
Portuguese
 Vasco d gama arrived at Calicut in 1498. Hindu Ruler of Zamorin welcomed him.
By 1502, Vasco’s second visit led to the establishment of trading stations at
Calicut, Cochin and Cannanore and fortification of the same. Established first
factory at Calicut, in 1500.
 Governor Francis co de Almeida initiated the blue water policy (Cartage system).
 Alfonso de Albuquerque-Secured strategic control of Indian Ocean; captured Goa
from Bijapur rulers; captured Bhatkal from Sri Krishna Deva Rai (1510) of the
Vijayanagar; and initiated the policy of marrying with the natives and settling in
India and banned the practice of sati in his area of influence.
 Nino de Cunha-He shifted the capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530, conquered Diu
and Bassein from Gujrat king Bahadur Shah, established headquarters in Hooghly,
Bengal
Dutch
 Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutchman to reach Sumatra and Bantam in
1596.
 Battle of Bedara (1759) The English defeated the Dutch
The English:
 Formation On December 31, 1600 the charter was issued by Queen Elizabeth I to
company named as Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the
East Indies which gave the company monopoly to trade in the East Indies for 15
years.
Timeline Activities
1600 The East India Company was established
1609 William Hawkins arrived at Jahangir's court but failed to secure
permission due to opposition by Portuguese
1611 Captain Middleton obtained the permission of the Mughal governor of
Surat to trade there, also started trade in Masulipatnam.
1613 A factory of East India Company was established at Surat.
1615 Sir Thomas Roe, the ambassador of King James I, arrived at Jahangir's
court.
1616 The Company established its first factory in the south in

Masulipatnam.
1618 Thomas Roe succeeded in obtaining two farman confirming free trade
with exemption from inland tolls and permission to establish factories
at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broach.
1633 The Company established its first factory in east India in Hariharpur,
Balasore, Odisha
1639 Madras was given by the Chandragiri chief to the English and soon
Madras with the Fort St.George replaced Masulipatnam as the English
headquarters on the east coast.
1651 The Company was given permission to trade at Hooghly (Bengal),
Kasimbazar, Patna and Rajmahal.
1662 The British King, Charles II, was given Bombay as
dowry for marrying a Portuguese princess (Catherine of Braganza)
1667 Aurangzeb gave the English a farman for trade in Bengal
1687 Bombay was made the headquarters by shifting the seat of the Western
Presidency from Surat to Bombay.
1691 Due to some conflict, Mughals raided Hoogly. Then Job Charnock,
negotiated with Mughals for return to Sutanuti in 1691. The Company
got the imperial order to continue their trade in
Bengal in lieu of payment of Rs 3,000 a year.
1700 The city of Calcutta grew from the development of three villages
Sutanuti, Gobindapur and Kalikata secured from the Mughal governor
of Bengal. The fortified settlement was named Fort William (1700)
and it became the seat of British power in India till 1911.
1717 The Mughal emperor Farrukh siyar issued a farman, called Magna
Carta of the Company, giving the Company a large number of trade
concessions in Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad.
It included:
1. Company's import and export were exempted from duties.
2. Permission to issue dastaks for transportation of goods
3. Duty free trade in Hyderabad.
4. Company minted coins to act as currency throughout Mughal
Empire.
Danes
 Danish East India company was founded in 1616 AD Settlements in India:

Trancuber near Chennai and Serampur in Bengal .They were the foremost promoters
of Christianity in India. They eventually dispensed of their settlement to the English
French
 The French Foundation: In 1664, Colbert, a minister of Louis XIV, laid the
foundations of French East India Company, it was granted50-year monopoly on
French trade in the Indian and Pacific Oceans
 First Carnatic War(1740-48) It was an extension of the Anglo-French rivalry in
Europe, Austrian War of Succession. Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle,1748. Madras was
handed back to the English, and the French, in turn, got their territories in North
America. This War is remembered for the Battle of St.Thome(in Madras) fought
between the French forces and the forces of Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab of Carnatic,
and ally of English.
 Second Carnatic War(1749-54 )Regional dynastic disputes were used as pseudo
war fronts by French and English. Treaty of Pondicherry 1755.The war remained
inconclusive but it undermined the French power in South India vis-à-vis the
English. As French faced heavy financial loses so they recalled Dupleix
 Third Carnatic War(1758-63) Seven Years war (1856-63) in Europe. General
known for the Battle of Wandi wash (1760-61) .Treaty of Paris, 1763.The victory at
Wandiwash left the English East India Company with no European rival in India.
Socio – Cultural Reform Movements
Raja Rammohan Roy(1772-1833)

 Atmiya Sabha (or Society of Friends) in Calcutta,1814
 BrahmoSabha,1828 later renamed as Brahmo Samaj Calcutta Unitarian society.
 He wrote: Gift to Monotheists (1809),Precepts of Jesus(1820),Gift of mother in
Perisian, Turfat-ulmuhaudin compilied a Bengali grammar book and translated into
Bengali the Vedas and the five Upanishads
 Published: News paper Brahminca, Samandh Kaumudi
 Started anti-sati struggle in 1818
 1825 - established a Vedanta college
Debendra-nath Tagore 1817-1905

1. Tattvabodhini Sabha(founded in 1839)
2. Joined Bramho Samaj in 1842
3. Adi Bramho Samaj 1866
4. Tattvabodhini Patrika: devoted to the systematic study of India’s past with a rational
Outlook and propagation Roy’s ideas.
Keshab-Chandra Sen1838 - 1884

 Joined the Brahmo Samaj in 1858 and soon became Acharya
 Instrumental in popularising the movement, and branches of the Samaj were opened
outside Bengal. He was dismissed from the office of acharya in 1865 and found
BrahmoSamaj of India
Atmaram Pandurang
 Prarthana Samaj in 1867,Bombay
D.K Karve,M.G.Ranade
 Widow Remarriage Movement
 Widows’ Home Association
Henry Vivian Derozio

 (1809-31)Young Bengal Movement, 1820s
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

 started a movement in support of widow remarriage
Jyotiba Phule(1827-1890)
 Satyashodhak Samaj(Truth Seeker’s Society) in 1873
 Books: Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Gulamgiri
Gopalhari Deshmukh(1823-1892)
 Wrote for a weekly Prabhakar under the pen name of Lokahitawadi on social reform
issues.
 He started a weekly, Hitechh
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar(1856-1895)

 First editor of Kesari Which spoke against untouchability
GopalKrishna Gokhale(1866-1915)
 Servants of India Society, 1905
 A liberal leader of the Indian National Congress
 The Hitavadi(newspaper), 1911
Narendranath Datta(1862-1902)
 who later came to be known as Swami Vivekananda
 Ramakrishna Mission, 1897. He emerged as the preacher of neo- Hinduism. He
preached from Upanishada, Gita, Jesus, Buddha, and life experiences of
Paramhansa.
 Gave lecture in Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893, and Then several
lectures on Vedanta in the USA and in London.
Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj
 Swami Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of the Arya Samaj, was one of the makers
of modern India.
 He established the Arya Samaj at Bombay on 10th April, 1875 and later the
headquarters of the Samaj were established at Lahore
 Dayananda wrote books like ‘Satyarth Prakash’, Vedanga Prakash, ‘Ratnamala’
‘Sankarvidhi’, ‘Bharati nivarna’ etc.
Principles of AryaSamaj:
1. Acceptance of the Vedas as the only source of truth.
2. Opposition to idol worship.
3. Opposition to the theory of God-incarnation and religious pilgrimages
4. Recitation of the mantras of the Vedas and performance of ‘Havan’ and ‘Yajna’.
5. Faith in female education
6. Opposition to child-marriage and polygamy.
 His call “Go Back to the Vedas” created consciousness among the people. He
rejected other scriptures and ‘Puranas’.
Behramji M.Malabari(1853-1912)
 B.Malabari acquired and edited the Indian Spectator Worked against child marriage
and for widow remarriage among Hindus. It was his efforts that led to the Age of
Consent Act regulating the age of consent for females
Narayan Agnihotri – dev-Samaj Founded
NarayanaGuru Swamy1856-1928
 Sree NarayanaGuru Dharma Paripalana(SNDP)Movement
 movement was born out of conflict between the depressed classes and upper
castes Among Ezhavas of Kerala
E.V.Ramaswamy Naicker
 Self-Respect Movement in mid 1920s
Abdul Wahab of Arabia and Shah Walliullah 1702-1763 - Wahabi Movement
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad - Ahmadiyya Movement, 1889

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
1.The Aligarh Movement
2. He started Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (Aligarh Muslim University) at
Aligarh in 1875
3.Magazin Tahdhibul-Akhlaq
Parsi Reform Movements

 The Rahnumai Mazdaya snan Sabha (Religious Reform Association) was founded
in 1851 by a group of English educated Parsis.
 The movement had leaders like Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, K.R. Cama and
S.S. Bengalee
 Newspaper Rast Goftar (Truth-Teller)
Sikh Reform Movements

 Through the efforts of the Singh Sabhas (1870) and with British support, the Khalsa
College was founded at Amritsar in 1892. This college and schools set up as a result
of similar efforts, promoted Gurumukhi, Sikh learning and Punjabi literature as a
whole.
 After 1920 the Sikh movement gained momentum when the Akali Movement rose
in Punjab
The Theosophical Movement

 In 1875, a Russian spiritualist named Madame Blavatsky and an American called
Colonel Olcott founded the Theosophical Society in America. The society was
greatly influenced by the Indian doctrine of karma. In 1886, they founded the
Theosophical Society at Adyar near Madras. Annie Besant, an Irish woman who
came to India in 1893, helped the Theosophist movement to gain Strength. Annie
Besant was the founder of the Central Hindu College in Banaras, which later
developed into the Banaras Hindu University.
Education of Women
 1850 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar - No less than 35 girls’ schools in Bengal
 1914 Women’s Medical Service Training nurses and midwives
 1916 D. K. Karve - Indian Women’s University Higher Education
 Charles Wood’s Despatch on Education (1854) laid great stress on the need for
female education. Health facilities began to be provided to women with the opening
of Dufferin Hospitals in the 1880s.
Women’s Organisations
 Arya Mahila Samaj, 1882 -- Pandita Ramabai Saraswati
 Bharat Stree Mahamandal Allahabad (1910).
 An National Council of Women in India, 1925 -- Mehribai Tata
 All India Women’s Conference (AIWC)
Baba sahib Ambedkar

 All India Scheduled Castes Federation.
 All India Depressed Classes Association
 Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha in 1924 - Motto was : ‘Educate, Agitate and Organise.
 Annihilation of the institution of caste
 Mahad Satyagraha 1927 for consumption of water from public water pond and
temple movements. Provision of special representation for lower classes in the
Government of India Act, 1935.
The Revolt of 1857

Delhi - BhaktKhan Lucknow - Begum HazratMahal
Kanpur - Nana sahib Jhansi - Rani Lakshmibai
Bareilly - Khan Bahadur Arrah, Bihar - Kunwar Singh
Faizabad – Maulvi Ahmadullah Baghpat, UP - Shah Mahal
Causes Of Failure Of Revolt
 Limited territorial and social base : All-India participation was absent, revolt was
more or less concentrated only to North India.
 All classes did not join : Big Zamindars, Taluqdars, Merchants and Money lenders
preferred British rule.
 Poor Arms and Equipment
 lack of central leadership
 No Unified Ideology
Views On Revolt
 V.D. Savarkar argues that it was the first war of Indian independence
 R.C. Majumdar Concludes that 1857 war of independence is neither the first, nor
national, nor a war of independence
The East India Association – 1866

 Dadabhai Naoroji Influenced public men in England to promote Indian Welfare First
such nationalist organisation in England
The Indian League – 1875
 Sisir Kumar Ghosh
The Indian Association - 1876
 Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose, unify Indians in a Common
political programme
The Poona SarvajanikSabha – 1867
 S. H.Chiplunkar, Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi,Mahadev Govind Ranade
The Bombay Presidency Association - 1885
 BadruddinTyabji, Pherozshah Mehta and K.T.Telang
The Madras MahajanSabha, 1884
 M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer, P.Anandacharlu.
Some Leaders Behind Economic Development
 Ramesh Chandra Dutt - Economic History of India

 Justice MG Ranade - Taught an entire generation of Indians the value of modern
industrial development.
 Dadabhai Naoroji - he was also called the Grand old man of India. Gokhale called
him Gladstone of India. Main proponent of Drain Theory. Wrote book titled –
Poverty & un-British Rule in India
The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement

 Partition of Bengal to Divide People,
 Western Bengal, Bihar and Orissa/
 Eastern Bengal and Assam.
 August 7, 1905 - Boycott resolution was passed, Swadeshi movement was formally
proclaimed in Calcutta town hall
 October 16, 1905 - partition came into force.
Region Activity
Western India Tilak's Ganapati and Shivaji festivals became a medium of
swadeshi propaganda
Bengal Traditional folk theatre forms were used for this purpose
 Swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance
companies, shops, etc. were setup
Year Name Work

1879 Vasudev Balwant Ramosi Peasant Force → It aimed to rid the
Phadke, Maharashtra country of the British by instigating an armed
revolt by disrupting communication lines. It
hoped to raise funds for its activities through
dacoities but it was suppressed prematurely.
1890s Tilak, Maharashtra He propagated militant nationalism through his
journals Kesari and Maharatta (1881) and
through Shivaji(1894) and Ganapati (1893)
festivals.
1897 Chapekar brothers, Murdered the Plague Commissioner of Poona,
Damodar and Rand, and Lt. Ayerst.
Balkrishna,
Maharashtra
1899 Savarkar and his Organised Mitra Mela, a secret society which
brother, Maharashtra merged with Abhinav Bharat
Barindra Kumar 'Yugantar' weekly. The Yugantar wrote: “The

Ghosh,Bhupendranath remedy lies with the people. The 30 crore
Dutta people in habiting India must raise their 60
1906 crore hands to stop this curse of oppression.
Force must be stop by force
Rashbehari Bose and Organized a secret society covering Punjab,
Sachin Sanyal Delhi and United Provinces. Hemachandra
Kanungo went abroad for military and political
Training
1907 The Yugantar group An abortive attempt was made them on the life
of a very unpopular British official, Sir Fuller
(the first Lt. Governor of the new province of
Eastern Bengal and Assam; attempts to derail
the train on which the lieutenant-governor, Sri
Andrew Fraser, was travelling
1908 Prafulla Chaki and Threw a bomb at a carriage supposed to be
Khudiram Bose carrying a white judge, Kingsford, in
Muzaffarpur
Ghosh brothers, The whole Anushilan group was arrested in
Aurobindo and Alipore conspiracy case/Manicktolla bomb
Barindra Conspiracy or Muraripukur conspiracy.
Aurobindo was acquitted of all charges but
Barindra Ghosh and Ullaskar Dut were found
guilty
Dacca Anushilan Barrah dacoity to raise funds for
under Pulin Das revolutionary activities.
1909 Anant Lakshman He was a member of Abhinav Bharat and killed
A.M.T. Jackson Kanhere Maharashtra the
Collector of Nashik
Revolutionary Activities Abroad

 Why they went abroad? The need for shelter, the possibility of bringing out
revolutionary literature that would be immune from the Press Acts, and the quest for
arms.
 Shyamji Krishna varma Started India House (a home rule league society) in 1905
in London, a scholarship scheme for Indian students and journal ‘The Indian
Sociologist’
 Madam Bhikaji Cama Parsi lady, operated from Paris, brought out ‘Bande
Mataram’ (operated by Ajit Singh)
 Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Operated from Berlin since 1909
 A revolutionary group organised around a weekly newspaper The Ghadr with its
headquarters at San Francisco and branches along the US coast and in the Far
East.Ghadr leaders – Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhagwan Singh, Kartar Singh
Saraba, Barkatullah, and Bhai Parmanand.
KomagataMaru Incident
 KomagataMaru - a ship chartered from Singapore carrying Sikh and Punjabi
Muslims were denied entry into Canada and forced to return to India.
 The British government tried to detain the immigrants at Calcutta, in order to
transport them to Punjab. The immigrants refused to give in. A tussle ensued in
which 22 immigrants lost lives.
Home Rule League Movement

 It was Indian response to First World War, inspired by Irish Home Rule Leagues.
 Factors responsible for it
 Tilak, after his release in 1914, was ready to assume nationalist leadership and
was inspired by the Irish home rule league
 Annie Besant began to take active part in nationalist movement.
The Home Rule League Programme
 Objective: The aim of the movement was self-rule.
 It was to be achieved through political education and discussion through public
meetings, holding conferences, organizing classes for students on politics,
propaganda through newspapers, plays, religious songs, etc., collecting funds,
organizing social work, and participating in local government activities.
Lucknow Pact, 1916

 Extremists were readmitted to congress
 It was the coming together of the Muslim League and the Congress and the
presentation of joint demands by them to the government and congress accepted
league position on separate electorates.
Montagu statement of August 1917

 The Statement Said: “The government policy is of an increasing participation of
Indians in every branch of administration
Gandhiji
Gandhi’s Activism in South Africa
Moderate Phase of Struggle (1894-1906)

 Gandhi relies on sending petitions and memorials to authorities in South Africa and
British. To unite different sections of population Gandhi set up Natal Indian
Congress and started Indian Opinion.
Satyagraha in Africa (1906- 1914)
1. Satyagraha against Registration Certificate:
2. Campaign against Restrictions on Indian Migration:
3. Campaign against Poll Tax and Invalidation of Indian Marriages
4. Protest against Transvaal Immigration Act
Initial movements that Gandhiji Participated in

Protest/Movements
Champaran  Rajkumar Shukla invited Gandhi to look into the problems
Satyagraha 1917 of farmers in the context of Indigo planters in Bihar
first Civil  Peasants were forced to grow indigo on 3/ 20th part of the
disobedience in land. (Tinkathia System)
India  Other leaders associated were –Rajendra Prasad, Mahadeo
Desai, Narhari Parekh, J.B.Kripalani etc.
Ahmedabad Mill  Dispute between cotton mill owners and workers over the
strike 1918 1st issue of discontinuation of plague bonus
hunger strike  Workers demanded for a rise of 50 percent in wages
 Gandhi demanded for a 35 percent hike and took a fast unto
death
 Anusuya Sarabhai was a social worker who invited
Gandhi to fight for workers
Kheda Satyagraha  Crops failed in Kheda district of Gujarat
1918 1st non-  Gandhi asked the farmers not to pay the taxes
cooperation  Other leaders associated with the movement were- Sardar
Vallabhai Patel, Narhari Parekh, MohanlalPandya etc.
Rowlatt Act 1919  The act officially called Anarchical and Revolutionary
1st All India Mass Crimes Act.
Strike  It recommended imprisonment of activists without trial for
two years.
 Form of protest finally chosen included observance of a

nationwide hartal accompanied by fasting and prayer and
civil disobedience was against specific laws etc.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

 The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, also known as the Amritsar Massacre, took place
on 13 April 1919 when troops of the British Indian Army under the command of
Acting Brig-Gen Reginald Dyer fired rifles into a crowd of Punjabis who had
gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar and Punjab. The civilians had assembled for
a peaceful protest to condemn the arrest and deportation of two national leaders,
Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. This incident shocked Rabindranath Tagore (First
Asian Nobel Laureate) to such extent that he stated whilst refusing his knighthood
that "such mass murderers aren't worthy of giving any title to anyone”
Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan

 During 1919-22, British were opposed with two mass movements - Khilafat and
Non- cooperation.
Causes of the Movement

 Resentment at the British after the War: Indians thought that in return for the
extensive support of manpower and resources they had provided to Britain during
the First World War, they would be rewarded by autonomy at the end of the war.
But the Government of India Act passed in 1919 was dissatisfactory.
 Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal
Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement.
 The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also
saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the
extremists gave the INC a militant character.
 Economic hardships due to World War I: Prices of goods began to soar which
affected the common man.
 The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:The repressive Rowlatt Act and
the brutal massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on the Indian
leaders and the people. Their faith in the British system of justice was broken.
 The Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat movement was launched by Muslims in India
to persuade the British government not to abolish the caliphate. The leaders of this
movement accepted the non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a joint
protest against the British. In 1919, a khilafat committee was formed under the
leadership of Ali brothers (Shaukat and Muhammad), Maulana, Ajmal khan. Gandhi
headed all India Khilafat Committee.
Features of Non-Cooperation Movement

 Essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against the British government in
India. People were asked to resign from their government jobs, with draw children’s
from government schools, boycott foreign goods, boycott election, not to serve in
British army.
 The INC also demanded Swarajya or self-government, means to achieve self-rule
 In Bengal, a movement was started against Union board taxes
 No tax campaign was started in Andhra Pradesh
 The movement aroused popular resentment among the Moplah against their Hindu
landlords
 Akali movement was also started as a part of this movement
 Labour in tea plantations of Assam also went on strike during this movement
 Gandhiji had assured that Swaraj would be achieved in a year if this movement was
continued to completion.
Chauri Chaura incident (Feb 5)

 In ChauriC haura, Uttar Pradesh, police had allegedly beaten up the group of
volunteers who were protesting against liquor sale and high food prices. Violent mob
set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen during a clash between the police and
protesters of the movement
 Gandhiji called off the movement saying people were not ready for revolt against
the government through ahimsa.
 1922 Gandhi was arrested and sentenced in jail for 6 years.
Swarajist and No-Changers

 After the call off non-cooperation movement there was a debate over what to do
during the transition period. One section led by C.R.Das, Motilal Nehru and Ajmal
Khan wanted to end the boycott of legislative councils. They demanded for entry
into councils. These groups are to be called as Swarajists
 Other section led by the Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and
M.A. Ansari came to be known as ‘No-changers’
Swarajists No-Changers
Entering the councils would not Parliamentary work would lead to
negate the noncooperation neglect of constructive work
programme
It would enthuse masses and keep up Council entry would lead to political
their morale at a time of Political corruption and loss of revolutionary zeal
vacuum
Councils can be used as an arena of Constructive work would prepare for the
political struggle next phase of civil disobedience
Revolutionary Activity During the 1920’s
Hindustan Republic Association

 Later renamed as Hindustan socialist Republic Association
 HRA was founded in October 1924 in Kanpur. Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra
Chatterjee and sachin sanyal were the founders.
 Kakori robbery incident HRA involved in it. The members of HRA looted the
official railway cash at Kakori. Bismil, Ashafaqullah, Roshan singh and Rajendra
Lahiri were hanged in the case.
 In Feroz shah kotla Regrouping of HRA into HSRA Under the leadership of
Chandra sekhar Azad.
 It decided to work under a collective leadership and adopted socialism as its official
goal.
 Lahore, December 1928 Saunders Murder, by HSRA. Saunders, police official
responsible for the lathi charge in Lahore and for revolutionaries’ death of Lala
Lajpatrai during anti- Simon Commission protest. Bhagatsingh, Azad and Rajguru
shot dead Saunders.
 Delhi, 8th April 1929 Bomb in the Central legislative assembly to protest against the
passage of the Public safety Bill and Trade disputes bill which are restrictive on civil
liberties.
More On Some Of the Revolutionary Leaders
Bhagat Singh
 He was born in 1907 in Punjab. His father and uncles were members of the Ghadar
Party. He founded the Indian socialist youth organisation Naujawan Bharat Sabha in
March 1926.He also joined the Hindustan Republican Association
Chandrashekar Azad
 Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA)
 After suspension of the non-cooperation movement in 1922 by Gandhi, Azad
became more aggressive. He was involved in the Kakori Train Robbery of 1925,in
the attempt to blow up the Viceroy of India's train in 1926, and at last the shooting
of J. P. Saunders at Lahore in 1928 to avenge the killing of Lala LajpatRai
Surya Sen
 He was an Indian revolutionary who was influential in Chittagong armoury raid in
Chittagong in British India. Priti lata Waddedar joined a revolutionary group headed
by Surya Sen. She led a team of fifteen revolutionaries in 1932 attack on the Pahartali
European Club. To avoid arrest, Pritilata consumed cyanide and died. Kalpana Datta
was a member of the armed independence movement led by Surya Sen, which
carried out the Chittagong armoury raid in 1930.Santi ghosh and Suniti chander is
chool girls of comilla, who shot dead district magistrate
Civil Disobedience Movement

