CHAPTER 26 THE CIRCLE AND ITS PROPERTIES

EXERCISE 101 Page 263

1. Calculate the length of the circumference of a circle of radius 7.2 cm

Circumference, c = 2r = 2(7.2) = 45.24 cm

2. If the diameter of a circle is 82.6 mm, calculate the circumference of the circle

Circumference, c = 2r = d = (82.6) = 259.5 mm

3. Determine the radius of a circle whose circumference is 16.52 cm

c 16.52

Circumference, c = 2πr from which, radius, r = 2 2 = 2.629 cm

4. Find the diameter of a circle whose perimeter is 149.8 cm

If perimeter, or circumference, c = d,

then 149.8 = d

149.8
and diameter, d =  = 47.68 cm

5. A crank mechanism is shown below, where XY is a tangent to the circle at point X. If the

circle radius 0X is 10 cm and length 0Y is 40 cm, determine the length of the connecting rod

XY.

If XY is a tangent to the circle, then 0XY = 90

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Thus, by Pythagoras, 0Y 2  0X 2  XY 2

from which, XY =
 0Y 2
 0X 2   402  10 2  1500
= 38.73 cm

6. If the circumference of the earth is 40 000 km at the equator, calculate its diameter.

c 40000

Circumference, c = 2r = d from which, diameter, d =   = 12732 km = 12730 km,
correct to 4 significant figures.

7. Calculate the length of wire in the paper clip shown below. The dimensions are in millimetres.

1 1
 2 2.5  2 2.5
Length of wire = (12 – 2.5) + 2 + (32 – 2.5 – 6 – 2.5) + 2 + (32 – 2.5 – 3)
1
 2 3
+ 2 + 3 + 12

= 9.5 + 2.5 + 21 + 2.5 + 26.5 + 3 + 3 + 12

= 72 + 8

= 97.13 mm

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EXERCISE 102 Page 264

1. Convert to radians in terms of : (a) 30 (b) 75 (c) 225

 
30 
(a) 30 = 180 rad = 6 rad

 5
75 
(b) 75 = 180 rad = 12 rad

 45 15 5
225  rad  rad
(c) 225 = 180 rad = 36 12 = 4 rad

2. Convert to radians, correct to 3 decimal places: (a) 48 (b) 8451' (c) 23215'


48 
(a) 48 = 180 rad = 0.838 rad

 51   
 84    84.85 
(b) 8451 =  60  180 180 rad = 1.481 rad


232.25 
(c) 23215 = 180 rad = 4.054 rad

7 4 7
3. Convert to degrees: (a) 6 rad (b) 9 rad (c) 12 rad

7 7 180
rad 
(a) 6 = 6  = 7 × 30 = 210

4 4 180
rad 
(b) 9 = 9  = 4 × 20 = 80

7 7 180
rad 
(c) 12 = 12  = 7 × 15 = 105

4. Convert to degrees and minutes: (a) 0.0125 rad (b) 2.69 rad (c) 7.241 rad

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 180
0.0125 
(a) 0.0125 rad =  = 0.716 or 043
180
2.69 
(b) 2.69 rad =  = 154.126 or 1548

180
7.241
(c) 7.241 rad =  = 414.879 or 41453

5. A car engine speed is 1000 rev/min. Convert this speed into rad/s.

1000 rev / min  2 rad / rev

1000 rev/min = 60s / min = 104.7 rad/s

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EXERCISE 103 Page 266

1. Calculate the area of a circle of radius 6.0 cm, correct to the nearest square centimetre.

r 2    6.0 
2
2
Area of circle = = 113 cm

2. The diameter of a circle is 55.0 mm. Determine its area, correct to the nearest square millimetre.

d2  55.02 
r 2     
4  4  = 2376 mm 2
Area of circle =

3. The perimeter of a circle is 150 mm. Find its area, correct to the nearest square millimetre.

150 75

Perimeter = circumference = 150 = 2πr from which, radius, r = 2 

2
 75 
r 2    
Area of circle =    = 1790 mm 2

4. Find the area of the sector, correct to the nearest square millimetre, of a circle having a radius of

35 mm, with angle subtended at centre of 75.

