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Stable/Patient Sort: Bit-Manipulation-To-Solve-Problems-Easily-And-Efficiently

Lagrange's Four-Square Theorem states that any integer can be expressed as the sum of four square numbers. It provides methods to determine if a number can be expressed as 1, 2, 3, or 4 square numbers. The Sum of Two Squares Theorem states that any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as the sum of two square numbers if its prime factors do not include primes congruent to 3 modulo 4 raised to an odd power. It provides an example of how to apply this rule. The document also summarizes formulas for the sum of the first N natural numbers and methods for bit manipulation, digital roots, and definitions of subsequence, substring, and subset.

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179 views

Stable/Patient Sort: Bit-Manipulation-To-Solve-Problems-Easily-And-Efficiently

Lagrange's Four-Square Theorem states that any integer can be expressed as the sum of four square numbers. It provides methods to determine if a number can be expressed as 1, 2, 3, or 4 square numbers. The Sum of Two Squares Theorem states that any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as the sum of two square numbers if its prime factors do not include primes congruent to 3 modulo 4 raised to an odd power. It provides an example of how to apply this rule. The document also summarizes formulas for the sum of the first N natural numbers and methods for bit manipulation, digital roots, and definitions of subsequence, substring, and subset.

Uploaded by

mmjon
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lagrange’s Four-Square Theorem

- Any number can be represented as a sum of 4 squares, meaning we can have 1, 2, 3, or


4 squares
- Check if 1 square: if int(sqrt(x)) == x: return True
- Check if 2 squares:
o Iterate over the square roots from i up to sqrt(x), then check if the leftover
value (x – i*i) is a perfect square or not

- Check if 4 squares: If this value is not of the form 4^k(8m+7)


- Check if 3 squares: if it is not any of these, then it is 3 squares
- If we do not know about the 4^k(8m+7) formula, then we need to check all pairs i,j <
sqrt(x) so n=i*i +j*j + k*k with complexity O(n) and same for 4

Sum of two squares theorem


- Any number greater than 1 can be written as a sum of two squares n=a^2 + b^2 for
some integers a,b iff its prime decomposition contains no prime congruent to 3 % 4
raised to an odd power

Ex. 2450 = 2 · 52 · 72


- 7 is congruent to 3 % 4 but is raised to 2 which is even so it does have a sum of two
squares which is 7^2 + 49^2

Sum of N numbers starting from 1


N * (N+1) / 2

Sorting Algorithms

Stable/Patient Sort
 Create new piles when there is larger number than the other piles. This results in
increasing sequences and is good for largest increasing sequence.

Bit Manipulation

https://leetcode.com/problems/sum-of-two-integers/discuss/84278/A-summary%3A-how-to-use-
bit-manipulation-to-solve-problems-easily-and-efficiently

what is topological sort? Kahns algorithm to


Digital Root
- This is if you have a digit (e.g. 38 or 193), and you sum all the digits iteratively until the
value is a single digit (e.g. 3 + 8 = 11, 1 + 9 + 3 = 13). You can do this in O(1) Time and
Space using the digital root formula without any loop or recursion

"""
check parity (odd or even): & 1
get last bit: x & (x-1)
two complement : res = -(1<<32 - res)
- get the value of a negative bit representation
- we convert it to a value 1<<32, then we need to subtract to get the complement

"""

Negative bit value: the complement of the bit except the last 1 stays 1 bit

5:  0000000000000101

-5: 1111111111111011

 8: 0000000000001000

-8: 1111111111111000

 12: 0000000000001100

-12: 1111111111110100

Subsequence vs Substring
Subarray: contiguous sequence in an array
Subsequence: Need not to be contiguous, but maintains order
Subset: keeps relative order but does not need to be contiguous

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