Lead up to the Movement
Simon Commission
 The Indian Statutory Commission, commonly referred to as the Simon Commission,
was a group of seven British Members of Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir
John Simon. The commission arrived in British India in 1928
 Objective: the British government appointed the Simon Commission to report on
India's constitutional progress for introducing constitutional reforms. It had seven
British members of the British Parliament and no Indian members.
Groups/Persons Response
Congress Opposed the Commission
Hindu Mahasabha Opposed the Commission
Muslim League One faction under Jinnah (at Calcutta,1927) opposed the
Commission, another faction under Muhammad Shafi (at
Lahore, 1927) supported the Government/ Commission
Unionists Supported the Commission
(Punjab)
Justice Party Supported the Commission
Ambedkar On behalf of the Bahishkrita Hitakarini Sabha, he submitted a
memorandum on the rights and safeguards he felt were
required for the depressed classes
He argued for 'universal adult franchise' for both male and
female
Recommendations of Simon Commission

 It proposed the abolition of diarchy and the establishment of representative
government in the provinces.
 It rejected parliamentary responsibility at the centre. The governor-general was to
have complete power to appoint the members of the cabinet.
 It recommended that separate communal electorates be retained.
 It accepted the idea of federalism but not in the near future.
Nehru Report
 An answer to Lord Birkenhead’s challenge
 Prepared by a committee headed by Motilal Nehru, the committee included Tej
Bahadur Sapru, Subhash Chandra Bose, M.S. Aney, Mangal Singh, Ali Imam, Shuab
Qureshi and G.R. Pradhan as its members
 Recommendations: Dominion status on lines of self-governing dominions,
Rejection of separate electorates, Linguistic provinces.
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points-1929

 Federal constitution with residual powers to provinces, provincial autonomy, no
constitutional amendment without state concurrence, adequate representation in
assembly and services, 1/3rd representation in central legislative assembly, 1/3rd
representation in cabinet, separate electorates, no bills without 3/4th minority
consideration, territorial distribution not to affect Muslim majority, full religious
freedom, protection of Muslim rights etc.
Calcutta Session of Congress (1928)

 Nehru report was approved at this session. Younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru,
Subhash Chandra Bose, Satya Murthy expresses dissatisfaction at the goal of
dominion status
 The government was given one year period to accept this goal
 If the government did not accept a constitution based on dominion status by the end
of the year, the Congress would not only demand complete independence but would
also launch a civil disobedience movement to attain its goal.
Irwin’s Declaration - October 31, 1929

 It restated the goal of dominion status for India, as was mentioned in August
declaration of Montague, 1917
 No timeframe was given for dominion status
 Promised RTC after Simon Commission Report
Delhi Manifesto - November 2, 1929

 It was prepared at a conference of prominent political leaders of that time, It included
three main demands:
1. The purpose of the Round Table Conferences should be to formulate a constitution
for implementation of the dominion status.
2. The Congress should have a majority representation at the conference.
3. There should be a general amnesty for political prisoners and a policy of conciliation.
 Gandhi along with Motilal Nehru and other political leaders met Lord Irwin in
December 1929.
 Viceroy Irwin rejected the demands put forward in the Delhi Manifesto.
Lahore Congress and Purna Swaraj

 Jawaharlal Nehru was nominated the president for the Lahore session of the
Congress (December 1929) mainly due to Gandhi’s backing.
 The following major decisions were taken at the Lahore session,
 The Round Table Conference was to be boycotted
 Complete independence was declared as the aim of the Congress
 Congress Working Committee was authorised to launch a programme of civil
disobedience including non-payment of taxes and all members of legislatures
were asked to resign their seats.
 January 26, 1930 was fixed as the first Independence (Swarajya) Day, to be
celebrated everywhere
 December 31, 1929 - At midnight on the banks of River Ravi, the newly adopted
tricolour flag of freedom was hoisted by Jawaharlal Nehru amidst slogans of
Inquilab Zindabad
Civil Disobedience Movement /Salt Satyagraha
 Gandhi’s Eleven Demands - Gandhi presented eleven demands to the government
and gave an ultimatum of January 31, 1930 to accept or reject these demands, With
no positive response from the government, Gandhi decided to launch a civil
disobedience movement, making salt Satyagraha his central theme.
Dandi March (March 12 - April 6, 1930)

 Gandhi, along with a band of 78 members of Sabarmati Ashram, was to march from
his headquarters in Ahmedabad through the villages of Gujarat for 240 miles. On
reaching the coast at Dandi, the salt law was to be violated by collecting salt from
the beach.
Spread of Salt Disobedience
 Gandhi’s arrest came on May 4, 1930 when he had announced that he would lead a
raid on Dharasana Salt Works on the west coast.
Satyagraha at Different Places
 Tamil Nadu : C Rajagopalachari organised march from thiruchinapalli to
vedaranniyam on tanjore coast.
 Orissa : Gopal Bandhu Chaudhuri organized in Balasore, Cuttack etc.
 Sholapur : Sarojini naidu led the campaign.
 Defiance of forest laws in Karnataka, Maharastra and central provinces.
 Manipur and Nagaland: Rani gaidinliu at age of 13 years raised the banner against
British.
Extent of Participation
 Women and students participated in huge numbers, merchants and traders were
enthusiastic, active participation of tribal, workers and peasants.
 Whereas Muslim participation was nowhere near the 1920-22 level.
 In July 1930 the viceroy, Lord Irwin, suggested a round table conference and
reiterated the goal of dominion status.
 In August 1930 Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru were taken to Yeravada Jail to meet
Gandhi and discuss the possibility of a settlement. The Nehrus and Gandhi
unequivocally reiterated the demands of:
 Right of secession from Britain
 Complete national government with control over defence and finance and an
independent tribunal to settle Britain’s financial claims.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
 February 14, 1931 pact was signed also called as Delhi Pact, placed the Congress on
an equal footing with the government. Irwin on behalf of the government agreed on
immediate release of prisoners, remission of fines, return of land, right to make salt
etc.
Gandhi on behalf of the Congress Agreed

 To suspend the civil disobedience movement
 To participate in the next Round Table Conference
Karachi Congress Session—1931

 In March 1931, a special session of the Congress was held at Karachi to endorse the
Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Congress Resolutions at Karachi
 Congress admired the ‘bravery’ and ‘sacrifice’ of the three martyrs (Bhagat Singh,
Sukhdev and Rajguru were executed on March 23,1931
 The Delhi Pact or Gandhi-Irwin Pact was endorsed.
 The goal of purna swaraj was reiterated.
 Two resolutions were adopted—one on Fundamental Rights and the other on
National Economic Programme.
 This was the first time the Congress spelt out what Swaraj would mean for the
masses—”in order to end exploitation of masses, political freedom must include
economic freedom of starving millions.”
Round Table Conferences
1st Round table conference (November 1930-January 1931)

 British representatives - Labour, conservative and Liberal.
 Muslim league members- Jinnah, Aga Khan.
 Indian state’s representatives
 British India representatives - Ambedkar, Sapru
 All India Federation was accepted. Responsible Government at provinces. Internal
sovereignty of the princely states.
 INC did not participate
2nd Round Table conference(September 1931 –December 1931)

 Mahatma Gandhi, representative of INC.
 Other participants who are involved in the first round table were present
 Sarojini Naidu participated to represent women.
 Gandhi claimed-Untouchables and Muslims should not be treated as minorities. No
separate electorate for minorities.
 Ramsay MacDonald headed the National government in Britain.
3rd Round Table Conference (November 1932 – December 1932)

 Labour party and INC refused to attend.
 Ambedkar attended, Jinnah not attended.
 The decisions taken are reflected in the form of Government of India act-1935.
 Civil Disobedience was resumed after the failure of the Round Table Conferences;
Viceroy Willingdon refused a meeting with Gandhi on December 31. On January 4,
1932, Gandhi was arrested.
 Congress organisations at all levels were banned. April 1934, Gandhi decided to
withdraw the civil disobedience movement because Gandhi and other leaders had no
time to build up the tempo. The masses were not prepared.
Communal Award
 The Communal Award was announced by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay
MacDonald, on August 16, 1932. The Communal Award, established separate
electorates and reserved seats for minorities (Muslims, Europeans, Sikhs, Indian
Christians, Anglo-Indians) including the depressed classes which were granted
seventy-eight reserved seats. Gandhi saw the Communal Award as an attack on
Indian unity and nationalism
Poona Pact
 Signed by B.R. Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes on September 24, 1932
with Gandhi. The Poona Pact abandoned the idea of separate electorates for the
depressed classes.
 The Poona Pact was accepted by the government as an amendment to the Communal
Award.
Second World War and Nationalistic Response

 Haripura session, 1938: President Bose - formed National Planning Commission.
The Congress would give moral support to those who were agitating against the
governance in the princely states.
 1939: After resigning from INC, Bose formed the Forward Bloc as a new party
within the Congress.
 On September 3 1939, Government of India declared support for WWII without

consulting Indians. Though Congress didn’t like it they offered to cooperate in the
war effort, they had two basic conditions:
 1. After the war, a constituent assembly should be convened to determine political
structure of a free India.
 2. Immediately, some form of a genuinely responsible government should be
established at the Centre.
 The offer was rejected by Linlithgow, the viceroy. The Congress argued that these
conditions were necessary to win public opinion for war.
Pakistan Resolution - Lahore (March 1940)

 The Muslim League passed a resolution calling for “grouping of geographically
contiguous areas where Muslims are in majority (North-West, East) into
independent states in which Constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign
and adequate safeguards to Muslims where they are in minority”.
August offer
 Due to turn of events in WWII, congress decided to help British if they allow
forming interim government. But GoI rejected it and came up with August offer,
Dominion status as the objective for India.
 Responses: Nehru rejected it by saying “Dominion status concept is dead as a
doornail” and Gandhi has similar opinion. However Muslim league were happy with
veto assurance.
Individual Satyagraha - 1940

 To give another opportunity to the government to accept Congress’ demands
peacefully. The demand of the satyagrahi would be the freedom of speech against
the war through an anti-war declaration and they were supposed to march towards
Delhi to covert movement into “Delhi Chalo Movement”
 Vinoba Bhave was the first to offer the Satyagraha and Nehru, the second.
Cripps Mission
 In March 1942, a mission headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India with
constitutional proposals to seek Indian support for the war.
 Cripps mission was a big failure.
 Reasons for its failure are:
 The Congress objected to - dominion status, right of provinces to secede,
retention of governor general supremacy, no immediate transfer of power.
 Nehru and Maulana Azad were the official negotiators for the Congress.
 The Muslim League objected to-idea of a single Indian Union, Did not like the
machinery for the creation of a constituent assembly, Pakistan not being
explicitly offered.
The Indian National Army (INA) and Subhash Chandra Bose
Subhash Bose
 He passed the Indian Civil Services examination but resigned in 1921 to join the
struggle for freedom by becoming a member of the INC.
 His political guru was Chittaranjan Das. He became mayor of Calcutta in 1923. He
presided over the Hazipur session of INC in the year 1938.Bose choose his own path,
because of the ideological and strategic differences with INC and party leaders. He
formed a Forward Bloc Party in the year 1939.
Origin and First Phase of the Indian National Army
 Mohan Singh: Created army of retreating soldiers from Malaya and POWs from
Japanese. By the end of 1942, 40,000 men were ready to join the INA would go into
action only on the invitation of the Indian National Congress and the people of India.
Second Phase Under S. Bose

 In June 1943, Subhash Chandra Bose reached Tokyo; met the Japanese prime
minister, and secured permission for INA.
Rashbehari Bose
 He fled to Japan in 1915 due failed revolutionary activities in India and became
naturalized citizen of Japan. He made a lot of effort in getting the Japanese interested
in the Indian Independence movement. He had created Indian Independence League
(IIL) in 1942 in Tokyo. After the formation of INA, he decided to fly to Singapore
and place INA under IIL.
 After Subhash reached Singapore, he met Rashbehari, who transferred the control
and leadership of the Indian Independence League and the INA to Subhash in July
1943.
 On October 21, 1943, Subhash Bose formed the Provisional Government for Free
India at Singapore.
 The famous slogan—“Give me blood, I will give you freedom” was given here.
 This provisional government declared war on Britain and the United States, and was
recognized by the Axis powers. A women’s regiment called the Rani Jhansi
Regiment was also formed. On November 6, 1943, Andaman and Nicobar islands
was given by the Japanese army to the INA; the islands were renamed as Shahid
Dweep and Swaraj Dweep respectively. The INA headquarters was shifted to
Rangoon (in Burma) in January 1944, and war cry “Chalo Delhi!”became famous
 On July 6, 1944 - Subhas Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as ‘Father of Nation’—
from the Azad Hind Radio. The Azad Hind Fauz crossed the Burma border, and
stood on Indian soil on March 18, 1944 then advanced up to Kohima and Imphal.
The INA met the same fate as the Japanese, and all brigades began their withdrawal
on July 18, 1944.
Raja Gopalachari Formula (1944): (CR Plan)

 The Main Points of CR Plan
 1. Muslim league to endorse congress demand for Independence.
 2. League to cooperate with congress in forming a provisional government at
Centre.
 3. To decide by plebiscite for the Muslim majority areas, whether or not to form
a separate sovereign state.
 4. In case of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defence,
commerce, communications etc.,
 Jinnah wanted the congress to accept two nation theory demand
 He wanted only Muslims to vote in Plebiscite in the Muslim majority areas.
Desai –Liaqat Pact

 Congress and league nominees to have equal representation in the central executive.
20% of seats reserved for minorities.
Wavell Plan (Shimla conference-1945)

 The elections in England necessitated for a sincere effort on reaching a solution. A
conference was convened by the viceroy, Lord Wavell, at Shimla in June 1945. The
main proposals of the Wavell plan were as follows,
 1. With the exception of governor general and commander in chief all other
members in the executive council are to be Indians.
 2. Caste Hindus and Muslims were to have equal representation.
 3. The reconstructed council was to function as an interim government.

 4. Governor General was to exercise his veto on the advice of ministers.
 Congress objected the plan as it reduced the congress as pure caste Hindu Party
 Muslim league wanted all Muslim members to be league nominees.
INA Trials
 Trial of INA prisoners sometimes described as “Edge of volcano” . British initially
decided to hold trials of several hundreds of INA prisoners. 1st trial at red fort in
November 1945 putting on dock together a Hindu, Prem kumar Sehgal, a Muslim,
Shah Nawaz khan, and a Sikh, Gurbaksh Singh dhillon. INA day was celebrated Nov
12, 1945 and INA week (Nov 5 – 11).INA agitation spread all over the country and
witnessed participation of diverse social groups.
Cabinet Mission Plan

 Attlee government in 1946 Secretary of State Pethick- Lawrence personally led a
three-man cabinet deputation to New Delhi with the hope of resolving the Congress–
Muslim League deadlock and, thus, of transferring British power to a single Indian
administration.
 Why British Withdrawal Seemed Imminent by 1946
 1. Success of nationalist forces In struggle for hegemony.
 2. Demoralisation among bureaucracy and loyalists.
 3. Limitation of conciliation and repression strategy of British.
 4. RIN ratings revolt.
 5. Official rule seemed impossible.
Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947

 The freedom-with-partition formula was coming to be widely accepted well before
Mountbatten arrived in India.
Indian Independence Act

 On July 5, 1947 the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act which
was based on the Mountbatten Plan. The Act was implemented on August 15, 1947.
Provisions of the act are: The creation of two independent dominions- India and
Pakistan. M.A. Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan and
Mountbatten of India.
Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial Development

During the British Rule
Evolution of Civil Service of India

 Initially civil service system in India introduced by East India Company, in order to
maintain commercial affairs of company.
 Later the machinery got transferred to handle administrative matters. Warren
Hastings separated Administrative and Commercial Functions.
Cornwallis’ Role
 The first to bring into existence and organize the civil services,
Wellesley's Role
 Set up the Fort William College for training of new recruits.
 1830 Thomas Munro, concentrated all powers to District Collector in the province
of madras and this system expanded to all over India.
 In 1863, Satyendranath Nath Tagore became the first Indian to qualify for the Indian
Civil Service.
Statutory Civil Service
 Lytton introduced the Statutory Civil Service consisting of one-sixth of covenanted
posts to be filled by Indians of high families through nominations by local
governments subject to approval by the secretary of State and the viceroy. Age
reduced from 21 to 19. Again lord Rippon increased to 21
Montford Reforms 1919
 Recommended holding of simultaneous examination in India and England.
Lee Commiss ion (1924)
 The secretary of state should continue to recruit.
 Direct recruitment to ICS on basis of 50:50 parity between the Europeans and the
Indians be reached in 15 years.
 Public Service Commission be immediately established (as laid down in the
Government of India Act, 1919).
Government of India Act, 1935

 The 1935 Act recommended the establishment of a Federal Public Service
Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission under their spheres.
Development of Judiciary in Central India
Warren Hasting (1772-1785)

 District diwani adalats placed under collectors, Hindu law to Hindu and Muslim law
to Muslim. Appeal to sadar diwani adalats.
 Under regulating act 1773, Supreme Court setup, at Calcutta, to try all British
subject.
Reform under Cornwallis (1786-1793)
 District diwan adalat in now district court or zila court.
 Cornwallis Code:
 1. Separation of revenue and justice.
 2. European subject bought under court.
 3. Government official are answerable to court.
Reform under William Bentick (1828-1833)
 Circuit court were abolished and transferred to collector. Sadar diwani adalat and
sardar nizamat adalat were set up at Allahabad.
 1883 law commission was set up under Macaulay for codification of Indian law.
Administration: Central Government

 Act for better government of India 1858 - Transferred power from East India
Company to crown. Secretary of state created for Indian administration replacing
erstwhile COD and BOC ultimate power remained with parliament. Concentration
of main authority in the hands of secretary of state and viceroy to be sub-ordinate to
him.
Mayo’s Resolution of 1870
 Local interest, supervision and care are necessary for success in management of
funds and it should be devoted to education, sanitation, medical relief and local
public work. Provincial government passed municipal acts. Emphasised on financial
decentralisation.
Rippon Resolution of 1882
 Lord Rippon father of local self-government in India.
Royal commission on Decentralisation (1908)
 To improve the financial resources of local bodies following recommendation,
Under Dyarchy
 Local self-government made transferred subject in act 1919. Simon commission
pointed out (May 1930) lack of progress in village panchayat except in UP
The Government of India Act 1935 and After

 Provincial autonomy. Demarcation of taxation between provincial and local finance.
New restrictions were placed on power of local self government on issues such as
levy of taxes, callings, professions and municipal property.
Economic Impact of British Rule in India
Proponents Published material

Dada BhaiNaoroji Book: Poverty and Un British Rule in India
Gopal Krishna Gokhale He criticized free trade policy. Not in favor of surplus
budgets. Assisted Ranade in publishing Sarvajanik
Sabha journal. His views are expressed in the English
weekly newspaper- The Hitavad(The People's paper).
Subramaiya Ayer Book: Some Economic aspects of British rule in India
Permanent Settlement Ryotwari Mahalwari

 Introduced by Lord  In 1812, the Ryotwari  It was a modified version
Cornwallis in Bengal Settlement was of the Permanent
in 1793. Under this introduced in the Settlement that was
system, the zamindars lands seized from introduced in the
collected the revenue; Mysore. Later, it was Gangetic Valley, the
and at the same time, implemented in North-West Provinces,
became owners of all Bombay. parts of Central India,
land under their  Peasant was the and the Punjab.
jurisdiction. proprietor in this  Under the Mahalwari
 The peasants became system. Under this system, the settlement
rent-paying tenants, settlement, a village was made with a village,
who could be evicted level survey was rather than with an
at will. conducted, followed individual peasant or
 The revenue amount, by the drawing up of zamindar.
fixed arbitrarily, was a register of all land  It was the duty of the
quite high. The within each village. local lambardar to collect
zamindar had to  revenue was not revenue from the
submit the revenue at a permanently fixed, peasants of his village.
particular date, even if but was revised after
the crop failed or got every 20–30 years.
damaged or destroyed.
Development of Education
 Asiatic society of Bengal was established in 1784.The aim of this society was to
foster oriental studies in India. James Prinsep was the founding editor of the
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and is best remembered for deciphering
the Kharosthi and Brahmi scripts of ancient India.
Initial Phase:
Founder Name and Year Purpose

Warren Calcutta Madrasa For the study of Muslim law and related
Hastings 1781 subjects
Jonathan Sanskrit college For study of Hindu law and philosophy
Duncan Banaras 1791
Wellesley Fort William For training of civil servants of the
college 1800 Company in languages and customs of
Indians
Lord Macaulay’s Minute(1835)

 The limited government resources were to be devoted to teaching of Western
sciences and literature through the medium of English language alone.
Wood’s Dispatch (1854)
 “Magna Carta of English Education in India”. Government to assume responsibility
for education of the masses.
 Vernacular school - Primary level; Anglo-Vernacular High Schools
 affiliated college at the district level; affiliating universities
Saddler University Commission(1917-19)
 For the improvement of University education, improvement of secondary education
was a necessary
Hartog Committee (1929)
 Emphasis on primary education but no compulsory education.
Sergeant Plan of Education 1944
 3-6 years age group- pre-primary education
 6-11-free,universal and Compulsory elementary education
 high school education for 11-17 years age group for selected children, and a
university course of 3 years after higher secondary
Development of Indian Press

 Press played key role in dissemination of information and connecting leaders with
people. Many leaders had their own publications but they were not for profit making
purpose.
 Rammohan Roy’s Mirat-ul-Akbar had to stop publication, Press Act of 1835 or
Metcalfe Act
Vernacular Press Act, 1878 Lytton
 1. District Magistrate was empowered to for search and seizure (of deposits)of any
Vernacular press if found publishing anything. Against government. The
magistrate’s section was final and no appeal could be made in a court of law.
Name of News Paper Associated Personality

James Augustus Hickey(1780) 1st newspaper The Bengal Gazette
Udant marthand 1826 by pandit Jugal kishore shukla 1st hindu
The Bengalee Surendranath Banarjee
Voice of India Dadabhai naoroji
Hindu & Swadesa mitran G Subramanya Aiyar
Indian Mirror N N Sen
Amrit Bazar Patrika Gosh Brother
Kesari(Marati) & Maratha(ENG) B G Tilak
Sudarak Gokhale
Harijan,Young India Gandhi
Tatva bhodini Patrika Maharshi Devendranath Tagore
Indian sociologist Shyamji Krishna varma
MiratUl Akbari Raja Rammohan Roy
Contributions
BalGangadharTilak, 1856-1920
 In January 1890 founded the Poona New English School. Associated in the
formation of Deccan Educational Society and foundation of Fergusson College,
Poona.
 He started akharas, lathi clubs and Anti- cow-killing societies.
 Celebrated Sivaji and Ganapati festivals. Muzaffur Bomb case and imprisoned.
 He declared “Swaraj is my birth right “
 He started two Newspapers entitled ‘The Maharatha’(English) and

‘Kesari’(Marathi).
 His books The Arctic Home of the Vedas and Gita Rahasya
Lala LajpatRai, 1865-1928

