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Homework: RTD: Determine The Following

The document provides instructions for determining the area under a curve using three methods: the midpoint formula, Simpson's rule, and Microsoft Excel. The midpoint formula involves dividing the interval into equal subintervals and calculating the area of each rectangle. Simpson's rule requires an even number of subintervals and calculates a weighted average of the function values at the subinterval endpoints and midpoints. In Excel, the area is approximated by taking the average of adjacent y-values times the x-interval, summing these values, and deleting the last row before obtaining the total.

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29 views

Homework: RTD: Determine The Following

The document provides instructions for determining the area under a curve using three methods: the midpoint formula, Simpson's rule, and Microsoft Excel. The midpoint formula involves dividing the interval into equal subintervals and calculating the area of each rectangle. Simpson's rule requires an even number of subintervals and calculates a weighted average of the function values at the subinterval endpoints and midpoints. In Excel, the area is approximated by taking the average of adjacent y-values times the x-interval, summing these values, and deleting the last row before obtaining the total.

Uploaded by

Big
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Homework: RTD

The concentration readings in the table below represent a continuous response to a pulse
input into a closed vessel which is to be used as a chemical reactor.

Determine the following:


1) The C-curve
2) The E-curve
3) The mean residence time
4) The variance
5) The skewness
6) If the reactor was a PFR, determine the conversion. First derive the equation which
would enable you to determine the conversion.
7) If the reactor was a CSTR, determine the conversion. First derive the equation
which would enable you to determine the conversion.
Finding the AREA under a curve:

In the absence of POLYMATH software, we can still find the area under a curve. We can
use midpoint formula, Simpsons Rule, or we can use EXCEL:

Midpoint Formula:

Assume that f(x) is a continuous function on the interval [a,b]. Let n be a positive integer
b-a
and Δx = .
n
If [a,b] is divided into n subintervals, each of length Dx, and mi is the midpoint of the ith
subinterval, then:
n

Area = å f(m ) × Δx
i=1
i

We divide the interval into n subintervals of equal width, [a,b], into n subintervals of
equal width,
We can easily find the area for each of these rectangles and so for a general n we get
that,

Simpsons Rule:

For Simpsons Rule we again divide the interval [a,b] into n subintervals. The number of
subintervals, n, MUST be even. The width of each subinterval is:
b-a
Δx =
n
Area » Dx/3 [y0 + 4y1 +2y2 + 4y3 + . . . . + 4yn-1 + yn]
= Dx/3 [y0 +4(y1 + y3 +y5 + …..) + 2(y2 + y4 + y6 + ….) + yn]
Δx
= [first + 4(sum of odds) + 2(sum of evens) + last]
3
For the above curve,
Δx
Area » [f(x0) +4(f(x1) +f(x3) +f(x5)) +2(f(x2) + f(x4)) +f(x6)]
3

How to Find the Area Under Curve in Microsoft Excel: Steps

Example question: Find the area under curve in Excel for the graph below, from x = 1 to
x = 6.

Step 1: Choose a data points on the x-axis under the curve and list these values in
Column A in sequence, starting from Row 1. In this example from the graph on the left,
your x-values are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Ensure that the first and last data points chosen on
the curve are its starting and ending points respectively.

Step 2: List the corresponding y-axis data points in Column B, aligning them row-wise
with the values in Column A. In other words, where the values lie based on the graph,
use y = 1, 0.5, 0.33, 0.225, 0.2 and 0.19.
Step 3: Type the following formula into cell C1
=(B1+B2)/2*(A2-A1)
and copy this for all Column C cells till the second-last row of data. To copy, click cell
C1 and then click and drag the little black box in the right hand corner. In this example,
you have 6 data points so you would drag the formula to cell C5.

Step 4: Calculate the sum of the totals in Column C. In this example, click cell C6 and
then click the summation sign “Σ” on the ribbon. The solution will appear in cell C6.

Step 5: Delete the last row in column C (not the total!—see the image below). The
correct approximation will not show in the summation cell.
For this example, the solution is 1.85.

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