 75
 r 2     352  2
Area of sector = 360 360 = 802 mm

5. An annulus has an outside diameter of 49.0 mm and an inside diameter of 15.0 mm. Find its

area correct to 4 significant figures.

d12 d2  
r12  r2 2     2   d12  d 2 2    49.0 2  15.02  2
Area of annulus = 4 4 4 4 = 1709 mm

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6. Find the area, correct to the nearest square metre, of a 2 m wide path surrounding a circular plot

of land 200 m in diameter.

 2 
 d1  d 2 2    2042  2002  2
Area of path = 4 4 = 1269 m

7. A rectangular park measures 50 m by 40 m. A 3 m flower bed is made round the two longer

sides and one short side. A circular fish pond of diameter 8.0 m is constructed in the centre of

the park. It is planned to grass the remaining area. Find, correct to the nearest square metre, the

area of grass.

8.02

Area of grass = (50  40) – 2(50  3) – (34  3) - 4 = 2000 – 300 – 102 - 16 = 1548 m 2

8. With reference to the diagram, determine (a) the perimeter, and (b) the area.

1
(a) Perimeter = 17 + 28 + 17 + 2 (2π × 14) = 106.0 cm

1
  142  2
(b) Area = (28 × 17) + 2 = 476 + 98π = 783.9 cm

9. Find the area of the shaded portion shown.

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 2 2
Shaded area = (10 × 10) - π(5) = 100 - 25π = 21.46 m

10. Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 8.32 cm when the angle subtended at the centre is

2.14 radians. Calculate also the area of the minor sector formed.

Arc length, s = r = (8.32)(2.14) = 17.80 cm

1 2 1
r    8.32   2.14 
2
2
Area of minor sector = 2 2 = 74.07 m

11. If the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of diameter 82 mm is 1.46 rad, find the lengths of

the (a) minor arc, and (b) major arc.

82
If diameter d = 82 mm, radius r = 2 = 41 mm

(a) Minor arc length, s = r = (41)(1.46) = 59.86 mm

(b) Major arc length = circumference – minor arc

= 2(41) – 59.86 = 257.61 – 59.86 = 197.8 mm

12. A pendulum of length 1.5 m swings through an angle of 10 in a single swing. Find, in

centimetres, the length of the arc traced by the pendulum bob.

  
10  
Arc length of pendulum bob, s = r = (1.5)  180  = 0.262 m or 26.2 cm

13. Determine the shaded area of the section shown.

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 1
2 2 2
Shaded area = (12 × 15) + 2 [ π(8) ] - π(5) = 180 + 32π - 25π = 180 + 7π = 202 mm

14. Determine the length of the radius and circumference of a circle if an arc length of 32.6 cm

subtends an angle of 3.76 radians.

s 32.6

Arc length, s = r from which, radius, r =  3.76 = 8.67 cm

Circumference = 2πr = 2π(8.67) = 54.48 cm

15. Determine the angle of lap, in degrees and minutes, if 180 mm of a belt drive are in contact with a

pulley of diameter 250 mm.

250
Arc length, s = 180 mm, radius, r = 2 = 125 mm
s 180 180
 1.44 
Since s = r, the angle of lap,  = r 125 = 1.44 rad =  = 82.5

16. Determine the number of complete revolutions a motorcycle wheel will make in travelling 2 km,

if the wheel's diameter is 85.1 cm.

If wheel diameter = 85.1 cm, then circumference, c = d = (85.1) cm = 267.35 cm = 2.6735 m

2000
Hence, number of revolutions of wheel in travelling 2000 m = 2.6735 = 748.08

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Thus, number of complete revolutions = 748

17. The floodlights at a sports ground spread its illumination over an angle of 40 to a distance of

48 m. Determine (a) the angle in radians, and (b) the maximum area that is floodlit.


40  rad
(a) In radians, 40 = 180 = 0.69813 rad = 0.698 rad, correct to 3 decimal places
1 2 1
r    48   0.69813
2
2
(b) Maximum area floodlit = area of sector = 2 2 = 804.2 m

18. Find the area swept out in 50 minutes by the minute hand of a large floral clock, if the

hand is 2 m long.