 Known as sher-i-Punjab. Associated in the foundation of D.A.V College. Involved
in the formation of Swaraj party. LajpatRai entered the central legislature as a
Swarajists. He cooperated with Malaviya in organizing Hindu Sangathan
Movement. He edited The Panjabee, The BandeMatram and the English Weekly The
People.
BipanChandraPal(1858-1932)
 He is known as ‘Father of Revolutionary thoughts ‘in India
 His books are :
1. Indian Nationalism 2. Nationality and Empire. 3. Swaraj and the present situation.
4.T he Basis of social reform 5. The soul of India.
Sri Aurobindo Ghosh (1872-1950)

 He is a philosopher, yogi, guru and nationalist. Philosophical magazine named Arya.
His books are: The Life divine.
 He was arrested in 1908 in connection with Allipur Bombay case.
Annie Beasant(1847-1933)
 He is a socialist, the osophist, women’s rights activist, writer and supporter of Indian
Self-rule. In 1907 she became president of theosophical society.
 She launched home rule league in India to campaign for democracy in India and
dominion status within British Empire. She started a central Hindu School in
Banaras. Associated with Malaviyya in establishing Banaras Hindu University in
1917.
M.N. Roy
 Indian revolutionary, radical activist, political activist, philosopher and humanist.
He was founder of communist party of India at Tashkent.
Peasant Movement
Indigo revolt 1859-60

 Directed against British who forced peasants to sign fraudulent contracts which
forced them to grow Indigo even when it was not profitable to them.
 Rebellion organized under the leadership of Digambar Biswas & Bishnu Biswas of
Nadia district
 Nildarpan, a play was written by Dinabandhu Mitra based on this agitation.
 It was the first Satygraha movement in Modern India
Pabna agrarian leagues

 Zamindar enhanced rent from tenants from acquiring occupancy under act X of
1859.
 1885 Bengal tenancyact was passed, major issue were solved, this was supported by
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, R C Dutt & Indian association under Surendranath
Banerjee.
The KisanSabha movement
 The Home Rule activists organized Kisan Sabhas in UP
Eka movement
 Towards the end of 1921, peasant districts of the United Provinces—Hardoi,
Bahraich, Sitapur.
 The meetings of the Eka or the Unity Movement involved a symbolic religious ritual
in which the assembled peasants took vows that pay only recorded rent, not leave
when evicted, refuse to do forced labour, not help criminals, abide by panchayat
decisions.
 Leadership by Madari pasi.
Moppla Revolt
 Muslim cultivator of south Malabar.Moplahs were generally taken (Bonded labour)
by Namboodri upper caste Hindu landlords.
Bardoli Satyagraha
 Increase the land revenue by 30 %, people refused to pay it.
 Govt. finally settled at rise of 6.03 per cent only.
 The women of Bardoli gave Vallabhbhai Patel the title of “Sardar”.
The All India Kisan Congress/Sabha (AIKS)

 Founded by Swami Sahjanand Saraswati as the president and N.G. Ranga as the
general secretary in Lucknow, 1936.
Tebhaga Movement
 North Bengal
 Flood commission recommended, Tebhaga—two-thirds’ share—to the bargardars,
the share-croppers also known as bagchasioradhyar, instead of the one-half share.
 Main Participants -Rajhasis community and Muslim peasant Calcutta.
Telangana Movement
 Biggest peasant guerrilla war of modern Indian history.
 Forced exploitation by Deshmukh, Jagirdars, Doras (landlords) in forms of forced
labour (Vethi) and illegal exactions of peasants
Kols-Chota Nagpur,1832
 It occurred under the leadership of Buddho Bhagath against the British policy of
expansionism.
Khonds-Orissa,1846-48
 It was led by Chakra Besai when Lord Hardinge I banned the custom sacrifice
Koya,Godavari, AP, 1922-23
 Under the leadership of ‘AlluriSitaram Raju’ against British forest laws. It is also
known as Rampa rebellion.
Munda,Bihar,1899-1900
 Revolted under the leadership of Birsa Munda.It started against Christian missionary
activities. Started ‘Sons of the soil’ movement called Ulgulan.
Santhal rebellion, 1854-56
 Bihar
 It opposed British land revenue policy. It was led by Siddhu and Kanhu
 They also declared formation of an independent tribal kingdom
Chenchu,1922-23
 It occurred in Nallamala Hills in Andhra Pradesh. Revolted against British forest
laws K Hanumanthu led the movement.
Governors ,Governors-General and Viceroys of India
Warren Hastings(1773-85)
 Regulating Act of 1773.
 Act of 1781, under which the powers of Jurisdiction between the governor general
in council and the Supreme Court at Calcutta were clearly divided.
 Pitt’s India Act of 1784. and the Treaty of salbai in 1782
 Foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal -1784.
Lord Cornwallis(1786-1793)
 Treaty of Sringapatnam (1792)
 Cornwallis code (1793) incorporating several judicial reforms and separation of
revenue administration and civil jurisdiction.
 Permanent settlement of Bengal, 1793, introduction of civil services.
Lord Wellesley(1798-1805)
 Introduction of subsidiary alliance (1798) and the first alliance was with Nizam of
Hyderabad.
 Fourth Mysore war (1799).
Lord William Bentick(1828-1835)

 Abolition of sati and other cruel rites(1829)
 Suppression of Thugs (1830)
 Charter Act of 1833, Resolution of 1835, and educational reforms and introduction
of English as the official language.
 Treaty of ‘perpetual friendship’ with Ranjeet Singh.
Lord Metcalfe(1835-1836)
 New press law removing restrictions on the press in India.
Lord Dalhousie(1848-1856)
 Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and
Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854) and
Awadh(1856)
 “Wood’s (Charles Wood, President of the Board of Control) Educational Despatch”
of 1854
 Railway 1853; and laying down of first railway line connecting Bombay and Thane
in 1853.Telegraph start. Ganges Canal declared open (1854)
 Widow Remarriage Act (1856).
Lord Canning(1856-1862)
 Establishment of three universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857.Revolt
of 1857.He is the first Viceroy of India, Transfer of control from East India Company
to the Crown, the Government of India Act, 1858
 ‘White Mutiny’ by European troops in 1859.
Lord Mayo( 1863-1872)

 Opening of the Rajkot College in Kathiawar and the Mayo College at Ajmer for
political training of Indian princes. Establishment of Statistical Survey ofIndia.
Establishment of Department of Agriculture and Commerce.
Lord Lytton( 1876-1880)

 appointment of Famine Commission under the presidency of Richard Strachey
(1878).Royal Titles Act (1876), Queen Victoria assuming the title of ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’
or Queen Empress of India.
 The Vernacular Press Act (1878).The Arms Act (1878).
Lord Ripon(1880-1884)
 Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act(1882).The first Factory Act (1881)Government
resolution on local self government(1882)
 Appointment of Education Commission under chairmanship of Sir William
Hunter(1882).The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883-84).
Lord Dufferin (1884-88)

 Establishment of the Indian National Congress.
Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894)
 Factory Act (1891).Setting up of Durand Commission (1893) to define the Durand
Line between India and Afghanistan
Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
 Appointment of Police Commission (1902) under Sir Andrew Frazer to review
police administration. Establishment of Department of Commerce and
Industry.(1904)
 Partition of Bengal (1905).
Lord Minto II (1905-1910)

 Popularisation of anti-partition and Swadeshi Movements.
 Split in Congress in the annual session of 1907 in Surat. Establishment of Muslim
League by AgaKhan (1906).
Lord Hardinge II (1910-1916)

 Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi(1911).
Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921)

 Formation of Home Rule Leagues by Annie Besant and Tilak (1916).
 Lucknow pact between the Congress and Muslim League (1916)
 Montagu’s August Declaration (1917)
 Government of India Act (1919).The Rowlatt Act (1919).JallianwallaBagh massacre
(1919).
 Appointment of S.P. Sinha as governor of Bihar (the first Indian to become a
governor, also first Indian to become a member of the Viceroy's executive Council
and the first Indian to become a member of the British ministry).
Lord Reading (1921-1926)

 Chauri Chaura incident (February 5, 1922) and the subsequent withdrawal of Non-
Cooperation Movement.
 Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921)
 Kakori train robbery (1925)
 Establishment of Swaraj Party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru (1922)
 Examinations for the ICS both in Delhi and London, with effect from 1923.
Lord Irwin (1926-1931)

 Visit of Simon Commission to India (1928) and the boycott of the commission by
the Indians.
Lord Willingdon (1931-1936)
 Second Round Table Conference (1931) and failure of the conference, resumption
of Civil Disobedience Movement.
 Announcement of Communal Award (1932) under which separate communal
lectorates were set up.
 ‘Fast unto death’ by Gandhi in Yeravada prison, broken after the Poona Pact(1932).
 Third Round Table Conference (1932).Launch of Individual Civil
Disobedience(1933).The Government of India Act of 1935.
 Burma separated from India (1935).
Lord Linlithgow 1936-1944

 ‘August Offer’ (1940) by the viceroy; its criticism by the Congress and endorsement
by the Muslim League.
 Winston Churchill elected prime minister of England (1940)
 Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India (1941) and organisation of the Indian
National Army.
 Cripps Mission’s Cripps Plan to offer dominion status to India and setting up ofa
Constituent Assembly; its rejection by the Congress.
 Passing of the ‘Quit India Resolution’ by the Congress (1942) outbreak of ‘August
Revolution’ or Revolt of 1942 after the arrest of national leaders.
 ‘Divide and quit’ slogan at the Karachi session (1944) of the Muslim League.
Lord Wavell(1944-1947)
 C. Rajagopalachari’s CR Formula (1944),failure of Gandhi-Jinnah talks
(1944).Wavell Plan and the Shimla Conference(1942).End of Second World War
(1945).
 Proposals of the Cabinet Mission (1946) and its acceptance by the Congress.
Observance of ‘Direct Action Day’ (August16, 1948) by the Muslim League.
Elections to the Constituent Assembly, formation of Interim Government by the
Congress (September 1946).Announcement of end of British rule in India by
Clement Attlee (prime minister of England) on February 20, 1947.
Lord Mountbatten 1947

 June Third Plan (June 3, 1947) announced. Introduction of Indian Independence Bill
in the House of Commons. Appointment of two boundary commissions under Sir
Cyril Radcliff for the partition of Bengal and Punjab.
Geography
Map → World = “Super 100”

(1) Black sea :- Landlocked by Russia, Georgia, Turkey,
Bulgaria, Romania (Short Cut → RRU BG Turkey )
- Connected Mediterranean Sea through Bosporus and sea of Marmara.
(2) Bering sea :- USA – Russia
(3) Mediterranean sea :- Europe –Africa
(4) Red sea :- Separating Asia from Africa
(5) Bay of fundy :- Canada
(6) Persian Gulf :- Connected by strait of Hormuz and Gulf of
Oman.
(7) Bab-el-mandeb :- linking the Red sea with Arabian sea
(8) Bass Strait :- Australia
(9) Bosporus :- Black sea with Mediterranean sea
(10) Dover Strait :- between England and France.
(11) English Channel :- Separates England from France.
(12) Gibraltar Strait :-
- Only outlet of Mediterranean sea to the Atlantic ocean
- Separates Iberian Peninsula and morocco.
(13) Hormuz Strait :- Separates Iran from Oman and joins the Persian Gulf
with the Arabian Sea.
(14) Alps :- Folded mountains – Europe
(15) Andes :-
- tectonic activity high
- Longest mountain chain in world.
- South America
(16) Arakan Yoma :- Fold mountain – Myanmar
(17) Atlas mountain :- Africa
(18) Black forest :- Germany
(19) Black mountains :- U.K.
(20) Blue mountains :- Australia
(21) ELBurz mountains :- Iran
(22) Golan Height :- between Israel – Syria
(23) Great dividing range :- Australia
(24) Harz mountain :- Germany
(25) Rocky :- North America
(26) Ural :- Russia
(27) Zagros :- Iran
(28) Aconcagua :- Chile – Argentina border, highest peak

of Andes
(29) Cotopaxi :- Ecuador (active volcanoes)
(30) Etna :- Italy and volcanoes is active.
(31) M.Everest :- Nepal-China border.
(32) Kanchenjunga :- Sikkim (India)
o India’s highest peak’s of Himalayas
(33) Kilimanjaro :- Tanzania
o Active Volcano
(34) Stromboli :- Mediterranean Sea
o Active Volcano
(35) Anatolia Plateaus :- in turkey, and Known as Asia Minor
(36) Massif Plateaus :- France, Plateaus
(37) Kimberley plateaus :- Australia
(38) Chagos Islands :- Indian Ocean
(39) Amazon river :- South America
(40) Darling river :- Australia
(41) Danube :- Germany
(42) Blue Nile :- Lake Tana (Ethiopia)
o In Sudan it meets white Nile
(43) Elbe river :- Germany
(44) Euphrates river :- Turkey
(45) Irrawaddy :- Myanmar
(46) Limpopo :- South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe
(47) Mekong river :- “Danube of EAST”
o China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
(48) Murray river :- Australia
(49) Rhine :- German – France border
(50) Salween :- Myanmar
(51) Thames :- London (U.K.)
(52) Volga :- Russia
(53) Tigris :- Iraq
(54) Aral Sea :- border Uzbekistan-Kazakhstan
o (Shortcut – U.K.)
(55) Baikal Lake :- Russia
o Largest fresh water lake in Asia
(56) Balkhash Lake:- Kazakhstan.
o It is a remnant of Tethys Sea.
(57) CASPIAN SEA :- Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan Russia,

Azerbaijan
o (Shortcut – Iran Tu KAR)
(58) Dead Sea :- Israel – Salt water lake
(59) Superior Lake :- North America
o Largest fresh water lake in the world
(60) Volta lake :- Ghana (Africa)
(61) Atacama desert :- South America, Chile
o Most arid desert of the world.
(62) Dasht-e kavir and
Dasht-e Lut :- Iran
(63) Gibson Desert :- Australia
(64) Gobi desert :- Mongolia – china border – Cold desert
(65) Gran Chaco :- South America
(66) Kalahari Desert :- hot desert - Africa
(67) Mojave :- U.S.A.
(68) Namibian desert :- Africa
(69) Patagonia :- Border of Argentina and Chile
(70) Sahara :- Largest desert of world
o North Africa
o Cover more than 10+ country
(71) Sonora desert :- California(usa)
(72) Taklamakan desert :- Western china
:: Grass Land ::
(73) Asia minor :- Turkey

(74) Catinga :- Southern Brazil
(75) Campos :- South America
(76) Kanto :- Japan
(77) Llanos :- Venezuela
(78) Negev :- Israel
(79) Pampas :- Argentina – Uruguay (South America)
(80) Prairies :- USA – Canada
(81) Ruhr Basin :- Germany
(82) Saar Basin :- Germany
(83) Sahel Basin :- Sahara desert, southern part
(84) Savanna :- Africa
o tall grass
o tropical grassland
(85) Saxony :- Germany – rich coal area.
(86) Selvas :- South America
o equatorial rain forests in the Amazon.
(87) Steppes :- Temperate grassland of Eurasia
(88) Veld :- Temperate grassland of South Africa
(89) Angel falls :- Venezuela
o karoni river
o highest waterfall in world.
(90) Niagara falls :- USA – Canada border
o Biggest waterfall in world
(91) Victoria falls :- border Zambia – Zimbabwe
o River Zambezi
(92) Soo canal :- USA
(93) Suez Canal :- Asia – Europe – Africa cross border
(94) Panama canal :- It connect Atlantic ocean with pacific ocean
:: Ocean currents ::
(95) Agulhas current :- Warm water current

o southern east side of Africa
Benguela current :- Cold current
o Sothern west Africa
Gulf stream :- largest and longest warm current
o North America
Humboldt current :- Cold current

o also known as peru current
o western S. America
Kuro siwo :- Japan, warm current

Oya siwo :- Japan, cold current
(96) Bolan pass :- Pakistan-Afghanistan
(97) Death valley :- Southern California
(98) Durand line :- Afghanistan
(99) Great barrier reef :- Australia
(100) Great Rift valley :- eastern part of Africa
 The origin and evolution of the earth

→ Big Bang Theory
(101) German philosopher Immanuel Kant
(102) First argument on origin
(103) Laplace revised it in 1796 known as Nebular Hypothesis.
→ Solar system
(104) eight planets
(105) Saturn have highest moon
(106) Mercury, Venues, Earth and Mars called inner planets (Terrestrial)
(107) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune called Outer planets (Jovian/Gas made)
(108) Asteroids → between Mars – Jupiter
(109) Venus → Hottest planets
(110) Jupiter → Hydrogen + Helium
(111) Lunar eclipse → SUN → EARTH → MOON
(112) Solar eclipse → SUN → MOON → EARTH
(113) Latitude → Biggest - equator line
→ Distance between two latitude
→ 111 km
(114) Longitude → North to south pole
(115) International
Time line → 0° longitude
→ pass to British Greenwich
(116) International
Date line → 180° longitude
→ Pass in pacific ocean
→ Day decide by this line
→ if pass through this line east to
west -1 day - diminish
:: Earth Interior::
(117) average density → 5.5𝑔/𝑐𝑚−3
(118) Iron and Nickel
(119) Crust to core 32 m → decrease 1° C
(120) Mantle temp → 3700° C
Core temp → 4500° C
(121) Sial → Silica + aluminium
(122) Sima → Silica + magnesium
(123) NiFe → Nickel + ferrous
Continental Drift and Plate tectonic

(124) Alfred Wagner a German meteorologist publicly presented idea of earth’s
landmass migrate
His book → Origin of continents and oceans
(125) Minerals and Rocks :-
Major elements of earth’s crust
(1) Oxygen → 46%
(2) Silicon → 27%
(3) Aluminum → 8.13%
(4) Iron → 5%
(126) Igneous Rocks :-
They are known as primary rocks
(127) As igneous rocks from out of magma and lava from the interior of earth when
magma cools and turn solid its called igneous rocks
Ex:- Granite, gabbro and basalt
(128) Sedimentary rocks :-
Rocks formed from organic sources by the process of denudation are known
as sedimentary.
Ex:-Sandstone, limestone, chalk, coal, peat, clay, shale
(129) Metamorphic rocks :-
Igneous and sedimentary rocks convert into metamorphic rocks by pressure
and temperature.
Ex:-Quartzite, sangemarmar, Marble
(130) Earth quake :-
The point where energy is released is called the focus.
The point of surface of land nearest to focus called “Epicenter”
(131) Earth quake was measure by “Seismograph.”
:: Three Waves ::
(132) P waves → same as sound wave

→ Pass through solid, liquid, gases
→ It’s a “Primary waves”
(133) S waves → Secondary waves
→ Pass through only solid
(134) L waves → highest danger waves
:: Volcanoes ::
Three types:-
(135) Active volcanoes → constantly eject lava, gases,
ashes
Ex :- Stromboli, Etna, Pinatubo
(136) Dormant volcanoes → Ex :- Kilimanjaro, Krakatau
(Indonesia)
(137) Extinct volcanoes → Mt Popa (Myanmar)
(138) Earthquakes
→ In India five seismic zones based “Mercalli Scale”
(139) Zone – 1 → Moderate
(140) Zone – 2 → Strong
(141) Zone – 3 → Very Strong (Saurastra)
(142) Zone – 4 → Destructive
(143) Zone – 5 → Disastrous (Kutch)
(144) Atmosphere :-
Nitrogen → 78%
O2 → 21%
Argon → 0.93%
CO2 → 0.036%
(145) Albedo :-
Solar radiation which Is reflected amount is called Albedo.
(146) Fronts :-
When two different air masses meet, the boundary zone between them is
called a front.
(147) Cyclone :-
(1) Tropical cyclones :-
(2) Temperate cyclones :- (Mid-latitude)
Cyclone is a system of low pressure in which the barometric gradient
in steep
Northern hemisphere – Anti clock wise
Southern hemisphere – clock wise
(148) Example of Tropical Cyclone :-

(1) Hurricanes → Atlantic (U.S.A.)
(2) Typhoons → Western pacific and
S. China sea
(3) Willy-Willies → Western Australia
(4) Tornado → U.S.A.
(5) Cyclone → Indian Ocean
(149) Cyclone eyes diameter → 5 to 50 km

(150) Anticyclone :- Totally opposite to cyclone
→ Its eyes diameter 75% more than cyclone and no front in anti cyclone
→ Center – High pressure
→ Outer – Low pressure
(151) Thunderstorms :- Strom associated with

→ Thunder
→ Lighting
→ Heavy rain fall or hail known as thunder storms
(152) Air pressure belts :-
(1) Equatorial low pressure belt
i. Doldrums → 5° N to 5° S low pressure

belt known as doldrums
ii. Horse latitude → 30-35° N and 35-35° S high
Pressure belt known as
Horse latitude
iii. Trade Wind → 30° N to 30° 𝑆 between wind
called trade wind
iv. Westerly Winds → 30° N to 60° N - 30° S to 60° S

between wind called
Westerly.
(153) Jet streams :- in troposphere wind
→ Flow west → East
→ 20° to 90° between flow
→ Minimum speed – 30 m/sec
(154) Local wind name :-

(1) Loo – India
(2) Chinook – U.S.A.
(3) Foehn – Europe
(4) Mistral – France/Spain
(5) Zonda – Argentina
(6) Norvester – New Zeeland
(7) Gibali – Libya
(8) Sirocco – Sahara
(155) Water (Oceans)

- Water on the earth’s surface
- Oceans – 97.25%
- Ice caps and glaciers – 2.05%
- Ground water – 0.68%
- Lakes – 0.01%
(156) Divisions of the ocean floors :-

(1) Continental shelf
(2) Continental slope
(3) Deep sea plan
(4) Trenches
→ Continental shelf average gradient of 10 or even less – 80 km width
→ Trenches – deepest part of oceans
Ex :- Challenger tranches – pacific
(157) Mid oceanic Ridges :-

→ Two chains of mountains separated by large depression
→ Ex: - Iceland a part of the mid Atlantic ridge.
(158) Guyots :-
→ it is flat topped seamount
(159) Atoll :-
→ There are low island found in tropical oceans consisting of coral reef
surrounding a central depression.
→ Heighest salinity in water bodies
(1) Lake van in turkey → (330° /..)
(2) Dead sea → (238° /..)
(3) Great salt lake → (220° /..)
(160) Dissolved salts in sea water :-

(1) Chlorine → (18%)
(2) Sodium → (10%)
(3) Sulphate → (2%)
(161) Movements of oceans water :-

→ Tides :- The periodical rise and fall of the sea level.Once or twice a day
mainly due to attraction of the sun and moon called tide.
(162) Spring tide :-
When sun and moon and earth are in straight line, height of tide will be higher
called spring tide.
(163) Neep tide :-

Sun and moon are at right angles to each other and forces of sun and moon
counteract one other. So lower tide than spring tide called neep tide.
(164) Ocean currents :-

Two types :- Cold currents
Warm currents
Effect :- the mixing of warm and cold currents help to replenish
O2 and favor to growth of planktons, food for fish population.
(165) Type of rainfall :-
(1) Convection rain:- rainfall in equatorial region .
(2) Orographic rain :- mountain range.
(3) Cyclonic rainfall :- When diff. temperatures large
masses of air meet.
(166) Record of wetness → Hawaii

(167) Record of Dryness → World driest place

→ Atacama – desert - Chile
(168) Type of climates of word
(1) SAVANA climate :- 5° N to 15° N
5° S to 15° S
→ heavy rain fall in summer
→ tall grass (elephant grass)
→ known as “big game country”
(2) Tropical Monson :- In India, Thailand, Vietnam,
Cambodia
(3) Hot desert climates :- Between 15° and 30° N & S
Ex :- Australia desert, Kalahari desert, Atacama desert
(4) Steppe climate :- Between desert and Mediterranean
region
Ex :-
Prairies → U.S.A.
Pampas → Argentina
Veld → Africa,
Down → Australia
→ Wheat cultivation more
→ Granaries of the world
(5) Mediterranean climate :- 35° N - 45° N
35° S - 45° S
→ Winter bringing cyclonic rain
→ Here wide range of citrus fruits, oranges, Lemon, Grape
:: Forest of World ::
(1) Tropical evergreen forest :-

→ Between 5° N - 5° S of equator
→ Ex :- Amazon forest (Selvas)
→ Trees :- Mahogany, rosewood, ebony
(2) Tropical monsoon forest :-

→ Trees are high as 100 feet
→ Hardwood
→ Trees :- Teak, sal, bamboo, rubber, sisam
(3) Temperate evergreen forest :-

→ China, Japan, Australia
(4) Coniferous forest :-

→ Between 50° N to 70° N latitudes
→ Trees – Pine, spruce, hemlock, fir
(169) Grassland :-
(1) Tropical grassland :- tall grass
→ Ex :-
Compos - Brazil
Llanos - Guiana highland
Savanna - Africa/Australia
(2) Temperate grassland :-

→ Treeless/small size
Ex :-
Steppe - Eurasia
Prairie - N. America
Pampas - Argentina
Veld - S. Africa
Down - Australia
(170) Tundra :-
→ Northern hemisphere adjoining to Arctic ocean in the continents of Eurasia
& N. America.
:: India ::
INDIA “Super 100”
Map Geography
(171) Coco channel :- between Myanmar and north Andaman island
(172) Duncan passage :- South Andaman and little Andaman
(173) Eight degree
channel :- South of Minicoy Island
(174) Nine degree
channel :- between kavaratti and Minicoy Island
(175) Palk strait :- India-Sri Lanka
(176) Ten degree
channel :- Little Andaman – Nicobar island
(177) Barren Island :- Middle Andaman – Active volcano
(178) Pirotan Island :- Jamnagar, Gujarat
(179) Moore Island :- Sundarban delta in Bay of Bengal
(180) Ganga Sagar Island :- Sundarban deltas
(181) Wheeler Island :- Situated in front of Mahanadi and Brahmani
deltas in Bay of Bangal.
:: BEACHES ::
(182) Chandipur :- Orissa
(183) Chorwad :- Gujarat
(184) Gopalpur :- Orissa
(185) Shivrajpur :- Dwarka, Gujarat
:: Series and Faults ::
(186) Champaner Series :- Aravalli’s

(187) Champion Series :- Karnataka
(188) Chilpi Series :- M.P.
(189) Talcher Series :- Orrisa
:: Mountain ranges ::
(190) Abor hills :- Arunachal Pradesh

(191) Mt.Abu :- Rajasthan
o Pilgrimage of jain’s Delwara temple
(192) Amarkantak :- Chhattisgarh
(193) Aravalli range :- Oldest mountain range of india
o Gujarat - Rajasthan
(194) Baba budan hills :- Karnataka, rich Iron ore
(195) Cardamom Hills :- Kerala – T.N.
(196) Dafla Hills :- Arunachal Pradesh
(197) Garo Hills :- Meghalaya
Jaintia Hills :- Meghalaya
Khasi Hills :- Meghalaya
(198) Javedi Hills :- T.N.
(199) Kaimur range :- M.P.
(200) Karakoram :- J.K.
o Second highest peak K2 lies in Karakorum
(201) Mahadeo Hills :- M.P.
o Highest peak dhupgarh
(202) Maikal range :- M.P. (Chhattisgarh)
(203) Mikir Hills :- Meghalaya
(204) Miri Hills :- Arunachal Pradesh
Mishmi Hills :- Arunachal Pradesh
(205) Nalla malai range :- Andhra Pradesh
(206) Nilgiri mountain :- T.N.
o highest peak doda beta
(207) Sahyadri :- Western ghat
o Gujarat to kanniyakumari
o 1500 KM
(208) Rajmahal hills :- Jharkhand
(209) Vindhya range :- divide north and south India - M.P.
:: Mountain peaks ::
(210) Agasthya malai :- Kerala – T.N.

(211) Anaimudi Peak :- T.N.
(212) Blue mountain :- Mizoram
(213) Dewodi munda :- Orissa
o Highest peak of eastern ghat
(214) Dhupgarh peak :- M.P.
o Highest peak of satpura range

(215) Guru sikhar :- Mt.Abu, Rajsthan
(216) Gorakhnath :- Girnar, Gujarat
(217) Kalsubai Peak :- Maharashtra
(218) Mahendragiri :- Orissa
(219) Kudermukh :- Karnataka
(220) Kanchanjanga :- Sikkim
(221) Chotanagpur
plateau :- Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh
(222) Deccan lava
Plateau :- Greater part of Maharashtra and Sahydris
o Covered basalt
o Regur soil, helpful for cotton, pulses
:: Main Passes ::
(223) Banihal Pass :- J.K.
(224) Bomdila :- Arunachal Pradesh
Bumla :- Arunachal Pradesh
(225) Changla pass :- Ladakh
(226) Dihag Pass :- Arunachal Pradesh
(227) Rohtang Pass :- Himachal Pradesh
(228) Nathula Pass :- India-China border - Sikkim
(229) Lipulekh Pass :- Uttarakhand
Mana Pass :- Uttarakhand
(230) Sipkila :- Himachal Pradesh
(231) Dras :- Coldest place in India
o In Greater Himalayas
(232) Bhakra nagal
project :- Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan
o Govind sagar dam
(233) Chilka lake :- Largest saline lake - Orissa
(234) Jog falls :- On sharavatti river - Karnataka
(235) Majuli island :- Assam
o Brahmaputra river
o Largest river island in Asia
(236) Thar Desert :- Rajasthan
:: Rivers ::
(237) Alaknanda :- tributaries of the Bhagirathi and join it at

Devprayag after known as Ganga.
(238) Barak River :- Join the Brahmaputra river
(239) Betwa :- Vindhya range (Bhopal)
(240) Brahmaputra :- Known as Tsangpo in Tibet.
Tributaries :- Sabansiri, Lohit, Manas, Dihang, Sankus, Tista,
Kapilli
(241) Chambal :- Vindhya Mountain
(242) Damodar :- Chotanagapur plateau
o Jharkhand
o Known as “Sorrow of Bengal”
(243) Godavari :- Maharashtra tributaries
o Purna, pen ganga, pranhita, wardha, wain ganga,
Indravati, sabri
(244) Ken :- M.P.
(245) Kaveri :- Karnataka
Tributaries :- Bhavani
(246) Krishna :- Mahabaleshwar
Tributaries :- Koyana,Ghataprabha
(247) Kosi :- Origin Kanchenjunga
o “Sorrow of Bihar”
(248) Mahanadi :- Chhattisgarh - Orissa
(249) Tapi :- Rises from satpura Range
(250) Narmada :- Rises from Amar kantak (Maikal range)
(251) Tista :- Sikkim
(252) Yamuna :- Tributary of Ganga, merges at Allahabad
:: Lakes ::
(253) Asthamudi lake :- Kerala

- Chandra tal :- Himachal Pradesh
- Dal lake :- Srinagar (Jhelum river)
- Dhebar lake :- Rajasthan
- Husain sagar :- Hyderabad
- Kolleru lake :- Andhra Pradesh
(Largest fresh water lake)
Delta of Godavari - Krishna
- Loktak lake:- Manipur
Only floating island lake in world
- Pongong Tso :- Ladakh

- Oman sagar :- Hydrabad
- Pulicat lake :- Border of Andhra Pradesh –T.N.
Brackish Water lake
- Tsongmo lake :- Sikkim
- Vemband lake :- Kerala
- Wular lake :- J.K. (Tectronic activity)
Largest fresh water lake in India
(254) Gokak falls :- Karnataka
(255) Dudhsagar falls :- Goa (Mandovi river)
(256) Dudama falls :- Orissa
(257) Hundru falls :- Jharkhand
(258) Joranda falls :- Orissa
Shivasamundram
falls :- Kaveri river, Karnataka
(259) Simlipal
Biosphere reserve :- Orrisa
(260) Nokrek :- Meghalaya
(261) Panchamarhi :- M.P.
(262) Nandadevi :- Uttarakhand
(263) Manas :- Assam
(264) Namdapha :- Arunachal Pradesh
(265) Keoladeo :- Rajasthan
(266) Kaziranga :- Assam
(267) Balpakhram :- Meghalaya
(268) Mannar :- India –Srilanka
(269) Corbett
National park :- Uttarakhand
(270) Keibul Lamjao
National park :- Loktak lake (Manipur)
:: India ::
 Highest density state → Bihar
 Growth rate decade → 17.7%
 Sex ratio → 943/1000
 Eight state pass tropic of cancer
(271) Gujarat (2) Rajasthan (3) M.P.
(4) Chhattisgarh (5) Jharkhand (6) W.B
(7) Tripura (8) Mizoram
State and other country border

(1) China (3488 km)
→ J.K., Himachal, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal
(2) Nepal (1751 km)
→ Uttarakhand, U.P., Bihar, W.Bengal, Sikkim
(3) Bhutan (699 km)
→ Sikkim, W.B., Assam, Arunachal
(4) Myanmar (1643 km)
→ Arunachal, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram
(5) Bangladesh (4096 km)
→ Mizoram, Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, W.B.
(6) Pakistan (3323 km)
→ Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, J.K.
(7) Afghanistan (106 km)
→ J.K.
 Indian Time line pass near Allahabad 82.5° longitude and pass through five state
(1) U.P. (2) M.P. (3) Chhattisgarh
(4) Orissa (5) Andhra Pradesh
Himalayan Mountain
 West - east direction Indus to Brahma Putra
 Himadri (6000 m)
 Himachal (3700 m)(Kullu)
 Shiwallik (900-1000 m) (Dehradun)
Terai - swampy and marshy region known terai
Bhangar - Older deposits of food plains called Bhangar.
Khadar - Younger deposits.
Classification of Soils
Alluvial Soil
 North India
 Deposited by - Indus
Ganga
Brahmaputra
 Paddy, Wheat, Sugarcane
 43%
Red Soil
 Reddish due to diffusion of iron in crystalline

 18 %
Black Soil
 Known as regur soils
 Cotton soil
 lava region, crack during hot weather..15% in india.
Laterite Soil
 Leaching due to heavy rain
 Growing tea, coffee, cashew nut
 South India
Agriculture
Jhuming
 Slash and burn agriculture known as Jhuming in India.
 Milpa - Mexico
 Roca - Brazil
Rabi crop
 Winter
 Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard
Kharif crop
 Monsoon
 Paddy, maize, Jowar, bajara, tur, moong, cotton, groundnut,
 Soyabean
Zaid season crop
 Summer
 Watermelon, cucumber and muskmelon, vegetables and fodder crops.
Minerals
(1) Iron Ore - Karnataka 26% highest
(2) Manganese - Orissa, M.P.
(3) Copper - 58% in M.P. (Balaghat Mines)
42% Rajasthan (Khetri)
(4) Bauxite - 45% Orissa
(5) Mica - Rajasthan
Coal
Gondwana Coals Tertiary Coals
(200 million year ago) (55 million year ago)
Damodar
vally Meghalaya
Jharkhand Assam
Bokaro Arunachal
Raniganj Nagaland
(6) Petroleum
63% Petroleum production - Mumbai High
18% Petroleum production - Gujarat
16% Petroleum production - Assam
(7) Natural Gas - Krishna Godavari basin
Gulf of Cambay (Gujarat)
Andaman Nicobar
(8) Nuclear energy
Uranium and thorium which are available in Jharkhand and
Rajasthan
Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in thorium
(9) Wind Power - 1st Tamilnadu
EL-NINO & Indian Monsoon

 Known as “Child Christ”
 When Peru cold current flow direction change and reverse the condition and
develops warm condition over eastern pacific result weak monsoon causing drought,
floods & failure of crops
Indian Inland Water way

(1) National water way – 1
(Ganga River) Haldiya – Allhabad
(2) NW - 2
Brahmaputra river – Dhubari to sadia
(3) NW - 3
Kerala
(4) NW - 4
Godavari and Krishna river
(5) NW - 5
Brahmani river (Orissa)
Polity
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
THE REGULATING ACT, 1773
 This act provided for the centralisation of administration of company’s territories
in India.
 Governor of Bengal became Governor- General of Bengal .
 Supreme Court to be set up at Calcutta (1774) .
THE PITT’S INDIA ACT, 1784

 Subordinated the Bombay and Madras Presidency to the Bengal Presidency in all
questions of war, diplomacy and revenues.
 Strength of Governor-General in council reduced to 3.
 It distinguished between the commercial and political functions of the company. It
established a system of double government.
 British Government was given the supreme control over company’s affair and its
administration in India.
THE CHARTER ACT, 1793

 This Act gave the power to the Governor-General to override his council.

 Governor-General of Bengal to be Governor-General of India .
 William Bentick was the first Governor-General of India .
 Government of Madras and Bombay deprived of legislative powers.
 Law member added to the council of Governor-General.

 The Act for the first time created a separate legislative machinery consisting of 12
members legislative council which came to be known as the Indian
(central)legislative council .
 It introduced an open competition system of selection and recruitment of civil
servants .
 Law member was made a full member of the Executive Council of the Governor-
General.
THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1858

 It created a new office of Secretary of state for India.
 The Secretary of state was assisted by a 15-member council .
 Governor-General was to be called as the Viceroy .
 A highly centralised administrative structure created.
 It ended the system of double government by abolishing the Board of Control and
Court of Directors.
 The act known as the Act for the Good Government of India , abolished the East
India Company, and transferred the powers of government, territories and revenues
to the British Crown .
THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT, 1861

 Government started associating Indians in legislation.
 A fifth member added to the Viceroy’s executive council.
 For legislative purposes, executive council of Viceroy was enlarged by 6 to 12
members .
THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT, 1892

 Introduction of indirect elections for the non-official members of the Imperial and
Provincial Legislative Councils .
 The councils at both levels were to have the power of discussing the Budget but
not of voting.
1909 1919 1935

Non-official Only in Both centre as well as Both centre as well as at
majority (elected) provinces at provinces provinces
Element of No Separation of the All-India Federation -
Federalism central three lists -
and provincial subjects Federal List (for Centre),
introduced Provincial List (for
provinces) and the
Concurrent List
Dyarchy at No Yes, by transferred and No, Introduced provincial
Provinces Reserved Subjects Autonomy instead
Dyarchy at No NO Yes, federal subjects were
Center divided into reserved
subjects and transferred
subjects
Direct Elections No Yes Yes
Bicameralism at No Yes Yes
centre
Bicameralism at No NO Yes
provinces
IMPORTANT FACTS
 The Constitution of India was formally enacted on 26 November, 1949 .
 The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January, 1950 .
 There were 395 Articles and 8 Schedules in the Constitution when it was finally
passed.
 The constitution of India was framed and adopted by the Constituent Assembly of
India.
 As per the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 , the Constituent Assembly was set up in
November 1946.
 The members were elected indirectly by the Provincial Assemblies in the ratio of
one member per one million population.
 There were a total of 389 members in the Constituent Assembly of which 296 were
elected by the members of the Provincial Assemblies and the rest were nominated
by the Princely States.
 The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 9th December,1946
with Sachidanand Sinha as the interim President .
 Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Constituent
Assembly on 11th December, 1946.
 The historic “Objective Resolution” was moved in the Constituent Assembly by Pt.
Jawahar Lal Nehru on 13th December, 1946 which ultimately became the
Preamble of our Constitution.
 The Constituent Assembly formed 13 important committees for framing the
Constitution.
 A drafting committee of 7 members was set up on 29th August, 1947
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION

1. Lengthiest Written Constitution
2. Drawn From Various Sources
3. Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility
4. Federal System with Unitary Bias
5. Parliamentary Form of Government
6. Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial
Supremacy
7. Integrated and Independent Judiciary
8. Fundamental Rights
9. Directive Principles of State Policy
10. Fundamental Duties
11. A Secular State
12. Universal Adult Franchise
13. Single Citizenship

14. Independent Bodies
15. Emergency Provisions
16. Three-tier Government
Features Source
Parliamentary Government
Rule of Law
Parliamentary Privileges British Constitution
Single citizenship
Bicameralism
Fundamental Rights
Judicial independence and USA
Judicial Review
Post of vice president
DPSP
Nomination of Rajyasabha members Ireland
Method of President election
Federation with strong centres Canada
residuary power with centre
Concurrent List
Freedom of Trade and Commerce Australia
Joint Sitting.
Suspension of Fundamental rights during Weimer constitution of
Emergency Germany
Fundamental Duties, ideals of USSR
justice.
Republic, Liberty, Equality and France
Fraternity.
Amendment of the Constitution South Africa
Procedure established by Law Japan
PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION

 Preamble is based on the ‘Objectives Resolution’, drafted and moved by Pandit
Nehru, and adopted by the Constituent Assembly.
 It was enacted at the end of the constitution to reflect constitution.
 Preamble is not a source of power to legislature not a prohibition upon the powers
of legislature.
 It is non-justiciable.
 The Preamble has been amended only once so far, in 1976, by the 42nd
Constitutional Amendment Act, which has added three new words Socialist,
Secular and Integrity—to the Preamble
Key words:
 Sovereign - India is neither a dependency nor a dominion of any other nation,
but an independent state
 Socialist - Indian brand of socialism is a ‘democratic socialism’ (coexistence
of public and private sector) and not a ‘communistic socialism’ (also known as
‘state socialism’). Indian socialism is a blend of Marxism and Gandhism,
leaning heavily towards Gandhian socialism’.
 Secular- added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. Positive
concept of secularism i.e., all religions in our country (irrespective of their
strength) have the same status and support from the state.
 Democratic - The term ‘democratic’ is used in the Preamble in the broader
sense embracing not only political democracy but also social and economic
democracy.
 Republic - the term ‘republic’ in our Preamble indicates that India has an
elected head called the president. It implies political sovereignty lies with
people and public offices are open to all.
 Justice - The term ‘justice’ in the Preamble embraces three distinct forms—
social, economic and political, secured through various provisions of
Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.(political through FR’s and social
and economic justice through DPSP)
 Liberty - absence of restraints on the activities of individuals, and at the same
time, providing opportunities for the development of individual personalities.
UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

 Articles 1 to 4 under Part-I
 Article 1 describes India, that is, Bharat as a ‘Union of States’ not Federation of
states. (it is not result of agreement between the states and there is no right to
secede for the states)
 According to Article 1, the territory of India can be classified into three
categories: 1. Territories of the states, 2. Union territories, 3. Territories that
may be acquired by the Government of India at any time.
 ‘Territory of India’ is a wider expression than the ‘Union of India’ .Union of

India implies States .where as Territory of India implies states, UTs, territories
that may be acquired in future.
 Article 2 grants two powers to the Parliament: (a) the power to admit into the
Union of India new states; and (b) the power to establish new states.
 Article 3 authorizes the Parliament to: (a) form a new state by separation of
territory from any state or by uniting two or more states or parts of states or by
uniting any territory to a part of any state, (b) increase the area of any state, (c)
diminish the area of any state, (d) alter the boundaries of any state, and (e) alter the
name of any state.
 Article 4 states that laws made under Art 2 and Art 3, shall not be considered as a
constitutional Amendment under Art 368.
 If any territory has to be ceded to a foreign country, it cannot happen under Art
3. It needs an amendment under Art 368.
 100th constitutional amendment act ceded certain enclaves to Bangladesh.
Evolution of States and Union Territories
 Dhar Commission (1948): reorganization of states on the basis of administrative

convenience rather than linguistic factor.
 JVP Committee(1948): formally rejected language as the basis for reorganization

of states
 Fazl Ali Commission: submitted its report in September 1955 and broadly
accepted language as the basis of reorganization of states. But, it rejected the
theory of ‘one language–one state’.
 Based on Fazl Ali commission, States reorganization act 1956 and 7th CAA led
to Abolition of four fold classification of states and formation of 14 states and 6
UTs.
 First linguistic state created in India – Andhra state in 1953.
CITIZENSHIP
Who are citizens?
 At the time of commencement of the constitution
 Person who is domicile in India – born, any one of the parent is Indian,(descent)
resident in India for 5 years.
 People who came from Pakistan
 People who went to Pakistan and returned back to India before commencement
of this constitution.
 Persons of Indian origin residing outside India (by registration)
 Acquisition of Citizenship - Birth, Descent, Registration, Naturalization,

incorporation of a new Territory.
 Loss of citizenship
 Renunciation - voluntarily giving away of citizenship.
 Termination - acquiring foreign citizenship automatically terminates it.
 Deprivation - compulsory termination by central government in cases of
fraudulent acquisition of citizenship.
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Features of FRs
 Few are available only to citizens not to foreigners
 Art 15,16,19,29 and 30
 Available to citizens and foreigners too but not enemy aliens
 Art 14,20,21,21A,22,23,24,25,26,27,28
 Fundamental rights available against private citizens too
 Art 15,17,23,24,32(only Habeas corpus)
 They can be suspended during the operation of a National Emergency except
Articles 20 and 21.
 Their scope of operation is limited by Article 31A, 31B, 31C.
 Their application can be restricted while martial law is in force in any area.
 Most of them are directly enforceable. For few an enabling law only by Parliament
is necessary Ex – 21A
 Article 12 – Definition of State: Union and State governments legislatures, local
authorities, PSUs etc.,
 Art 13 – all laws that are inconsistent with fundamental rights shall be void.
 Laws of parliament, state legislature
 Ordinances
 Non legislative sources of law (Convention).
 Delegated legislation
 Word law does not apply for personal laws and constitutional amendment acts.
RIGHT TO EQUALITY (ARTICLES 14-18)

 Article 14 : Provides for equality before law or equal protection of law to all
persons within the territory
 Article 15 : Prohibits 'the state' from discriminating against any citizen on grounds
only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
 Article 16 : Provides for equality of opportunity to all citizens in matters of public
employment.
 Article 17 : Provides for abolition of untouchability.
 Article 18 : Provides for abolition of titles.
RIGHT TO FREEDOM (ARTICLES 19-22)

 Article 19 : It guarantees the citizens of India the following six fundamental
freedoms —
(a) Freedom of speech and expression
(b) Freedom of Assembly
(c) Freedom of Association
(d) Freedom of movements
(e) Freedom of residence and settlement
(f) Freedom of profession, occupation, trade or business.
 Article 20 : Protection in respect of conviction for offences
 Article 21 : Protection of life and personal liberty.
 Article 22 : Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
 Whenever a person is arrested, he should be informed as soon as may be, of the
grounds for his arrest and should be allowed to consult and to be defended by a
legal practitioner of his choice and produced before the nearest magistrate
within a period of 24 hours.
RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (ARTICLE 23-24)

 Article 23 : Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor.
 Article 24 : No child below the age of 14 can be employed.
RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (ARTICLE 25-28)

 Article 25 : Freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and
propagate religion.
 Article 26 : Freedom to manage religious affairs.
 Article 27 : Prohibits taxes on religious grounds.
 Article 28 : Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational
institutions.
CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (29-30)

 Article 29 : Protection of interests of minorities.
 Article 30 : Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
 Article 31 : Omitted by the 44th Amendment Act 1978.
RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES.