50 50
 r 2     2 
2
2
Area swept out = 60 60 = 10.47 m

19. Determine (a) the shaded area below, (b) the percentage of the whole sector that the area of the

shaded area represents.

1 1 1
(50) 2 (0.75)  (38) 2 (0.75) (0.75) 502  382  2
(a) Shaded area = 2 2 = 2 = 396 mm

396
100%
1
(50) 2 (0.75)
(b) Percentage of whole sector = 2 = 42.24%

20. Determine the length of steel strip required to make the clip shown.

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 
230 
Angle of sector = 360 - 130 = 230 = 180 rad = 4.01426 rad

Thus, arc length, s = r = (125)(4.01426) = 501.783 mm

Length of steel strip in clip = 100 + 501.783 + 100 = 701.8 mm

21. A 50 tapered hole is checked with a 40 mm diameter ball as shown below. Determine the length

shown as x.

35 35
From the sketch below, tan 25 = AC from which, AC = tan 25 = 75.06 mm

20 20
and sin 25 = AB from which, AB = sin 25 = 47.32 mm

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i.e. AC = 75.06 = x + 20 + AB

= x + 20 + 47.32

and x = 75.06 – 20 – 47.32

i.e. x = 7.74 mm

EXERCISE 104 Page 269

1. Determine (a) the radius, and (b) the co-ordinates of the centre of the circle given by the equation:

2 2
x + y - 6x + 8y + 21 = 0

Method 1: The general equation of a circle (x  a)  (y  b)  r is x  y  2ex  2fy  c  0

2 2 2 2 2

2e 2f
where co-ordinate, a = - 2 , co-ordinate, b = - 2 and radius, r = a 2  b2  c

2e 6 2f 8
 
Hence, if x  y  6x  8y  21  0 then a = - 2
2 2
2 = 3, b = - 2 2 =-4

 (3) 2  (4) 2  (21)   (9  16  21)  4

and radius, r = =2

i.e. the circle x  y  6x  8y  21  0 has

2 2

(a) radius 2, and (b) centre at (3, - 4), as shown below.

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Method 2: x  y  6x  8y  21  0 may be rearranged as: (x  3)  (y  4)  4  0
2 2 2 2

i.e. (x  3)  (y  4)  2 which has a radius of 2 and centre at (3, - 4)

2 2 2

2 2
2. Sketch the circle given by the equation: x + y - 6x + 4y - 3 = 0

Method 1: The general equation of a circle (x  a)  (y  b)  r is x  y  2ex  2fy  c  0

2 2 2 2 2

2e 2f
where co-ordinate, a = - 2 , co-ordinate, b = - 2 and radius, r = a 2  b2  c

2e 6 2f 4
 
Hence, if x  y  6x  4y  3  0 then a = - 2
2 2
2 = 3, b = - 2 2 =-2

 (3) 2  (2) 2  ( 3)   (9  4  3)  16

and radius, r = =4

i.e. the circle x  y  6x  4y  3  0 has centre at (3, - 2) and radius 4, as shown

2 2

below.

Method 2: x  y  6x  4y  3  0 may be rearranged as: (x  3)  (y  2)  16  0

2 2 2 2

i.e. (x  3)  (y  2)  4 which has a radius of 4 and centre at (3, - 2)

2 2 2

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 2 2
3. Sketch the curve: x + (y - 1) - 25 = 0

2 2 2 2
x + (y - 1) - 25 = 0 i.e. x + (y - 1) = 25

2 2 2
i.e. x + (y - 1) = 5

which represents a circle, centre (0, 1) and radius 5 as shown in the sketch below.

  y 2 
1    
4. Sketch the curve: x = 6   6  

  y 2  x   y 2  2 2
x  6 1      1     x y
   1  
If   6   then
6   6   and 6 6

x 2 y2
 1
i.e. 62 62 and x 2  y 2  62

which is a circle of radius 6 and co-ordinates of centre at (0, 0), as shown below.

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