 Article 32 : The right to move to the supreme court in case of violation of
fundamental rights.
It has been called the cornerstone of the entire edifice setup by the constitution.
WRIT Meaning/purpose Locus Standi Against to Whom

Habeas Corpus Show me the body of / Do not apply Private citizen or
to find the missing public authority
people
Mandamus We command /To get Applies Against Public
the Job Done by an Official
authority
Prohibition To Forbid / to stop the Applies Judicial and Quasi
lower quotes Judicial bodies
proceeding further in a
case out of their
jurisdiction
Certiorari To be certified or to be Applies Judicial and Quasi
Informed/transfer a Judicial bodies
case due to excess of
lower court jurisdiction
Quowarranto By what authority / To Do not apply Any public
prevent unqualified authority
people taking public unqualified for the
offices position.
 DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

CLASSIFICATION OF DPSPS
1. Socialist Principlesn 2. Gandhian principles 3. Liberal Principles
1. Socialist Principles
These principles reflect the ideology of socialism. They lay down the framework of a
democratic socialist state, aim at providing social and economic justice and set the
path towards welfare state. The articles which contains socialist principles are
 Article 38 : To promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order
permeated by justice- social, economic and political and to minimize inequalities.
in income, status, facilities and opportunities.
 Article 39 : To secure
(a) The right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens.
(b) The equitable distribution of material resources of the community for the
common good;
(c) Prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production.
(d) Equal pay for equal work for men and women.
(e) Preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against
forcible abuse, and
(f) Opportunities for healthy development of children.
 Article 39(A) : To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.
 Article 41 : To secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in
cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement.
 Article 42 : To make provision for just and humane conditions for work and
maternity relief.
 Article 43 : To secure a living wage, a decent standard of life and social and
cultural opportunities for all workers.
 Article 43 A : To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the
management of industries.
 Article 47 : To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and
to improve
2. Gandhian Principles
These principles are based on Gandhian ideology. They represent the programme of
reconstruction enunciated by Gandhi during the national movement. In order to fulfill
the dreams of Gandhi, some of his ideals were included as Directive Principles. These
are.
 Article 40 : To organize village panchayats and endow them with necessary
powers and authority to enable them to function as units of self government.
 Article 43 : To promote cottage industries on an individual or cooperation basis in
rural areas.
 Article 43 B : To promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning,
democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies.
 Article 46 : To promote the educational and economic interests of SC & ST and
other weaker sections of the society and to protect them from social injustice and
exploitation.
 Article 47 : To prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are
injurious to health.
 Article 48 : To prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught
cattle and to improve their breeds.
3. Liberal Principles
These principles represent the ideology of liberalism. These are —
 Article 44 : The state will try to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code
throughout the territory of India.
 Article 45 : The state shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education
for all children until they complete the
 Article 48 : To organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and
scientific lines.
 Article 48 A : To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests
and wildlife.
 Article 49 : To protect monuments, places and objects of artistic or historic interest
which are declared to be of national importance.
 Article 50 : The state shall separate the judiciary from the executive in the public
services of the state.
 Article 51 : To promote international peace and security
.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DPSPS AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Fundamental Rights Directive Principles
1. These are negative as they prohibit 1. These are positive as they require the
the State from doing certain things. State to do certain things.
2. These are justifiable, that is, they 2. These are non - justiciable, that is, they
are legally enforceable by the courts are not legally enforceable by the courts
in case of their violation. for their violation.
3. Aim at political democracy. 3. Aim at social and economic democracy
4. Have legal sanctions. 4. Have moral and political sanctions.
5. They promote the welfare of the 5. They promote the welfare of the
individual. Hence, they are personal community. Hence, they are societarian
and individualistic. and socialistic.
6. They do not require any legislation 6. They require legislation for their
for their implementation. They are implementation. They are not
automatically enforced. automatically enforced.
7. The courts are bound to declare a 7. The courts cannot declare a law
law violative of any of the violative of any of the Directive
Fundamental Rights as Principles as unconstitutional and
unconstitutional and invalid. invalid. However, they can uphold the
validity of a law on the ground that it was
enacted to give effect to a directive.
BASIC STRUCTURE
 Parliament under article 368 can amend any part of constitution without affecting
the basic structure of constitution.
CASES with respect to BASIC STRUCTURE

 Shankari Prasad case 1951 - Parliament can take away any FRs
 Golakanath case 1967 - Parliament cannot take away FRs. It cannot amend
them. Art 368 has only procedure and not power to amend the constitution.
 Kesavanandbharati case 1973 - Parliament can amend the FRs without affecting
the BASIC STRUCTURE.
UNION EXECUTIVE
 52-78, Part V
 President, Vice president, PM and council of members, Attorney General of India
PRESIDENT
 Qualifications of contestant – 35yrs, citizen of India, qualified to be a member of
Lok Sabha, shall not hold office of Profit under any govt.
Election of the President

 50 electors shall be proposers and 50 shall be seconders
 Election system – indirect election, proportional representation by single
transferable vote.
 Voters (Only elected MPs-LS and RS, Elected MLA’s of Legislative Assembly of
states and U/T of Delhi and Pondicherry)
 Oath– CJI, to preserve, protect and defend constitution.
 Conditions of office – determined by Parliament
Legal immunity
 No criminal proceedings
 Civil proceedings with 2months of Notice can be initiated only on personal acts.
 Term: 5 Years
Impeachment
 Grounds: Constitutional violation (undefined)
 parliament with 2/3rd majority of total strength of house independently in LS and
RS.(Nominated members also participate, MLA’s do not participate)
 14 days of prior notice to President
 First house – lays charges and 1/4th members need to support it
 Chairman/ Speaker may or may not admit it.

 Second house investigates the charges.
Note
 President actions prior to impeachment will not get affected.
 Vacancy in the President’s Office is temporarily filled by Vice president, CJI or
Senior most Judge of SC in order. (max period 6months)
 Newly elected president will be in office for full term. (5years)
 Resignation of President is submitted to Vice President.
POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

Executive Power
 All executive action of the union must be taken in the name of the
President.(Article 77)
He appoints the followings
1. Prime Minister
2. Ministers
3. Chief Justice and Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts
4. Chairman and Members of UPSC
5. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
6. Attorney General of India (AGI)
7. Chief Election commissioner and other members of election commission
8. Governors
9. Members of finance commission
10. Ambassadors
 He directly administers the union Territories through the Lt. Governor,
Commissioner or Administrator.
 He can appoint a commission to investigate into the conditions of SCs, STs and
OBCs.
 He can appoint an inter-state council to promote centre-state relation and for
cooperation amongst different states.
Legislative Powers
 He can summon and prorogue the session of the two houses.
 He can dissolve Lok Sabha (Article 85) .
 He can address both the houses jointly or separately.
 He addresses the first session after general elections and at the commencement of
the first session of each year.
 He can send messages to both the houses.
 Nominate 12 member to Rajya Sabha and 2 members of Anglo- Indian

Community in Lok Sabha if they have not receive adequate representation.
 Certain bills can be introduced in Parliament only on the recommendation of the
President.
 Presidential assent is essential before a bill becomes an Act.
 He can enact laws through ordinance when the Parliament is in recess. These
ordinance must be passed by Parliament with the 6 weeks of reassembly.
 Lays the report of the comptroller and Auditor General, the finance commission
and others before the Parliament.
 Decides on the questions as to the qualifications of the MPs, in consultation with
the Election Commission.
Financial Powers
 All money bills can originate in Parliament only on recommendation of President.
 No demand for a grant can be made except on his recommendation.
 He appoints Finance commission after each 5 years that recommends distribution
of taxes between union and states.
 The President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before both
the Houses of parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of
the Government of India for that year.
Judicial Powers
 The President shall have the power to grant pardons reprieves, respites or
remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any
person convicted of any offence.
 The President is the only authority for pardoning a sentence of death
(Article 72)
Diplomatic Powers
 Represents country in international forum.
 He sends ambassadors and receives diplomats.
 All international treaties and agreements are concluded on his behalf however they
are subject to ratification by Parliament.
Military Powers
 He is the supreme commander of the defense forces of India.
 He appoints chief of Army, Navy and Air Force.
 Declare war and concludes peace, subject to the approval of the Parliament.
Emergency Powers
1. National emergency (Art 352)
2. President’s rule (Art 356 & 365)
3. Financial emergencies (Art 360)
Veto Power of the President

• Absolute Veto - withhold for state bills, Private member bills.
• Suspensive Veto - President can send a bill for reconsideration of parliament only
once. Not available for Money bills and Amendment bills.
• Pocket Veto - no action.
• No Qualified Veto for President of India.
• For Money bill President can ratify or reject but cannot be returned.
• No Veto power on constitutional Amendment bills (24th AA)
Presidential Veto over State Legislation
 Governor under Art 200 reserves certain bills for President Consideration. State
legislature cannot override suspensive veto power of the President.
Ordinance
• Art 123, co extensive with legislative power of union,but cannot amend constitution.
• To deal with unforeseen emergencies.
• Can be applied from retrospective date (civil, tax laws not criminal laws)
• Can be made if both houses or one house is not in session.
• Shall be submitted before the parliament within 6 weeks after reassembly with a
statement explaining circumstances that led to ordinance.( If houses are assembled at
different dates, later dates are considered)
If parliament do not approve, actions taken under ordinances do not nullify.
Judgments of Supreme Court

• Coopers case : Ordinance power of President is subjected to Judicial review on
malafide grounds.
• DC Wadhwa case : Ordinance power is not a substitute for the legislative power.
• Re promulgation of Ordinances is the violation of constitution and can be stuck
down.
Discretionary Powers
• President does not enjoy constitutional discretionary power as he is bound by 42 nd
CA and 44th CA act.
• However he enjoys situational discretion power in following cases,
1. To appoint the PM in case of Hung Parliament
2. To dissolve Loksabha or to call for an alternative after passage of No confidence

motion in LS
3. To send a bill for reconsideration (44th AA)
4. Dismissal of Council of Ministers if No confidence Motion is passed and Council
of Ministers do not resign.
5. To ensure that 6 months do not lapse between two sessions of parliament.
VICE-PRESIDENT
 According to the Article 63, there shall be a Vice-President.
 He is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha.
 Vice-President is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the
members of both House of Parliament.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF INDIA

 Article 76 States that the President shall appoint a person who is qualified to be
appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court to be the Attorney General of India.
 He is the first legal officer of the Government of India.
 He holds office during the pleasure of the President .
Prime Minister
 Head of the government. Council of ministers are appointed and removed by the
President on recommendation of PM.
 On his resignation, government collapses.
 Oath – allegiance to constitution, protection of sovereignty, faithful discharge, to
do right to all, secrecy.
 Leader of the house in which he is a member and nominates leader of other house.
Other functions
Chairman of,
• NITI Aayog, (executive body)
• Indian Board of wildlife (statutory – wild life protection act 1972)
• National Ganga river Basin authority – statutory body under Environmental
Protection act.
• National commission on Population : Executive body
• Nuclear command authority
• National disaster management authority
• Interstate council
• National integration council
• CSIR
• Department of space, atomic energy, DoPT

• Cabinet committee on appointments, economic affairs and political affairs.
• National development council.
• National water resource council.
Council of Ministers
 Three types – cabinet, ministers of state (MOS), Deputy Ministers.
 Others – parliamentary sec. They are not an exemption to Office of Profit.
 Cabinet ministers can attend cabinet meetings without any invitation, they will be
in charge of important portfolios.
 MOS they would be incharge of small ministries or department and only on
invitation they attend cabinet meetings.
 Dy ministers will given In charge of departments or assist cabinet ministers in
discharging their duties.
Size of council of Ministers

 91st AA – shall not be more than 15% of total strength of LS (including PM)
PARLIAMENT
 Parts - LS, RS, President
Rajyasabha
 Upper house, council of states
 Permanent House.
 Total 245 members - 229 members from states, 4 members from UTs and 12
members nominated by the president.
 Eligibility : 30 years, citizen of India, No office of profit
 Elections System : Proportional representation by single transferable vote
 Allocation of seats to the states based on the population.
 Representation of states: Elected MLA’s of the states.
 Representation of UT - Electoral College specifically constituted for this
purpose on two union territories Delhi, Pondicherry have representation.
 Fourth Schedule - allocation of seats in the RS to the states and UTs
 one-third of its members retire every second year Eligible for re-election
 Tenure of the MP 6 years can be changed by the Parliament.
 Presiding officer of the Rajya Sabha is known as the Chairman(Vice president)
Special Powers of Rajya Sabha

 Signifies the federal structure
 Make law on State List (Article 249).
 Create new All-India Services (Article 312)
 Article 67 – A resolution for the removal Vice President of India can be introduced
only in Rajyasabha and shall be agreed by Loksabha
 Can approve emergency if Loksabha is dissolved.
Loksabha
 House of people, lower house
 Representation of states: Directly elected first pass the post system.
 Representation of UT : Parliament by law provides Union Territories are
represented (Union Territories direct elections to the house of people act, 1965)
 Age of the Voter – 18 Years (21 to 18 by 61st constitutional amendment)
 Qualification to contest – He shall be register voter in any constituency in lok
sabha in India. Age 25 years, citizen of India. SC, ST Registrations exists. Any
person belong to SC, ST from any part of India from reserved constituency in any
state.
 Territorial constituencies – Delimitation commission, Inter State and Intra state
parity is maintained based on population.
 Allocation to states and boundaries of constituencies are re-adjusted after every
census. (42nd CAA) freezed it up to 2000, 84th amendment freezed it up to 2026)
 Max strength 552 = 530 from states, 20 from UTs and 2 nominated by the
president from the Anglo-Indian community.
 Presently-545 members
 Term is five years
 President is authorized to dissolve the Lok Sabha at any time.
 Speaker is the head of the Lok Sabha.
Special Powers of Lok Sabha

 Money bill can be introduced only in Loksabha.
 No confidence, censure, adjournment and cut motion can be passed only in
Loksabha.
 Joint Sitting is chaired by speaker of Loksabha
COMPARISONS AMONG DIFFERENT BILLS
Ordinary Bill Money Bill Financial Bill Constitutional

Amendment Bill
Can be introduced Only in Lok Only in Lok In either house of
in either house of Sabha. Sabha. parliament.
parliament.
No President Need President Need President No need President
Recommendation recommendation recommendation recommendation
for introduction.
Passed by simple Passed by simple Passed by Passed by simple or
majority. majority. simple majority. special majority (by
both houses
separately) and or
approval of
legislatures of not less
than one-half of the
states.
Equal jurisdiction RS has only Equal Equal jurisdiction of
of both houses of recommendatory jurisdiction both houses.
parliament. power (14 days) of both houses.
Joint session can Joint session Joint session Joint session cannot
be held cannot be held can be held be held because if one
house rejects the bill,
it comes to an end.
President has three President has President has President has to give
options: Absolute choice of three options: assent to the bill.
veto, suspensive withholding or Absolute veto,
veto, pocket veto. giving assent to the suspensive veto,
bill, but by pocket veto.
convention he can
not withhold the
assent.
Sessions of Parliament
 Normally 3 sessions (Budget, Monsoon, Winter)
 House between sessions is set to be in recess.
 The maximum gap between two sessions shall not be more than 6 months.
Summoning - president summons RS and LS to meet (should meet at least twice a

year)
Adjournment - suspends the work in a sitting for a specified time, which may be
hours, days or weeks - Done by presiding officer.
Adjournment sine die - terminating a sitting of Parliament for an indefinite period,
done by presiding officer .
Prorogation - It not only terminates a sitting but also a session of the House - Done
by President, if lapses all pending notices not bills. (In UK bills also lapse)
Quorum - minimum number of members required to be present in the House before it
can transact any business. It is one-tenth of the total number of members in each
House including the presiding officer
Lame-duck Session - last session of the existing Lok Sabha, after a new Lok Sabha
has been elected.
Dissolution - Done by the President (after 5 years of tenure or after passage of no
confidence motion) (Rajyasabha is never dissolved)
Dissolution of LS and lapse of the bills

1. All pending bills originated in loksabha, present in loksabha, lapses (certain bills
that are to be examined committee on government assurances do not lapse).
2. A bill originated and pending in Rajyasabha or a bill passed by both houses and
pending with President do not lapse.
3. A bill sent for reconsideration by president do not lapse.
Parliamentary Privileges: (Article 105)

 They are not codified, enforced by presiding officer.
 These are all available to attorney journal, union ministers extend to parliament
committees too.
 It talks about only two privileges (1. Freedom of Speech, 2. Right to Publish) and
other privileges are stated those are British house of common.
Collective Privileges
 To publish that reports and debates and prohibiting others from publishing.
 It can regulate its proceedings, procedure, conduct of business
 It can punish people to breach of privileges
 Codes are prohibited to interviewing
 No legal process can be served without the permission presiding officer
 Right to receive immediate information of arrest/detention of its member
Individual Privileges
 Cannot be arrested during the session 40 days before and after (only in civil cases),
absolutely freedom of speech.
 Exempted from jury service.
THE BUDGET
 The budget is contained in Articles 112 to 117 .
 According to Article 112 the President shall in respect of every financial year
cause to be laid before both the House of Parliament a statement of the estimated
receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year, in this part
referred to as the ‘annual financial statement’.
 It is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditures both revenue and capital
of that financial year.
 The expenditure of government is classified as 'charged' and made from the
consolidated fund of India.
 The General Budget is usually presented in the Lok Sabha by Finance Minister
 The General Budget is presented with the Budget speech by the Finance Minister.
 At the end of the Budget speech in Lok Sabha, the Budget is laid in Rajya Sabha.
 Rajya Sabha can only discuss the budget.
 After the general discussion the house is adjourned for a period of a month.
 During this time the 24 standing committees carry out detailed scrutiny of the
budget.
 Voting on demands for grants takes place in Lok Sabha.
 The time allotted for the discussion is decided by the business advisory committee
headed by the speaker.
 After the completion of voting on demands for grants appropriation bill introduced.
 Finance Bill includes taxation Proposals and introduced with the General Budget
has to be passed within 25 days of its introduction.
 No amendments can be moved in appropriation bill to vary the amount or alter the
destination which is unlike the finance bill–
FUNDS OF INDIA
Consolidated fund of India (Article 266-a)

➤ It is the fund into which all receipts and revenues of the government flows.
➤ All expenditure from it, is authorized by appropriation bill.
Public Account of India (Article 266-b)

➤ In this account public money is put in and governments acts only as banker.
➤ It is operated by executive action.
Contingency Fund of India (Article 267)

➤ It is kept at disposal of President to meet unforeseen expenditure.
➤ It is opened by secretary, ministry of Finance on behalf of the President.
PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES
➤ Parliamentary committees are of two kinds – Standing Committees and Ad Hoc
Committees . The former are permanent (constituted every year or periodically) and
work on a continuous basis, while the latter are temporary and cease to exist on
completion of the task assigned to them.
Important standing Committees

1. Public Account Committee : This committee was setup first in 1921 under the
provisions of the Government of India Act of 1919 and has since been in existence. At
present, it consist of 22 members (15 from the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya
Sabha) . The chairman of the committee is appointed from amongst its member by
speaker.
➤ The function of the committee is to examine the annual audit reports of the
comptroller and Auditor General of India.
2. Estimate Committee : The origin of this committee can be traced to the
standing financial committee set up in 1921 . Originally, it has 25 members but in
1956 its membership was raised to 30. All 30 members are from Lok Sabha only The
chairman of the committee is appointed from amongst its member by speaker.
➤The function of the committee is to examine the estimates included in the budget
and suggest ‘economics’ in the public expenditure. Hence, it has been described as a
‘Continuous economy committee’.
STATE EXECUTIVE
Governor
 Qualifications: Age : 35 year, Citizen of India
 Chief Executive, Head of State
 Appointed by the President. By warrant under his hand and seal.
 Even though he holds office for 5 years there is no security of term or tenure as he
is subject to pleasure of President.
 Governor of State is not an employment under Central Government.
 A person can act as Governor for two or more states, state and an union territory-
7th CAA.
 While administering union territory he shall act as agent of the President.
Conventions
 Chief Minister of the State is consulted before appointment of Governor.
 Outsider is appointed as a Governor.
Powers of Governor
As like President he enjoys,
1. Executive powers (appoints state election commissioner, acts as the chancellor of
universities, imposition of constitutional emergency)
2. Legislative powers (Nominates 1/6th members SLC, 1 member of Anglo Indian
community)
3. Financial powers
4. Judicial powers.
• Article 163 explicitly states that Governor can act under in his discretion in exercise
of his functions. Whether any matter false in Governor Discretion or not shall be
decided by the Governor himself. It cannot be questioned in Court of Law.
• The 42nd constitution amendment act made ministerial advice binding on President.
No such provision exists for Governor. Therefore Governor
enjoys Constitutional and situational discretion. Situational discretion is sa, eaas
President.
STATE LEGISLATURE
 Composition : Governor, Assembly, Council (in some states)
Legislative Assembly
 Maximum strength – 500 Minimum – 60 (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Goa
Minimum Number is 30 ,Mizoram – 40, Nagaland – 46)
 1 member can be nominated by Governor from Anglo Indian Community
 Directly elected, universal adult franchise
 Territorial constituencies, Readjusted after every census
 Seats are reserved for SC’s and ST’s in proportionate to their population
Legislative Council
 Minimum 40, Maximum 1/3 of the size of Legislative Assembly
 5/6 are elected, 1/6 are nominated by the Governor from the fields of Art,
Literature, Cooperative movement, Science and Social Services.
 Elected Members - 1/3rd by Local bodies, 1/12 teacher constituencies, 1/12
graduate constituencies, 1/3rd MLAs (Both Elected & Nominated)
 Legislative Council can be created or abolished by parliament with

recommendations of Legislative Assembly.
 Parliament has to pass the bill with simple majority.
 Legislative assembly has to recommend for the same with special majority (Article
168) through an Ordinary Bill in Loksabha
Ordinary Bill
 State Legislative Council do not have powers equivalent to Rajyasabha
 Legislative Council can maximum delay an ordinary bill for 4 months.
 Governor can reserve the bills for the consideration of the president of India
(Article 200).
 When a bill reserved for President and President can send it for reconsideration it
has to reconsider within 6 months, it is not binding on the president after
reconsideration.
 The bill that damages the position of high court shall always be reserved by
governor.
 Governor also reserves a bill 1) Ultra Wires provisions of the constitution 2)
Opposite to the DPSP 3)Larger interest of the Country 4)Grave national
importance 5)Delink with compulsory acquisition of the property under Article
31(A) of the constitution.
Money Bill
 Same as Parliament
Status of Legislative Council

 Powers equal with Assembly 1) Ordinary Bill can be introduced 2) Approval of
ordinances 3) Ministers can come from either of the house
 Consideration of the reports of constitutional bodies CAG, Finance Commission,
State Public Service Commission etc.,
 Enlargement of Jurisdiction of State Public Service Commission.
 Privileges same as Union Parliament
 Disqualification of MLAs same as Union Parliament
Note: There is no joint sitting in case of dead lock. Constitutional amendment cannot
be introduced.
SUPREME COURT
 Articles 124 to 147 in Part V
 It succeeded the Federal Court of India, (established under the Government of
India Act of 1935).
 Seat of Supreme Court, New Delhi

 Regional Benches can be established by CJI with the approval of President.
 Integrated judiciary: single system of court enforces both central and state laws.
 Supreme Court can decide its own procedure with approval President.
Appointment of judges
 CJI is appointed by President of India.
 The other judges are appointed by president after consultation with the chief
justice.
 Total judges including CJI is 34.
 Post invalidation of NJAC , collegiums system is followed for appointment of
judges.
Qualifications
1. He should be a citizen of India.
2. (a) He should have been a judge of a High Court (or high courts in succession) for
five years; or (b) He should have been an advocate of a High Court (or High Courts in
succession) for ten years; or (c) He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of
the president. (No minimum age, tenure is prescribed)
 He holds office until he attains the age of 65 years.
 Question on Age determined by parliament.
Removal of Judges
 A motion seeking the removal of the judge can be preferred before either house of
the parliament.
 If it is to be introduced in the Lok Sabha , it should be signed by not less than 100
members of the Lok Shaba.
 If it is to be introduced in Rajya Sabha, it should be signed by not less than 50
members.
 The resolution should be supported by a majority of total membership of both the
houses & by 2/3rd majority of the members present and voting.
 The motion can be moved only after a prior notice of 14 days given to the judge.
JURISDICTION OF SUPREME COURT
1.Original Jurisdiction
 Exception to Original Jurisdiction:
 Pre constitutional treaty agreement etc.,
 Inter State River water disputes
 Finance Commission Matters

 Commercial Disputes
 Recovery of Damages by a State against the Centre.
2.WRIT JURISDICTION
3 .Special Leave Petition

 Discretion of the Supreme Court, it is on any matter and it can be given to any
court/tribunal except military and court martial.
 Discretionary power to be used exceptional case. Can be issued for final
interlocutory/final.
4. Appellate Jurisdiction
 Civil Matters : any substantial question of law, any question to be decided by the
Supreme Court.
 Criminal Matters : Death Punishment, Life Imprisonment given by high court by
reversing the judgment lower court. High Court certifies a case of fit for Supreme
Court hearing.
 Constitution Matters : High court the certifies a matter as substantial question.
5. Court of Record
 Supreme Court Judgment proceedings or can be used as a evidences in lower
courts.
 Contempt Powers includes,
 Civil Contempt: for willful disobedience of any judgment or order.
 Criminal Contempt : For scandalizing court interfering with the administrative
justice, judicial proceedings.
Independence of Supreme Court

1. Appointment by Collegiums.
2. Expenditure of Court and Judges is charged from consolidated fund of India.
3. Judges and their conduct cannot be discussed except during the removal.
4. supreme court judges are barred from practice after the retirement (High court
Judges can practice)
5. Supreme Court can appoints its own staff .
6. Parliament cannot curtail jurisdiction of Supreme Court but can extend it.
High court
 Articles 214 to 231 in Part VI

 The institution of high court originated in India in 1862 when the high courts were
set up at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. Judiciary in a state consists of High Court
and Subordinate Courts.
 High Court can exists in two or more states.
 Parliament can extend or exclude the jurisdiction of High Court to a union
territory.
 Independence of High Court same as Supreme Court.
 The strength of the High Court determined by the President. (Supreme Court by
Parliament).
Appointment of Judges
 Chief Justice of High Court is appointed by president after consultation with CJI
and Governor.
Qualifications
1. He should be a citizen of India.
2. Judicial Office should have held judicial office in India for 10 years or an advocate
in the high court for 10 years.
 No minimum age, maximum tenure, he retires at 62, any question of age can be
settled by the President (In Supreme Court it is Parliament)
 He can practice after retirement in Supreme Court and other High Courts.
Jurisdiction of the High Court

1. Original jurisdiction
 Disputes relating to admiralty , will, marriage
 Disputes relating to elections of members of parliament and state legislatures
2.Writ Jurisdiction
 Writ Jurisdiction of High Court and Supreme Court are concurrent with each other.
 Writ Jurisdiction of High Court (226) extends both to Fundamental Rights and
Legal Rights. (Wider than Supreme Court- SC can issue only for FR)
 Writ Jurisdiction of High Court and Supreme Court are part of basic structure of
the constitution.
3. Appellate jurisdiction
 High Court is majorly a court of appeal.
 Any criminal matter punished greater than 7 years can be appealed in High Court.
 Any death sentence given by district court shall be confirmed by High Court.
4. Supervisory Jurisdiction
 High Court Supervises and controls sub ordinate courts. (do not exists for Supreme
Court)
 Any matter adjudged by tribunal can be appealed to High Court. (No direct appeal
to Supreme Court)
5. Control over Subordinate Courts
 High court deals with matter of promotion, transfer, discipline of Judicial members
of subordinate courts.
6. A court of Record
 Judgments are recorded for perpetual memory.
 Power to punish for Contempt of court
CENTRE – STATE RELATIONS (PART XI)
Legislative : 245 to 255

Administrative : 256 to 263
Financial Relations : 268 to 293
Article Levy Collection Appropriation Examples

268 Centre States States Stamp duties on shares,
cheques promissory notes,
insurance etc.
269 Centre Centre States Taxes on inter state trade and
commerce. Revenues from
these do not form part of
consolidated fund of India.
270 Centre Centre Shared Between All taxes in union list – income
Centre and tax(other than agricultural
states income), corporate tax, etc
271 Centre Centre Centre Surcharge on taxes
under 268,269,270.
- State State State Sales tax, excise duty on liquor
and Narcotics, octroi
professional tax (max of rs
2500 limit kept by constitution
Finance Commission
 Art 280, balancing wheel of fiscal federalism in India, quasi judicial body.
Appointed by president of India once in 5 years, qualifications are determined by
Parliament. Purely recommendatory in nature.
 It makes recommendations on,

1. Distribution of net proceeds of taxes between centre and states and among states
(vertical and horizontal distribution)
2. Grants in aid under Art 275
3. Recommendations to augment resources of consolidated fund of state to help
municipalities and panchayats (on the basis of recommendations of state finance
commission)
4. Any other matter referred to it by President.
 Borrowing Powers – centre can borrow with in India or outside. States can
borrow only with in India.
 If states are having outstanding liabilities to centre, its prior permission is
necessary for borrowing.
 Centre can give guarantee to the borrowing of state.
 Parliament and state legislatures can fix limits.
Committees - State
1. Rajamannar committee – TN
2. Anandpur Sahib resolution – Akali dal of Punjab
3. West Bengal Memorandum
Committees by Centre
1.Sarkaria commission, 2. Punchhi commission
INTERSTATE RELATIONS
 Art 262 – Interstate river water disputes.
 Art 263 - Interstate council – created by President and headed by PM.
Emergency powers Part XVIII, 352 to 360

The President is empowered to promulgate three kinds of emergencies—
1. On the ground of threat to the security of India by a war or an external aggression
or an Armed rebellion (Article 352) .
2. On the ground of failure of the constitutional machinery in a state (Art. 356)
3. Financial Emergency (Art. 360)
Important Institutions
Election UPSC Finance SC/ST CAG NHRC

Commiss Commissi Commissio
ion on n
Type Constituti Constitutio Constitutio Constitution Constitut Statutory
onal nal nal al ional
Article/Ac Article Articles Article Article 338, Article Protection
t 324 315 280 338A 148 of Human
to 323 Rights
Act, 1993
Compositi chief EC chairman chairman chairperson, Single chairman
on and and and a vice - body and 4
other ECs other four other chairperson members
as members members and 3
determine as members
d by determine
President d by
At President
present: 1
CEC + 2
ECs
Appointed By By By By president By by
by president president president president president
Term of 6 years or 6 years or 6 years or 6 years or 6 years five years
Office until age until age until until age of or until or until
of of age of 65 65 years age of they attain
65 years 65 years years 65 years the age of
70 years
Removal On the By By By On the President
same president President President same
grounds grounds
as a as a
judge of judge of
the SC the SC
Reappoint - Not Reappoint - not not
ment eligible ment eligible eligible
for further possible for further
employme for office

nt in the further
Governme office
nt of India
or a state
IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL TERMS

Ad hoc committees : These committees are appointed for a specific purpose
and they cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submit a
report. The principal Ad hoc committees are the select and joint committees on
Bills. Examples of Ad hoc committees
(1) Committees on the Draft Five Year Plans (2) Railway convention committee.
Adjournment Motion : It is introduced in the parliament to draw attention of
the House to a definite matter of urgent public importance, and needs the support of
50 members to be admitted.As it interrupts the normal business of the House, it is
regarded as an extraordinary device. It involves an element of censure against the
government and hence Rajya Sabha is not permitted to make use of this device.
Censure Motion : A censure means an expression of strong disapproval or harsh
criticism. It can be stern rebuke by a legislature, generally opposition against the
policies of Government or an individual minister.However, it can also be passed to
criticise, condemn some act. A censure motion can be moved in lower house of the
parliament or in a state assembly in India.
Chief Whip : A whip is a official in a political party whose primary purpose is to
ensure discipline in a legislature. Whips are the party’s ‘enforcers’ who ensure that the
party members participate according to the official party policy. A whip’s role is also
to ensure that the elected representatives of their party are in attendance when
important votes are taken.
Cut Motion : It is a power given to the members of the Lok Sabha to oppose a
demand in the financial bill discussed by the government. If a cut motion is adopted
by the House and the government does not have the numbers, it is obliged to resign
cut motion is of three kinds :
Policy Cut : This type of cut motion aims that the amount of the demand be
reduced to Re 1. It represents the complete disapproval of policy underlying the
demand.
Economy Cut : This type of cut motion aims that the amount of demand be
reduced to certain other amount and it represent that the demand for grants
should be altered.
Token Cut : This cut motion aims that the amount of the demand be reduced by
Rs 100 in order to ventilate a specific grievance, which is within the sphere of

responsibility of the Government of India.
The Cut Motions provide the members maximum opportunity to examine every
part of the budget and criticize the Government.
Confidence Motion : The rules of parliamentary procedure in India does not
provide for a confidence motion. It has come in vogue with the emergence of coalition
politics under this, the government itself brings the motion seeking the
confidence of the house.
Deadlock : When the Houses of parliament finally disagree over the passage of
a Bill, where they enjoy equal legislature jurisdiction.It is called a dead lock between
the houses of parliament.
Discrimination : It is a difference in treatment of two or more persons or subject.
Double jeopardy : It is an objection of an accused person to repeated trial for the
same alleged offence.
Electoral college : It is an intermediary body chosen by elect. to choose the
representatives in an indirect election.
Electoral Roll : It is known as voter list in common-parlance, is the basic document
on which the whole electoral process is founded.
Expulsion : It is the unseating of members for offences committed against the house
or for grave misdemeanors.
Floor Crossing : It refers to the defection of a member of parliament from the party,
if he was elected to another political party.
Hung Parliament : It is parliament wherein no party has won a working majority.
Impeachment : A person found guilty may be removed from his office.
Judicial Review : It is the power of the higher court to review statutes or
administrative act and determine their constitutionality.
Maiden Speech : It is one’s speech delivered for first time especially in parliament.
Oath : It is ritualistic declaration, based on an appeal to God or that one will
speak the truth, keep a promise, remain faithful etc.
Petition : It is a solemn earnest application or request to a superior or to a person or
group in authority.
Question Hour : It is the time fixed for asking and answering oral questions in a
sitting in a legislature.It is fixed under the rules of the House or standing orders.
Vote on account : It is an estimate of an advance payment to enable Government
Departments to carry on their work from beginning of financial year till the passing of
Appropriation Act.
Zero hour : One hour immediately after the question hour, is called the zero hour
because it begins at zero hour ie. 12’o clock. Those question of public importance are
asked which can’t wait for 10 days advance notice.
 LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Panchayati Raj
 Part IX of the constitution relates to it.
 It received constitutional status through the 73rd constitutional Amendment
Act of 1992 .
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee

 The Government of India appointed a committee in 1957 .This committee was set
up to examine the work of community Development Programme (1952) , and
National Extension Service (1953) .
Recommendations
➤ This committee recommends three level of governance viz zila parishad,
Panchayat Samiti (Block) and Gram Panchayat (village) .
➤ District collector should be a chairperson of Zila Parishad .
➤ The members of Zila Parishad and Panchayat samiti should be elected indirectly
while the members of Gram Panchayat should be elected directly.
➤ Rajasthan was the first state to establish the institution of Panchayati Raj.
➤ The scheme was inaugurated by the then PM. Jawahar Lal Nehru On october 2,
1959 in Nagaur District in Rajasthan.
Ashok Mehta committee Recommendations

➤ This committee recommends a two tier Panchayati raj system — Zila Parishad
& Mandal Panchayat.
➤ Nyaya Panchayat should be kept as separate body.
➤ Seats for SCs and STs should be reserved on the basis of their population.
➤ These recommendations could not be implemented.
G.V. K. Rao Committee
Recommendations
➤ Zila Parishad should be of pivotal role in the scheme for democratic
decentralisation.
➤ Create the post of district development commissioner.
➤ He should act as the chief executive officer of Zila parishad .
➤ Reservation for SCs, STs & women
L.M. Singhvi Committee

➤ Appointed by the Rajiv Gandhi Government in 1986 .
➤ Chairman L.M. Singhvi
73th Amendment Act of 1992

➤ The Act gives a constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions.
➤ The Act has added new part IX and 11th schedule to the constitution.
➤ It is entitled as “The Panchayats” and consists of provisions from Articles 243
to 243 (O) .
➤ It consists 29 functional items of the Panchayats and deals with Article 243 (G).
➤ The compulsory provisions of the Act are to be included in the state laws
creating the new panchayati Raj System.
Urban Local Government

➤ The system of urban local government was constitutionalised through the 74th
constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 .
➤ This Act has added a new Part IX-A to the Constitution of India.
➤ It is entitled ‘The Municipalities’ and consist of provisions from Article 243-P to
243 -ZG .
➤ This act has added 12 th schedule to the constitution.
➤ This schedule contains eighteen functional items of municipalities.
Economics
ECONOMICS
 Economics: Allocation of scarce resources of an economy according to our

priority in order to satisfy needs and wants of individual as well as society.
 Wealth of Nation book-by Adam smith 1776 – (Father of economics)
Economics Is Divided Into 2 Categories
Micro-Economics Macro-Economics
Price is the major determinant Income is the major
determinant
Father OF micro economics →
Adam Smith Father of macro economics →
J.M. Keynes.
Structural composition of an economy
TERITARY SECTOR (trade,bank,transport,education,health)
Secondary sector (Production of goods (manufacture))
PRIMARY SECTOR (agriculture,mining,fishery)
Budget & Taxation

 Budget: Budget comes from a French word "Buguet" which means “leather bag"
 In constitution, According to Article 112, Budget word is replace by “Annual
financial statements".
 Budget is the expected income and expenditure of government incoming financial
year.
Income
 All sources of income for govt. are divided into 2 categories.
1. Capital Income
 All those income which either increased financial liability or reduces assets
Ex: (i) Borrowings of loans, (ii) Disinvestment
2. Revenue Income
 All those income which neither increases financial liabilities nor reduces assets.→
It is divided into 2 categories
(a) Non Tax → e.g. - Interest, dividend, fees, fines, railway etc.
(b) Tax → there are two types of taxes in economy
Direct Tax
 All those tax where liability to pay tax is not shifted to another person.→ It is non-
transferable → Central Board of direct taxes is responsible for collecting direct tax.
Indirect Tax
 All those tax where liability to pay tax is shifted to another person. → It is
transferable → Central Board of excise & custom is responsible for collecting
indirect taxes.
GST (Goods & Service Tax): One Nation One Tax

Tax Rate → 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%
 GST → Destination based Tax. In year 2000, Atal Bihari Vajpai government
introduced the bill of GST and setup a committee headed by the then West Bengal
finance minister (Asim Das Gupta) to design GST Model.
 Art 279 (A) of constitution as amended by 101 constitution amendment Act 2016
defines GST.
 There are 3 types of taxes introduced in GST.
 (i) GST central goods & service tax
 (ii) SGST state goods & service tax
 (iii) IGST Integrated & service tax

 IGST is charged by central Govt.
 Around 160 countries have already implemented GST.
 France in year 1954 is the 1st country to adopt GST.
 Only 2 countries have dual GST concept (India & Canada).
 India has adopted this dual GST from Canada.
 India has the highest GST Rate of 28%
 2nd highest rate is of Argentina of 27%.
 There are 5 tax rates introduced in GST. 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%.here is a exclusive
tax rate of 0.25% determined for purchasing of precious stone like diamond, ruby
etc. Another exclusive additional tax rate of 3% determined for purchasing of
precious metal like Gold etc.
 2 products are exempted from GST alcohol &petrol.
 HSN code" [Harmonised system of nomenclature] code is used to divide product
under GST.
 GSTIN has unique 15 digit identification number.
Direct Tax
1. Income Tax
 Introduce in 1860 / 1860, Abolished in 1873 / 1873, Reintroduce in 1886 / 1886
 It is the tax on the income of unregister organization, income of individual
:: Tax slab ::
0 – 2.5 lakh → 0%
2.5– 5 lakh → 5%
5 – 10 lakh → 20%
10 lakh – Above → 30%
2. Corporate Tax
 It is the tax on the income of registered organisation.
 It is the main source of income for govt.
3. Gift Tax
 It is paid by the person who received gift.
 There are certain exemptions in gift tax.
 If aggregate value is 50,000 or less
 Gift received on occasion of marriage /Gift received from immediate relative
4. Estate Duty
 It is the tax on inheritance property
5. Wealth Tax
 Introduce in 1957 and imposed on wealth of individual
 It was abolished by Arun Jaitley in year 2015
There are 3 situations of budget

1. Surplus Budget: - Useful for under developed economy
2. Balanced Budget: - Useful for developed economy.
3. Deficit Budget: - Useful for developing but at a very big risk.
Deficit Financing
 Financing of deficit budget
Sources of D.F
(a) Borrowing of loans (b) Disinvestment (c) Imposition of new indirect tax
(d) Printing of new currency etc
Note: Deficit financing leads to rise in liquidity by printing of new currency.
Fiscal Deficit
 It is the difference b/w total revenues income and total expenditures.
 While calculating fiscal deficit borrowing are not included.
 F.B. = Total Exp - Revenue Income
Primary Deficit
 It is the difference b/w fiscal deficit of current year and interest payments on
previous borrowings.
There 3 Structure of taxes

1. Progressive Tax: When the tax rate increases with the increased amount of
volume/production E.g.:- Income Tax
2. Regressive Tax: When the tax rate decrease with the increased amount of
volume/production.
3. Proportional Tax: When the tax burden is irrespective of volume/production
E.g.:- GST
Inflation
Stagflation → Inflation + Recession + Unemployment
Inflation
 When prices of goods increase, due to which our purchasing power decreases
Deflation
 When prices of goods decreases, due to which our purchasing power increases or
when inflation becomes negative
Recession
 It refers to slow down in few sectors of economy. Here liquids& purchasing power
both are present but there is a lack of liquidity. It hits luxuries & investments area.
Depression
 When recession hits each and every sector of economy, then there is a lack of
liquidity, liquid & purchasing power.
Hyperinflation
 When there is a excess liquidity in economy due to which liquids & purchasing
power becomes approx. nil.
Stagflation
 It is a situation where inflation, recession & unemployment altogether exist in
economy.
Types of Inflation
1. Creeping Inflation: When Inflation exist in very low rate (between 0 to 9%)
2. Galloping Inflation: When Inflation is large and accelerating E.g. Russia Economies
in late 1980's
3. Hyper Inflation: When Inflation is extremely high E.g. Germany after world war
4. Demand Pull Inflation: When Inflation is due to rising demand
5. Cost push Inflation: When Inflation is due to rise in factor cost
6. Bottleneck Inflation: When Inflation is due to fall in supply side E.g. Due to crop
failure
7. Core Inflation: When Inflation is calculated by excluding food articles and energy.
It is calculating inflation for long term
8. Headline Inflation: When Inflation is calculated by including food articles and
energy. It is calculating inflation for short term
Calculation of Inflation
Two Methods for calculation
1. WPI (Wholesale price Index)
 When wholesale rate is used to calculate inflation
Total commodities → 676

Base year → 2011 – 2012
2. CPI (Consumer Price Index)
 When retail price is used to calculate inflation. Base year→ 2018
• In India we use (CPI method) to calculate inflation

• Data collection for inflation → NSSO (National Sample Survey Org.)
• Calculation of inflation → CSO (Central statistical Org.)
• Announcement of inflation → RBI (Reserve Bank of India)
Philips Curve : It shows inverse relationship b/w inflation & unemployment

Effects of Inflation
1. On debtors and creditors, Debtors gain profits in front of creditors
2. On exporters and importers, Exporters is in profit as exports become cheaper
Controlling Inflation of Economy

(a) RBI strict monetary policies / RBI
(b) Govt. strict fiscal policies
(c) There is a temporary ban on exports
(d) There is temporary reduction in import duties
(e) ESMA (essential service maintenance Act)
Banking System
RBI (Reserve Bank of India)

 Establishment → 1stApril 1985, Kolkata Acc. to RBI Act 1934.
 The very 1st Governor of RBI → Smith
 1st India Governor of RBI →C.D.Deshmukh → 1943
 Nationalisation of RBI → 1st Jan. 1949.
Nationalisation By Indira Gandhi

 In 1969 14 Banks are Nationalised
 Deposit 50 crore
 1980 6 Banks are Nationalised
 Deposit 200crore
 First merger in year 1993 (New Bank of India into Punjab National Bank)
 Second merger in year 2018 (Dena Bank & Vijaya Bank into Bank of Baroda)
Objectives of Nationalisation
1. ↑ (increase) financial inclusion 2. Public welfare
3. Removal of private sector dominancy
 Financial Inclusion → Connecting Max. population with the banking system
Monetary Policies of RBI

 All those policies which are used to regulate liquidity in economy.
 Monetary policies are regulated by RBI in bimonthly basis (6 times in a year)
 Financial year of RBI → 1 July to 30 June
Repo Rate
 The rate at which RBI land short term loan to other commercial bank.
Reverse Repo Rate
 The Rate at which RBI borrow loan from other commercial Bank.
 Repo Rate is greater than reverse Repo Rate
Bank Rate
 The rate which RBI land long term loan to other commercial Bank.
MSF (Marginal Standing Facility)
 In this system a bank can borrow overnight loans for RBI at 1% higher than the
current Repo Rate.
CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio)
 Every bank has to reserve a fixed percentage of its total deposit to RBI in form &
cash
 It is compulsory
 Cash
 No interest
 Security
 Weekly
Statuary Liquid Ratio (SLR)
 Every bank has to Reserve a fix percentage to its total deposits with itself
 By cash or gold
Open Market Operation
 It is a system of Buying or selling of government securities from market /
MUDRA BANK
MUDRA → Micro unit development and refinance agency
• Established under → PMMY (Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana)
• Established on → 8 April 2015
• Main objective is to provide loan to small scale industry
• It has 3 divisions
1. Shishu → Loan up to 50,000
2. Kishor → Loan Ranging from 50,000 to 5 Lakh
3. Tarun → Loan Ranging from 5 Lakh to 10 Lakh
NABARD → NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE & RURAL

DEVELOPMENT
 Est. → 12 July 1982.Under recommendation of shivraman Committee
 Committee Form during → 6th five year plan H. Q. → Mumbai
Regional Rural Bank

 1st Regional rural Bank was formed on 2nd Oct 1975 with the name Prathma Grameen
Bank. (Sponsored by syndicate Bank) /
 It was form under recommendation of Narsimhan Committee
 From 1975 till 1983, it was regulated by RBI / 1975
 From 1983 onward, it has loan regulated by NABARD
 In a RRB, 3 sectors contribute
 Central govt. with a share of 50%
 State govt. with a share of 15%
 Sponsor Bank with a share of 35%
 SBI merged with its associates & BMB → Bhartiya Mahila Banks in 1 April 2017.
 SBI associated of Banks are :
1. State Bank of Patiala
2. State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur
3. State Bank of Hyderabad
4. State Bank of Mysore
5. State Bank of Travancore
Scheduled Bank
 All these Bank which are registered under 2nd schedule of RBI Act 1934.
Public Banks
 All those Bank in which govt. share is more than or equal to 51%.
Private Banks
 All those Bank in which govt. share is less than 51%.The Bank have a 50% share of
govt. or 50% share private then it comes under private bank.
Foreign Banks
 All those Bank which have their headquarter outside India but have their branches
inside India.
 HSBC → Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking corporation → HQ London
Non-Scheduled Bank
 All those banks which are not registered under 2nd scheduled of RBI Act 1934.
Non-Performing assets (NPA)

 They are considered as Bad loans of Bank. A loan is considered as non-performing
if it is not served for a period of 1 term (i.e. 90 days).
 It has 3 classifications
 Sub-standard → It remains non-performing for a period up to 18 month
 Doubtful → If it remains non-performing for a period of more than 18 month
 Loss Asset → If the loss is identify but not return off
International Organisation
World Bank
 From under Recommendation of Bretton woods meeting 1945
 Also known As IBRD → International bank for reconstruction and development.
 H.Q → Washington D.C., Main objective of world Bank is Social Development .It
also known as long term credit institution
World Bank group has 4 divisions
1. IFC → International Finance Corporation Est. → 1956.H.Q. → Washington D.C.
2. IDA → International Development Association Est. → 1960.H.Q.→ Washington
D.C.
Also known as soft window of World Bank. Because if give loan free interest
for receiving poverty of under developed country
3. ICSID → International centre for settlement of investment dispute.
Est.→ 1966.H.Q. → Washington D.C.
4. MIGA → multilateral investment guarantees Agency Est. → 1988 H.Q. →
Washington D.C.
IMF(International Monetary Fund)

 From under Recommendation of Bretton woods meeting 1945
 Est. → 27 Dec. 1945
 Also known As Twin organization of World Bank
 H.Q → Washington D.C.,
World Trade Organisation [WTO]
 Establishment → 1st Jan 1995
 It replaces GATT → general agreement on Tariff & Trade
LPG Policy
 Price Mechanism: It is a feature in which prices of goods are determine by demand
& supply.
 Laissiz Faire → It is French word
 Indian Economy
 From 1947 to 1969, Indian economy is considered as (Nehruvian economy)
 With the nationalization of 14 banks by Indira Gandhi in 1969, Indian economy
was considered as (Socialist Economy) till 1991.
 With the introduction of LPG policy in 1991 Indian economy onward continue
as mixed economy.
LPG Policy : Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation
 It was introduced in year 1991 in industrial sector.1991
 It was recommended by Dr. Man Mohan Singh & P.V. Narsimha Rao
Liberalisation
 If refers to removal of restriction which were imposed on industries before 1991.
 1. It End of license except in few areas such as Alcohol industry, medicine industry
etc.
 2. Freedom in fixing prices
 3. Freedom in expansion and contraction of business
Privatisation
 It refers to giving entry to private sector where there was monopoly of govt.
 Disinvestment in public sector
Globalisation
 It refers to integration of various economics of world.
1. Reduction in export and import duties
2. Promotion of foreign investment
Demand & Supply

Law of Demand
1. It is given by Alfred Marshall
2. It shows relationship b/w price and its Demand. It says that if price of a prudent
increased then its demand decreased and vice-versa
3. With all other factors Remain constant and it is known as ceterius peribus & it is a
Latin word
Law of Demand Curve
Is always downward sloping from left to right. It may be curry or a straight line.
Law of Supply
It is from a supplier point of view. It states that as a price of a product increased, quantity
supplied for that product also increased (because the supplier wants to earn max. profit)
& vice versa.
Consumer Equilibrium
 It is the position were buyer is satisfied with seller. It arises when demand is equal
to supply
Elasticity of Demand
 Responsibleness change in demand with respect to price
Perfectly Elastic
 When very minor change in price leads to infinite change in demand. It is an
imaginary condition. Hence there is no example
Perfectly Inelastic Demand
 When change in price leads to no change in demand. It is an imaginary condition
Relatively Elastic demand
When percentage change in demand is greater than the percentage change in price.
Examples:- Luxury items like car, any item of particular brand like Amul milk etc.,
fruits.
Relatively Inelastic Demand
 When % change in price is greater than % change in demand.
 Example:- Basic needs like medicine, salt, milk,
Unitary Elastic
 When % change in price is equals to % change in demand. It is again an imaginary
condition
Giffen Goods
 From income demand point of view, it is also known as inferior good
 It is also considered as exception to law of demand. It state that if price of a product
↑ then demand also increases & vice versa
 Graph of Giffen good is always upward slopping e.g.- Bajra, Bread when USA is in
depression
Five Year Plans

1st Five Year Plan
 Name: Harrod Domer Model
 Target : Development of agricultural sector
 It was very successful
2nd Five Year Plan → 1956 to 1961
 Name of 2nd 5 year plan → P.C. Mahalanobnis Model
 3 steel plants were setup in Bhilai (Chhattisgarh),Durgapur (W. Bengal),Raurkela
(Orissa)
rd
3 Five Year Plan (1961 to 1966)
 Target : Development of agricultural sector
 Name of 3rd 5 year plan → Gadgil yojana.
 1962 → India – China war.
 1965 → India – Pakistan war.
 1965 → Bokora steel plants were setup in Jharkhand it was unsuccessful plan
1966-1969 1st Planning Holiday
1966-1969
 Meanwhile Green Revolution was launched in India
 Father of Green Revolution in India → M.S. Swaminathan
in world → Dr. Norman Borlaug.
4th Five Year Plan (1969 to 1974)
 Target "Self Dependency"
 Nationalisation of 14 bank done by Indira Gandhi in 1969 Min. Deposit →Beginning
of a socialist economy
 Target :Poverty elimination 25 June 1975 → Emergency in India by Indira Gandhi
for a period of 21month
 President at that time → Fakaruddin Ali Ahmed
 Jan 1977 → Emergency was abolished resignation of Indira Gandhi.
 1st Non-congress government was formed. (Janta dal party → P.M. →Morarji Desai)
 1978 → 1979 → Rolling Plan
 1979 → Chaudhary Charan Singh become P.M.
 1979 → 1980 → 2nd Planning Holiday
 Target :Poverty elimination
 2nd time Nationalisation of 6 banks by Indira Gandhi in 1980 with the min. deposition
of 200 crore
 NABARD est. 12 July 1982 under recommendation of Shive Raman Committee.

 Target : Technology Development
 1990 – 1992, 3rd And last planning holiday
 Meanwhile in year 1991, LPG policy was introduced under recommendation of
Dr.Manmohan Singh and P.V. Narsimhan Rao.
 Target : LPG Policy
 1993 → New Bank of India merge into PNB Bank
 Target : Growth of Indian Economy
 Target : Growth of Indian Economy
 Target : Inclusive & sustainable development
12thFive Year Plan (2012 to 2017)
 Target : Inclusive & sustainable development
1st Jan. 2015 NITI AAYOG was started
NITI AAYOG :: National Institute for Transforming India
Financial Market
Initial Public Offer (IPO): It is the instrument used by issuer companies to raise
investment from capital market.
→ Small denomination of initial public offer is known as share
Primary Market: It is a place where trading is done directly b/w issuer and investor.
→ New capital issuer is always takes place in primary market.
Secondary Market: It is a place where trading is done among investors.
(NSE) National Stock exchange:- Est. → 1992

• Index of NSE is Nifty.
• It based on average price of 50 companies
(BSE) Bombay Stock Exchange: - Est. → 1875

• Oldest stock exchange in India as well as Asia.
• Index of BSE is Sensex.
• It is based on average price of 30 companies
SEBI (SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA)

• Est. → 1988, H.Q. → Mumbai
• Got legal status under SEBI Act 1992.
• Known as Regulator of capital market, also known as watch dog of capital market.
Bulls
Those groups of investor who invest in Capital market
Bears
Those groups of investors who disinvest in capital market
CREDIT Rating Agencies

 CRISIL → Credit Rating information of India limited.
 CARE → Credit Analysis and Research limited.
 ICRA→ Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Limited
 ONICRA → Onida Individual Crediting Rating agency of India Limited
International
SP → Standard and Poor
MONEY MARKET
Organised Money Market
It has 8 instruments
1. Treasury Bill (T – Bill)
Organised in - 1986 .It meets short term liquidity up to period of 364 days
2. Commercial Bill
Organised in - 1990 .Issued by NBFCs (Non-Banking Financial Companies)
3. Certificate of Deposit
Organised in - 1989.It is for 1 year, can extend up to 3 years
4. Commercial Paper
Organised in – 1990.Used by corporate houses
5. Call Money
Here lending is generally for 1 day & maximum for 14 days
6. Cash Management Bill
Started in 2009, Issued for maturities less than 91 days
7. Mutual Funds
It is regulated by SEBI & RBI .It is a fund in which large number of investor put their
money and managed by professionally qualified person with experience in
National Income
National Income
 It is the value of all final goods and services produced in one financial year.
 (Value of goods + value of services)
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
 It is the total income earned in a domestic boundaries whether income of Indians or
foreigners.
GNP (Gross National Product)
 When we exclude income of foreigners (living in India, remitting outside India) from
GDP and include income of Indians (living outside India, remitting to India), we get
GNP.
 GNP = GDP + [–F (x) + Indians]
 GNP = GDP + [Net foreign income]
Gross
 It is the aggregate value without any deduction.
NET
 When we include all types of depreciation from gross. We get net.
 Market Price: The price at which a product is sold in market.

 Factor Cost : The price at which a product is produced
Types of Market
1. Perfect Competition Market
 Large number of buyers and sellers
 Selling homogeneous product (same)
 Price taker
 Freedom of entry &exit
 It is an imaginary condition.
2. Monopoly
 Single seller
 Large number of buyers
 No close substitute of product available
 Price maker
 Restriction to entry and exit.
3. Monopolistic
 Large no. of buyer and seller
 Selling differentiated product
 Freedom of entry and exit
 Sabzimandi, sellers of branded items.
4. Oligopoly
 Few sellers and large no. of buyer
 Interdependent pricing policy.
 Form cartel (group)
 Restrictions to entry but freedom of exit.
 E.g.: OPEC (organization of petroleum)
5. Bilateral Monopoly
 Single seller, single buyer
 E.g.: Labour union Industry
 Raw material Industry
Theory of Consumer
It has 3 components
1. Utility: Satisfying power of a commodity.
2. Total Utility: It is usm of utility derived from difference units of commodity
consumed by a consumer.
3. Marginal Utility: Additional utility derived from consumption of one extra unit
commodity.
Statement: Law of demination marginal utility states that if we consume more and
more of same commodities keeping all decreasing and the point is reach when we no
longer want it.
It has 3 stages
1. When total utility increases, marginal utility decreases.
2. When total utility is maxi, marginal utility becomes zero.
3. When total utility goes on decreases, marginal utility becomes negative.
Balance of Payments (BoP)

External Sector
 All economic activities of an economy which take place in foreign currency fall in
the external sector such as export, import, foreign investment, external debt, current
account, capital account, balance of payment, etc.
The balance of payments

 BoP is the international balance sheet of a nation that records all international
transactions in goods, services, and assets over a year.
 Balance of payment consists of Balance of trade, balance of current account and
capital account.
 The balance of payments divides transactions in two accounts: the current account
and the capital account.
Current account These are short term implication transactions

It includes export and import of account goods (trade
account) and services, repayments and dividends from
loans, transfers, investments
Capital account This involves long term transaction
Deals with investment and borrowing
Depreciation: In foreign exchange market, it is a situation when domestic currency

loses its value in front of a foreign currency which is market-driven.
Devaluation: In the foreign exchange market when exchange rate of a domestic
currency is lowered by its government, it is called devaluation. Official depreciation is
devaluation.
Appreciation: In foreign exchange market, if a free floating domestic currency
increases its value against the value of a foreign currency, it is appreciation.
Exchange rate: An exchange rate is the price at which one currency is converted into
or exchanged for another currency.
LERMS(Liberalised Exchange Rate Mechanism System): it was operationalized in
1993. India delinked its currency from the fixed currency system and moved into the
era of floating exchange-rate system under it.
Tarapore committee I and II were set up for fuller convertibility of capital accounts.
Advantages of capital account convertibility, Foreign capital for investment,FII flows
can increase liquidity, Competition for domestic players, Technology transfer.
Macroeconomic discipline, India will have wider range of choice for Investment and
borrowing.
Extended fund Facility (EFF)
It is a service provided by the IMF to its member countries which authorises them to
raise any amount of foreign exchange from it to fulfil their BoP crisis, but on the
conditions of structural reforms in the economy put by the body. It is the first agreement
of its kind. India had signed this agreement with the IMF in the financial year 1981–82.
Hard currency: any globally traded currency which has global demand, liquid
(adequate supply) and stable (does not fluctuate)
Soft currency: It is basically the opposite term for the hard currency.
Hot currency: Hot currency is a term of the forex market and is a temporary name for
any hard currency.
Heated currency: A term used in the forex market to denote the domestic currency
which is under enough pressure (heat) of depreciation due to a hard currency’s high
tendency of exiting the economy.
Cheap Currency: If a government starts re-purchasing its bonds before their maturities
(at full-maturity prices) the money which flows into the economy is known as the cheap
currency, also called cheap money.
Dear Currency: when a government issues bonds, the money which flows from the
public to the government or the money in the economy in general is called dear
currency, also called as dear money.
Real value of rupee: it depends on, Demand and supply, net capital inflows,
performance of economy, forex reserves, interest rate, CAD, international prices of
commodities, political stability.
Forex reserve: RBI holds foreign exchange reserves which are made up of, foreign
currency, bank deposits, government securities, gold reserves, special drawing rights of
IMF.
Internationalization of rupee: A currency used by other countries banks, firms and
citizens as financial security. Degree of internationalization depends on, traded actively,
liquid and stable.
Ex: US dollar, euro, yen, pound, renminbi.
Foreign Investment
 Foreign investment involves capital flows from one country to another, granting
extensive ownership stakes in domestic companies and assets.
Types of Foreign Investment
1) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
2) Foreign Institutional Investment (FII)
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is

when a foreign company or individual
1. FDI establishes new business operations or
acquiring business assets, including
controlling interests, an already

existing in Indian company
FII is when foreign institutional investors
invest in the shares of an Indian
company, or in bonds offered by an
Indian company. Only institutional
2. FII investors like Investment companies,
Insurance funds etc. are allowed to invest
in Indian stock market directly.However,
if foreign individuals want to invest in
India's markets, they have to get
themselves registered as a sub-account of
an FII.
Investments through Participatory notes (PN),(ADR) and (GDR)

 Participatory notes also referred to as P-Notes, or PNs, are financial instruments
required by investors or hedge funds to invest in Indian securities without having to
register with the Securities and Exchange Board of India(SEBI).
 ADR (American Depository receipts) and GDR (Global depository receipts) are
commonly used by the Indian companies to raise funds from the foreign capital
market. While ADR is traded on US stock exchanges, GDR is traded on European
stock exchanges.
Department of Industrial policy and promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce

and industry
 The Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion was established in 1995 and has
been reconstituted in the year 2000 with the merger of the Department of Industrial
Development.
Functions:
 Formulation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Policy and promotion, approval and
facilitation of FDI. Encouragement to foreign technology collaborations at enterprise
level and formulating policy parameters for the same.
Economic Integration
 Economic integration refers to trade unification between different states by the
partial or full abolishing of customs tariffs on trade taking place within the borders
of each state.
Advantages
 Increases the combined economic productivity of the countries – easier access of

goods and services. It increases competitiveness.
PTA – PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENT

 A preferential trade agreement is a trading bloc that gives preferential access to
certain products from the participating countries. This is done by reducing tariffs but
not by abolishing them completely. A PTA can be established through a trade pact.
It is the first stage of economic integration.
 Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) formerly known as the Bangkok
Agreement was signed on 31st of July 1975 as an initiative of the United Nations
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). ESCAP is the
regional development arm of the United Nations for the Asia-Pacific region.
India-Mercosur Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA)
 Mercosur is a sub-regional blocs with its member countries – full members are
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela.
FTA– FREE TRADE AGREEMENT

 A free-trade area is a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-trade
agreement (FTA), which eliminates tariffs, import quotas, and preferences on most
(if not all) goods and services traded between them.
CECA (Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement)

/ CEPA(Comprehensive Economic partnership Agreement)
 When the countries go beyond FTA and agree for a greater degree of economic
integration which extends to capital and human resources, and to expand trade and
investment, it would result in CECA or CEPA. CEPA has a bit wider scope than
CECA. While CECA come first with elimination of tariffs, CEPA comes later
including trade in services and investments. For example, India has signed CECA
with Singapore and CEPA with South Korea
CUSTOMS UNION
 An agreement among countries to have free trade among themselves and to adopt
common external barriers against any other country interested in exporting to these
countries. For example,
 Southern Common Market – Mercosur
(Argentina,Bolivia,Brazil,Paraguay,Uruguay and Venezuela)
 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
and the United Arab Emirates
 East African Community (EAC) – composed of 5 countries in the African Great

Lakes region in eastern Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda
COMMON MARKET
 A type of custom union where there are common policies on product regulation, and
free movement of goods and services, capital and labour.
ECONOMIC UNION
 An economic union is a type of trade bloc which is composed of a common market
with a customs union. The participant countries have both common policies on
product regulation, freedom of movement of goods, services and the factors of
production (capital and labour) and a common external trade policy.
ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION

 When an economic union involves unifying currency it becomes a economic and
monetary union. For example European Union.
Agreement of Agriculture
 It is aimed to remove trade barriers and to promote transparent market access and
integration of global markets.
 It has 3 pillars: Domestic Support, Export Subsidies and Market Access.
 Domestic Support refers to domestic subsidies that a government provide to a
farmer such as fertilizer, power etc. These subsidies are grouped into 3 classes or
boxes
Green Box, Blue Box and Amber Box

Green Box: includes subsidies on which there are no limits as they are not considered
as trade distorting or they minimally distort the international trade. These subsidies must
be government funded. These subsidies in general are not directed at particular products
(unlike MSP) and they may include income support that is decoupled from production
level or prices (Ex: Telangana’s Rythu Bandhu Scheme).
Amber Box: subsidies cover all domestic support measures considered to distort
production and trade. These are required to be maintained within 5-10% of production
value (5% for developed countries and 10% for developing countries).
Blue Box: subsidies are direct payments under production limiting program. There is
no limit.
Export Subsidies
 Agricultural export subsidies are to be limited by developed countries either in value
or volume terms so that international prices are not lowered below a point and
exports and domestic markets of the developing countries are not priced out. Nairobi
Ministerial in 2015 decided to phase them out.
Market Access
 It means that all members countries should throw open their domestic market to
agricultural imports by reduction of tariff and removal of non-tariff barriers. Hence,
members should undertake:
 Bind their tariff to agree to a limit that is bounded rate and not increase the rates
beyond them.
TRIPS Agreement
 It lays down legal standards to protect intellectual property by way of copyright
rights; geographical indications; industrial designs; integrated circuit layout-designs;
patents; monopolies for developers of new plant varieties; trademarks. It also
regulates dispute resolution procedures and enforcement procedures.
Patent
It may be granted for a new, useful and non-obvious invention, and gives patent holder
an exclusive right to commercially exploit the invention for a certain period of time
(typically 20 years)
Copyright
It is given for creative and artistic works (e.g., books, movies, music) and gives
copyright holder the exclusive right to control reproduction or adaptation of such works
for a certain period of time.
Trademark
It is a distinctive sign which is used to distinguish the products or services of different
businesses
Industrial design
It protects the form of appearance, style or design of an industrial objects(e.g. spare
parts, textile)
 Under WTO, patents can be granted for process or product. Product patent provide
for absolute protection of product exhausting all processes that may lead to the
product, whereas process patents provide protection in respect of a specific method
of production.
 Under TRIPS, only product patents must be awarded for food, pharmaceuticals and
chemicals. These patents should be valid for 20 years.
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement

 It is a multinational treaty for the purpose of establishing international standards for
intellectual property rights enforcement. It aims to establish an international legal
framework for targeting counterfeit goods, generics medicines and copyright
infringement on the Internet, and would create a new governing body outside
existing forums, such as WTO, World Intellectual Property Organisation or UN. It

was signed in 2011.
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

 It is the set of regulations that governs trade in services among WTO members.
Geographical Indications
 There are some goods that owe their properties (e.g., its special quality or reputation)
to the region in which they originate and are nurtured. Such products are given
Geographical Indications. GI is used to identify agricultural, natural or manufactured
goods.
 There are a number of benefits that GI confers on a particular good:
 It confers legal protection to GI in India.
 Prevents unauthorised use of a Registered Geographical Indication by others.
 It provides legal protection to Indian Geographical Indications which in turn
boost exports.
 It promotes economic prosperity of producers of goods produced in a
geographical territory.
 GI generally is not awarded to an individual. It is given for a period of 10 years and
may be renewed for another 10 years on expiry. GI prevents spurious goods from
entering the market. It helps maintain quality. There is greater accountability, too. It
boots exports.
Reports and Indices Financial Organisation and Report

World Bank
1. Ease of Doing Business
2. World Development Report
3. Universal Health Coverage Index
4. Remittance Report World Bank
5. Ease of Living Index
6. India Development Update
7. Global Economic Prospect (GEP) report
8. Global Financial Development Report
9. Logistics Performance Index
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
1. Global Financial Stability report
2. World Economic Outlook
Organisation of Economic Development and Cooperation (OCED)

1. The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
2. Global Index of Countries
3. Government at a Glance Report
WTO
1. World Trade outlook Indicator
WEF (WORLD ECONOIMIC REPORT)
1. Global Information Technology Report
2. Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
3. Global Competitiveness Report
4. Enabling Trade Report
5. Global Environment Performance Index
6. World Power Language Index
7. Inclusive Development Index
8. Human Capital Index
9. Energy Transition Index
10. Global Manufacturing Index
11. Global Gender Gap Index
12. Global Hunger Index,
UN and its Specialised Agencies
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
1. Gender Inequality Index
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
1. Gender Parity Index
2. Global education monitoring Report
UN – Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)
1. World Happiness Report
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
1. Actions on Air Quality
2. Global Environment Outlook
3. Emission Gap Report
FAO
1. World State of Forest Report
2. Global Food Price Index
World Health Organization (WHO)
1. World Health Statistics
2. World Tuberculosis Report
3. Ambient Air Pollution Report
Non – Profit Organisations

Transparency International
1. Global Corruption Report (GCR)
2. Corruption Perception Index
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
1. Global Hunger Index
Unemployment
 Unemployment is a phenomenon that occurs when a person who is capable of

working and is actively searching for the work is unable to find work.
Unemployment rate is defined as a number of unemployed people divided by the
number of people in the labour force.
Labour Force
 Persons who are either working (or employed) or seeking or available for work (or
unemployed) during the reference period together constitute the labour force.
Work force
 All people in age group of 15 -59 years.
Work force> labour force
Employment rate
 ratio of employed person to population(15 to 59 years)
Current Daily Status Unemployment (CDS)
 Here the reference period is each of the 7 days, preceding the date of survey in each
of these days. It records the activity status of a person for each day of the 7 days
preceding the survey i.e. persons who did not find work on a day or some days during
the survey week. The Current daily status approach gives a composite or
comprehensive measure of unemployment, i.e., it is a measure of chronic
unemployment.
Types of Unemployment
Voluntary Unemployment
 Voluntary unemployment refers to a situation where workers are either not seeking
for work or are in transition from one job to another.
Involuntary Unemployment
 Involuntary unemployment refers to a situation where workers are seeking work and
are willing to work but are unable to get work.
Frictional Unemployment
 The minimum amount of unemployment that prevails in an economy due to workers
quitting their previous jobs and are searching for the new jobs is called Frictional
Unemployment. This type of unemployment is of voluntary nature.
Cyclical Unemployment
 Cyclical unemployment is due to lack of demand in the economy and slowdown of
economic activity.
Structural Unemployment
 It refers to a situation which arises due to change in the structure of the economy or
mismatch of skills. Ex: An economy transforms itself from a Labour intensive
economy to a Capital intensive economy.
Seasonal Unemployment
 Seasonal unemployment occurs during certain seasons of the year. It occurs in
Agricultural sector, Tourism sector and in factories producing seasonal goods.
Therefore, they offer employment for only a certain period of time in a year.
Environment
:: Environment ::
→ Environment :- French word → Environ → Meaning → Surroundings

→ Definition :- Every thing that surround living beings during life time.
Environment
Biotic Abiotic
livings non- livings
Ex :- Green plants Ex :- Water, air

Human, Animal Land, Dam, Bridge,
Earth worm, Fungi Etc… Road, Etc…
 Human influence on environment:-

(1) Deforestation :-
Cause
→ Urbanization, forest fire, Trafficing, Increase cultivation area
→ 30% area of land was covered by forest, out of which 46% is deforested.
→ Amazon forest : 60% of Brazil land area is covered by amazon forest.
→ It produced 20% of world O2 and also known as lungs of Earth.
→ 17% of amazon forest is deforested.
(2) Plastic Pollution :-

→ Plastic can’nt be destroyed.
→ It affects lungs & heart.
→ Bangladesh banned Polybag in – 2002
→ Himachal Pradesh banned in – 2009
→ Sikkim banned plastic bottle in – 2018
→ Sikkim announced as first – Organic state of world.
(3) Acidic Rainfall :-

→ Due to air pollution
(4) Artificial Rainfall :-

→ It increases global warming.
 5th June 1974 – World Environment Day
 Stockholm Convention (1972) (Sweden) :-
Result
UNEP Celebration of world environment

[United Nation Environment Programme] day every year
(H.Q- Nairobi (Kenya)) 5 June
 1972 → 1982 → 1992

↓
Nairobi Convention
Goal: - Achieve Sustainable development
 1992 [Rio de Janeiro] Brazil:-

20 years of 1972
↓
Earth Summit
↓
Agenda – 21 → Biodiversity Conservation
(Education Fresh food and air provide)
 Start three convention:-

(1) UNFCCC
(2) Convention on Biodiversity
(3) Convention to combat desertification [UNCCD]
(1) UNFCCC :-
→ Not legally binding but treaty under the UNFCC may be
binding.
→ Target – green house gas control
→ UNFCCC Yearly convention known as – COP
→ COP Start - 1995

→ Cop-3 – Kyoto protocol – Japan
→ H.Q.:- Germany (Bonn)
→ UNFCC divided world in three categories
(1) Annex – 1 Developed country – 40 nation
(2) Annex – 2 Between developed - developing
(3) Annex – 3 Developing country Ex :- India
 Kyoto protocol is legally binding for Greenhouse gas

control (1997)
→ U.S.A., China, Brazil not join in Kyoto protocol.
→ This protocol also known as “Marakkesh Acord”.
 Cancun convention – 2010 (Mexico)

→ Green climate fund – Start
→ 2020 target → 100 billion & for it.
→ Green climate fund H.Q.:- South Koria (Songado)
 2015 – Paris Convention

→ Target – 2060 – 100% CO2 ↓
→ Temp 2° C below industrialization
→ Mission innovation
→ 2022 – 175 GW energy from renewable energy
 Earth Hour
→ March last days 1 hr light off
→ WWF start in 2007 in Sydney (Aus)
 Global Environment Facility (GEF)

 → Start – 1992 for help to convention for money to
1 Biodiversity convention
2 UNFCC
3Stockham Convention on organic pollutant.
4 UN convention on combat desertification
5 minamata convention – Mercury
Biodiversity
→ Different variety of plant and organism found in a certain
area called biodiversity.
→ In Equatorial region biodiversity will be maximum.
→ In polar region biodiversity will be minimum
 Measurement of Biodiversity:-
→ 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝑦
→ 𝛼 diversity – number of species of community.
→ 𝛽 diversity – change species with respect to environment
gradient.
→ 𝑟 diversity – diversity of broad area.
 Hotspots :-
→ Word given – Myers in 1990
→ Very high biodiversity but there is problem of loss of
biodiversity.
 India :-
→ Indian biodiversity is divided into 3 Category:-
(1) Himalayan Biodiversity
(2) Peninsula Biodiversity
(3) Tropical (Monsoon) Biodiversity
In India very high biodiversity found in Western Ghat.
 Method of Conservation of Biodiversity :-
In situ Ex Situ
(1) Biosphere reserve (1) Zoo
(2) National Park (2) Botanical Garden
(3) Wild life sanctuary
(1) Biosphere reserve :-

→ UNESCO stabilize man and biosphere programme in 1971
→ Biosphere reserve catogaries in three zones.
→ Core – human activities are not allowed
→ Buffer - non destructive work are allowed
→ Transition zone – local community lives
# In India total 18 biosphere Reserve
→ Biosphere reserve accepted by MAB are 10 :-
(1) Nilgiri - T.N. (1986)
(2) Nanda devi - Uttarakhand
(3) Sunderban - W.B.
(4) Nokrek - Meghalaya
(5) Nicobar Island - Andaman Nicobar
(6) Panchmadhi - M.P.
(7) Mannar - T.N.
(8) Kanchanjanga - Sikkim
(9) Amar Kantak - M.P.
(10) Simpipal - Orrissa
# Convention of Biological diversity (CBD)

(1) Cartagena Protocol - 2003
(2) Nagoya Protocol - 2010
# Cartagena Protocol
– Conducted for the conservation of genetically modified
organisms
- New term also add – LMO (Living modified organism)
- Bacteria, Virus, Plant, animal, are listed in LMO
- Aichi convention – Target - 5
2011-20 ten year target on Biodiversity
- Bio Diversity Act – 2002 H.Q. – Chennai
- Animal Welfare board – H.Q – Haryana
- Green house gases :- CO2, CH4, N2O, Chlorofluoro

carban
- IPCC :- 1988
- (Intergovernmental Panel on climate change)
- WHO + UNEP both help to established IPCC.
# Ozone depletion
- 90% ozone is in stratosphere and it is good because it
protect life on earth by absorbing some of the sun’s harmful
UV rays. In troposphere ozone is not good to breathe.
- Ozone depletion source :-
(1) CFC
(2) HCFC
(3) N2O
(4) Fluorinated gas
# Ozone depletion convention

(1) Vienna convention - 1985
(2) Montreal Protocol - 1989 – 2030
- Free - HCFC
(3) Kigali (Rwanda) - 2045 – HFC free
# Forest Conservation Act – 1972

- Environment conservation Act – 1986
o 1 lakh penalty
o 5 Years imprisonment
# National Green tribunal (NGT)
- 2010
- Article 48 A for environment
- Disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and
conservation of forests.
- Work on – Natural justice
- Disposal cases in 6 month.
# Bombay Natural History Society

- 1883
- India biggest non government organization
- magazine – Hornbill
# IUCN - 1948
- HQ – Switzerland
- Not a organ of U.N.
- World oldest and biggest environment Network
# WWF (World Wild Fund)
- 1961 – Switzerland
- For living planet
- International world non-government organization
# CITES:-
- (Convention on international trade in wild life species –
1973 )
- 1973 – Washington convention → CITES start
- Stop –animal trade
- UNEP – Manage CITES
- H.Q. – Switzerland.
# Bonn convention – 1979 (Germany)
- Conservation of migratory bird.
# TRAFFIC:- (1976)
- IUCN + WWF
- NGO
- Control business of animal and trees.
# Greenpeace:-
- 1969
- H.Q. – Amsterdam (Netherlands)
# Stockholm Convention on Organic pollutant:-
- 2001
- Stop POP (Persistent Organic Pollutant)
# Basal convention
- 1992
- Harmful waste control
- Now plastic added in e-waste

# Rotterdam convention
- 2004
- stop harmful organic pollutant import – export
# Ramsar convention :-
- 1971
- conservation of wetland
- India’s sites 27 around
- Montreux record – conservation of Wetland( lakes)
- India 2 sites – In Montreux record
(1) Kevaladev (Raj)
(2) Loktak Lake (Manipur)
# Mangrove Trees (Cher)
- World’s 3% mangrove in India
- India highest mangrove trees are in
(1) W.B.
(2) Gujarat
# Coral reefs:-
- Coral is actually a living animal
- Coral has a symbiotic relationship with “Zooxanthellae”
Microscopic algae which live on coral
- Calcium hard cover
- 20-21° C good condition to growth coral reef
Example :-
- Fringe coral reef – Andaman – Nicobar
- Barrier reef – Australia
- Atoll – lakshdweep
In India 4 Location for coral reef
(1) Andaman – Nicobar – highest
(2) Kutch
(3) Mannar
(4) Lakshadweep
Indian Art & Culture
INDIAN ART AND CULTURE

 Harappan art and architecture ::
 Harappa - Pakistan, granaries, sculpture of dog,citadel and lower
city,ravi river
 Mohenjo-daro - Pakistan, the great bath,sindhu river
 Lothal - (Manchester of Indus Valley civilisation) bhogavo
river,gujarat,dockyard
 Dholavira - Gujarat Kutch ,water reservoir, rain water harvesting
system
 Rakhigarhi - haryana,saraswati river
 Ropar - punjab ,dog buried with human
 Kalibangan - rajasthan,bangle factory,dhaggar river
 Surkotada - gujarat
 Banawali - haryana
 Alamgirpur - U.P
~ Found By ~
 Harappa : 1921 – Dayaram Sahani
 Mohennjo – Daro : 1922 – R.D Benargy
 Sculptures of Harappa civilisation

 Pictographic script.
 Pashupati seal , unicorn seal.
 Bronze dancing girl ,bronze bull of kalibangan.
 Terracotta - mother goddess,mask of horned deity.
 Pottery - red and black pottery
 Ornaments
:: Mauryan Art ::
 PILLARS : Ashokan pillars
Lauria nandangarhpilla in champaran
Sarnath pillar in Varanasi - National emblem
 Stupa : Burial mounds prevalent in India.
1) Sanchi stupa in M.P
2) Piprahwa stupa in U.P
3) Bharhut stupa in U.P
 Cave : used as Viharras
Barabar and Nagarjun caves in Bihar were
Ashok time
 Sculptures : Yaksh and Yakshini
 Rock cut Caves : Chaitya and Vihar
Karle Chaitya hall and Ajanta caves
:: Schoole ::
1. GANDHARA SCHOOL : Pakistan and Afghanistan area, God -
Buddha in Yog mudra eyes are half closed, patron - Kushan rulers
2. MATHURA SCHOOL : Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism...patron -
khushan rulers
3. AMRAVATI SCHOOL : Bank of Krishna river.. patron - Satvahana
rulers
:: Gupta Time ::
 Caves : mural paintings on wall of cave
 Ajanta caves : 29 caves in Maharashtra.. Buddhism ...caves no.1 –
padmapani....... dying princess Ajanta, flying Apsara
 Ellora caves : 5th to 11th AD
34 caves - 16 hindu, 12 Buddhist, 4 jain caves
Cave 10 - Vishwakarma
Cave 14 - Ravvan ki khai
Cave 15 - Dhashavatar cave
Cave 16 - Kailash temple developed by Rashtrakuta king
 Bagh caves : M.P, 9 Buddhist caves.........6th century

 Junagadh caves : Know as upar kot
 Nashik caves : 23 Buddhist caves - Know as Pandav leni
:: Style Of Temple ::
Nagara style Dravidian style
North india - panchayatan style. River South india - gopuram and vimana
ganga yamumna image as goddesses.
start by pallav king
Shikhara
1) mahendravarman...and
sub school of nagara style :
1)oddisha school - kornak temple, 2) narashimha group - dharmraj and
lingaraja temple bhuvneshwar, draupadi Rath ..
2)khajuraho school - chandel rulers cental 3) rajsinh group ....

india, kandariya mahadev temple, 4) nandivarman group...other Dravidian
lakshman temple at khajuraho. style of temple....chola -bruhadeswar
3)solanki school - modhera sun temple temple tanjor by rajaraj.bronze nataraja
gujarat sculpture in tandava mudra
:: Others School Of Art ::

Nayaka school – nayaka rulers 16th to 18th centuries.also know as Madurai
school... ex : meenakshi temple
Vesara school – Nagara style + Dravidian style... ex : Badami temple
Vijaynagar school – hampi ,vithalswami temple ,lotus temple
Hoysala art – karnataka near mysore 10th to 13th centuries.
Pala school – Bengal - 8th to 12th centuries by pala dynasty and sena
dynasty. buddhist monasteries of nalanda,vikramsila
Lingaraja temple Bhubaneshwar

(ganga ruler)
Konarak sun temple Orrisa
Dashavatar temple U.P
Khajurao temple M.P (chadela rulers)
Jagannath temple Puri
Shore temple Mahabalipuram(pallavas)
Rath temple Mahabalipuram
Dilwara temple Solanki rulers
:: Indian Painting ::
Origin Before - 8000 year ago.
Prehistoric painting - bhimbetaka caves (m.p) oldest rock painting
called patrogylps. painting of animal on rock called zoo rock shelter
chalcolithic time - jogimara caves chattisgarh
Mural paintings Miniature paintings
 Ajanta caves-Maurya,gupta and Painting should not be larger than 25

sung period square inch....1/6 size of actual size of
Buddha jatak stories subject
 Ellora caves -  Pala school painting - Bengal
Jain,baudh,hindu  Apabhramsa painting - Jain
 Bagh cave - M.P Buddha jatak ....gujarat and rajasthan
katha  Mughal - humayu time painter mir
 Armamalai cave – saeed ali.akbar start entire
jain...tamilanadu department and gave award painter
 Sittanvasal cave - jain daswant,baswant and kesu this
tamilnadu..pallav period time. Jahangir - painter ustad
 Ravan chhaya cave - odisha mansur.start decorate margin
 Lepakshi – vijaynagar in around the paintaings.
karnataka
:: Regional school Art ::

 Rajasthani schools of painting – its a rajput school of paintings
 Subtype of rajasthan painting :
1) Mewed school painting
2) kishangarh school painting - associated with romantic legends
sawant sinh and his beloved love bani thani. many paintings on
devotional between radha and Krishna.
3) bundi school painting - bundi and kota school collectively known
as” hadoti”
4) Amber Jaipur school paintins - also called “dhundar”
5) marwar paintings - jodhpur and jaisalmer
6) Bikaner school
:: Pahadi Style Of Paintings ::

Himalayan state :
1) jammu or dogra school
2) kangra school - kullu and chmba region-
Zenith under Raja sansar chand
3) Basholi school - zenith under Raja kripal sinh
:: Miniatures In South India ::

1) Maysore paintings - Hindu gods and goddesses. Use “gesso paste”
which is mixture of zinc oxide and Arabic gum.
2) Tanjore paintings - start by Maratha rulers 18th century
 Raja ravi verma is one of india’s greatest painters. belonged to state
kerala..and know as Raphael of the east.
:: Folk Painting ::
Paintings Region
Madhubani Bihar
And (mithila region)
Manjusha paintings
Phad Rajasthan
Patachitra Orrisa
Kalighat Kolkata
Kalamkari Andra Pradesh
Warli Maharastra
Thangka painting Sikkim(Buddhism)
:: Martial Art of India ::
Martial Art State

Gatka and Lathi punjab
Paika orissa
Thang ta manipur
kalaripayattu kerala
Silambam Tamil nadu
Musti yuddha U.P(varsansi)
Mardani khel maharastra
Pari khanda bihar
Thoda Himachal Pradesh
Malla yuddha South india
Kathi samu Andhra Pradesh
Sky Kashmir
Bandesh All india
:: Ancient Universities ::
Taxila pakistan
Nalanda Bihar
Vikramshila Bihar
Valabhi Saurastra , gujarat
Pushpagiri Jaipur,rajasthan
Sompura Bangladesh
:: Puppetry In India (Kathaputali) ::

 Since the time of Harappa 2300 B.C..found in some of the Harappacites.
 silappadikaaram is earliest art of puppetry is found in sangam
literature.
Types of Features Example
puppet
1.String Control by strings  Kathputli –rajasthan
puppets  Kundhei-orissa
 Gombeyatta-karnataka
 Bommalattam-tamilnadu
2.Shadow Screen with strong  Ravanchhaya-orissa

puppets source of light behind it  Togalu gombeyatta-
& create shadow karnataka
 Tholu bommalata -
andhrapradesh
3.Rod Use of rods  Putal nautch-west bengal
puppets  Yampuri-bihar
 Kathi kandhe-orissa
4.Glove Worn on hand just like a  Pava kuthu-kerala
puppets glove  Kundhei nach-orrisa
:: Indian Dance ::
1. classical dance :
 sangeet natak akademi -8 dance is classical dance
1-Bharat natyam (tamilnadu) Fire dance. krishna iyer and rukamni
devi artists. lasya+tandav
2-Kathakali (kerala) Tandav dance...movement of eyes and

eye brows is awesome. v.n menon
artist
3-Mohini attam (kerala) Lasya dance
4-Kathak (U.P) With drupad music....birju maharaj
and lachu maharj artist
5-Odissi (0rrisa) Young boys were recruited and

dressed as female know as-Gotipuas
TRIBHANGA MUDRA in oddisi is a
part of it
6-Kuchipudi(Andhra Pradesh) Secular theme..lasya+tandav..

Jal chitra and tarangam is a part of
kuchipudi
7-Manipuri (Manipur) Pung and dhol –instruments
Ravindranath tagor – when he
introduced it in shantiniketan
8-Sattriya (Assam) Vaishnav saint shankardev in 15th
century
“BOR GIT”
2. Folk Dance :
Dance form State
Chhau dance(mukhota dance) Odisha,Jharkhand and west Bengal

Kalbella rajasthan
Dumhal J.K
Bhangra/Giddha punjab
Gaur M.P
Padayani kerala
Naga dance/rangama dance Nagaland
Bihu Assam
Than ta Manipur
Lava dance Lakshdeep
Lavani Maharastra
Ghoomar Rajasthan
Kummi T.N/Keral
Raslila and dadra U.P
Bhut kola Karnataka
Jhumar Jarkhand/orrisa
Charba Himachal Pradesh
Jawara and Mataki M.P
Tarangmel goa
Danda jatra Orrisa
Garaba Gujarat
Pata kunitha Mysore,,Karnataka
Paika and birha Bihar
:: Traditional Theatre Forms In India ::
Bhand pather kashmir

Swang haryana
Nautanki U.P
Bhavai Gujarat
Jatra Bengal
Bhaona Assam
MAACH M.P
TAMAASHA Maharashtra
Dashavatar Goa
Krishnattam,Muddiyetu,theyyam Kerala
Yakshagaana Karnataka
Therukoothu Tamil nadu
Karyala Himachal Pradesh
Ankia nat Assam
Ramlila U.P
Garodh Gujarat
Jatra Bengal
Das kathiya Orrisa
 Natya shastra – bharatmuni
 Sangit ratnakar - sarangdev
:: Indian Music ::
 Classical Music – 1. Hindustani music 2. Carnatic music

1. Hindustani Music : based on raga system. mixture of hindu musical
concept+Persian performance. Example…..
1) Drupad style..
2) In khayal style imagination more-develop by amir khusharo..
3) Thumari-begam akhtar and girja devi...
4) Tappa-is fast music
5) tarana style
6) Gazal-develop by amir khusaro
Carnatic Music : south india...its part is pallavi, anu pallavi, varnam,
Name of Instrument Example

Stringed instruments Veena, rudraveena, gotuvadyam, sitar,
sarod, guitar, mandolin etc
Sushir vadya Flute, shenai, nadaswaram
Avanaddha vadya Drum, table, nagada
Ghana Vadya Chipli, taal, sticks, clappers
ragmalika famous singer is subbalaxmi bharat ratna award winner.
 Folk Music –
Baaul Bengal
Pandavani chhattisgarh
Ovi maharastra
Lavani maharastra
Panihari rajasthan
Mand rajsthan
Hori and kajri U.P
Tappa Punjab
Daskathia Odisha
Lotia Rajasthan
Rasiya Geet U.P
Dandiya Gujarat
 Music Instruments ::
:: Classical Languages ::
 It’s record history over period of 1500-2000 years. not borrowed from
another speech community. Indian six languages are included in
classical list—1) Tamil (2004) 2) Sanskrit (2005) 3) Telugu (2008)
4) Kannada (2008) 5) Malayalam (2013) 6) Odiya (2014)
:: Printing, Weaving and Embroidery Style In India ::
Phulkari punjab
Baluchari West bengal
kantha W.B ,bihar
Block painting Gujarat and rajasthan
bandhani gujarat
pochampali Andhra pradesh
Zardoshi U.P and M.P
Chikankari Lucknow(U.P)
ZAMDANI W.B
KANCHIPURAM T.N
PAITHNI MAHARASTRA
GOTAPATI U.P and rajasthan
PATTU SAREE KERALA
kota Rajasthan
chanderi M.P
Bomkai orrisa
:: Indian Philosophy ::
 Sankhya vichardhara - kapil muni

 Yog vichardhara - shree patanjali
 Nyay vichardhara - gautam muni
 Vaisheshik vichardhara - kanad muni
 Mimansa vichardhara - jaimini muni
 Vedanta vichardhara - shree badrayan
:: Indian Festival ::
Rath yatra Puri,orrisa

wangala meghalaya
Festival of flowers telangana
chapcharkut mizoram
losar Ladakh,arunachal pradesh
Sammakaa sarakka Telangana
Saga dava sikkim
Kharchi puja Tripura
bihu Assam(three type of bihu)
losung Sikkim
Hornbill Nagaland
Cheriyoba Manipur
Kang chibba Manipur
Abuubachi mela Assam
Senkarenchi (angami tribal) Nagaland
Dree festival Himalayan people
Majuli Assam

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I CAN CRACK EXAM ~CHINTAN RAO INDEX

No. Subject Page No.

4 Economics …………………. 122

5 Environment ………………. 149

6 Indian Art & Culture …….. 158

Indus Valley Civilisation – (2500 BC – 1750 BC) Or Harappan

IVC had 2 administrative capitals which were known as Twin capitals.

Vedic Civilization – (1500 BC – 600 BC)

(a) Rigveda(1500 BC – 1000 BC)

1-Buddhist text name-

Historic Period (600 BC – 712 BC)

10. Panchal Kanpilya

First buddist council - 483 BC

Second Buddhist Council – 383 BC

Third Buddhist Council – 251 BC

Fourth Buddhist Council – 78 AD/ 81 AD

1. Jain council – pataliputra

2. Jainism Council– 513 A.D.

1. Bimbisare(544 BC – 492 BC)

2. Ajatashatra (492 BC – 460 BC)

Shishunaag dynasty – (412 B.C – 344 B.C)

Kalashoka(organised 2nd Buddhist council)

Nanda Dynasty (344 B.C – 323 B.C)

Foreign Invasions In India

Maurya Dynasty (323 B.C – 185 B.C)

 14 Stone edicts of Ashoka

7 Pillar Edicts of Ashoka

Chandragupta Maurya (323 B.C – 298 B.C)

Bindusara (298 B.C – 272 B.C)

Ashoka (269 B.C – 232 B.C)

 Last ruler of Maurya dynasty -- Brihadratha

Post Mauryan Period

Kanva dynasty – (72 B.C – 28 B.C)

Andhra Satvahana Dynasty (28 B.C – 3Rd Century)

Foreign Invasion Of Post Mauryan Period

 First golden coins were issued in Milinnd's period.

Gupta Period (319 AD – 540 AD)(Golden Era of Indian

 According to these sources, Shri gupta is considered as the founder of Gupta

Srigupta (240 – 285)

Chandratupta I (319 – 335)

Samundragupta (335 – 375)

Ramgupta(375 – 380) Source - Airan inscription

Chandragupta II (380 – 913)

Kumargupta (413 – 454)

Skandgupta (454 – 467)

 Last ruler of Gupta dynasty – Vishnugupta

Harshvardhan (606 – 647)

Pre – Medieval India

Pala Dynasty – (Bengal)

1. Sangam Dynasty (1336 – 1485)

He was contemporary to Mughal Emperor Babur and Babur described him as

Mohammad Bin Qasin – (712-714)

* Turkish Invasion In India *

Mehmood Ghaznavi (1000 – 1027)

Mohammad Ghori (1175 – 1206)

* Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 – 1526) *

Slave Dynasty (1206–1526)

Qutubbuddin Aibak (1206–1210)

Razia Sultan (1236 – 1240)