HVAC - Part-2
HVAC - Part-2
PRINCIPLES OF AIR-CONDITIONING
The goal is to keep it more comfortable inside the house
than it is outside.
COOLING / REFRIGERATION CYCLE DEFINITION:
A cycle that shows how the refrigerant vapor is inhaled and discharged
by the compressor to the condenser.
Compressor
-Inhales the refrigerant Cold refrigerant vapor and
from the suction channel low pressure
- Compresses to the Evaporator
discharge channel. -Liquid turns to vapor
-Cold air flows into room
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
EXPANSION VALVE
1) Windows Air-conditioning System
Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and
cheapest type of air conditioners.
To install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot in the
wall, and there should also be some open space behind the wall.
Window air-conditioner units are reliable and simple-to-install
solution to keep a room cool while avoiding the costly construction of a
central air system.
Better yet, when the summer heat dies down, these units can be easily
removed for storage, and you can use the window sill for other purpose
2) Split Air-Conditioning System
The split air conditioner comprises of two
parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit.
The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room,
houses components like the compressor,
condenser and expansion valve.
The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or
cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit
you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of
the room.
Further, the present day split units have
aesthetic looks and add to the beauty of the
room. The split air conditioner can be used
to cool one or two rooms
3) Centralized
Air-Conditioning System
The central air conditioning plants or the
systems are used when large buildings, hotels,
theaters, airports, shopping malls etc. are to be
air conditioned completely.
The window and split air conditioners are used
for single rooms or small office spaces.
If the whole building is to be cooled it is not
economically viable to put window or split air
conditioner in each and every room.
Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily
cool the large halls, auditoriums, receptions
areas etc.
4) Packaged Air-
Conditioning System
The window and split air
conditioners are usually used for the
small air conditioning capacities up
to 5 tons.
The central air conditioning systems
are used for where the cooling loads
extend beyond 20 tons.
The packaged air conditioners are
used for the cooling capacities in
between these two extremes.
The packaged air conditioners are
available in the fixed rated capacities
of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
These units are used commonly in
places like restaurants, telephone
exchanges, homes, small halls, etc.
Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner (often
abbreviated PTAC) is a type of self-contained heating
and air conditioning system commonly found in hotels,
motels, senior housing facilities, hospitals, condominiums,
apartment buildings, add-on rooms & sunrooms. Many are
designed to go through a wall, having vents and heat
sinks both inside and outside.
DISTRICT
CHILLED BEAM
COOLING
SYSTEM
SYSTEM
District Cooling System
KUALA LUMPUR
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
PUTRAJAYA
UKM
BANGSAR
DCS - COMPONENTS
R-22
MONOKLORODIFLUOROMETANA
R-11
TRIKLOROMONOFLUROMETANA
R-12
DIKLORODIFLUOROMETANA
AHU
What’s in an AHU?
Sensor
Heating/Cooling Coil
Filter Fan
Damper
Air handling unit AHU
•Air handling units (AHU, sometimes referred to as ‘air handlers’) form part of the
heating, ventilating and air conditioning system (HVAC) that supplies, circulates
and extracts air from buildings.
•Air handling units can be supplied in a range of sizes, and with a variety of
capabilities, but typically they comprise an insulated box that forms the housing for;
filter racks or chambers, a fan (or blower), and sometimes heating elements,
cooling elements, sound attenuators and dampers (that can be operated manually
or automatically to regulate or prevent specific air flows). In some situations, such
as in swimming pools, air handling units might include dehumidification.
•Heating and / or cooling can be generated within the unit itself, or can be provided
by connection to the building’s boilers or chillers.
•Generally, air handling units will be connected to the ductwork within the building
that supplies air to and extracts air from the interior, but they can be used to supply
and extract air direct to a space, or they may be located on a roof (rooftop units or
RTU).
•Air handling units that consist of only a fan and a heating or cooling element,
located within the space they are serving, may be referred to as fan coil units
(FCU). no risk to public health.
•Air handling units can be used to re-circulate a proportion of ‘stale’ air within a
building, mixing this with fresh air to reduce the amount of air conditioning that is
required. They can also include heat recovery, recovering heat from return air and
using it to warm the supply air.
•Fans may be single speed, may have a range of set speeds, or may be variable
frequency drive. Flow rates may also be controlled by inlet vanes or outlet
dampers.
•Air handling units generate noise (and vibration) which can be disruptive, and
this can be compounded where ductwork passes between acoustically separate
spaces. In this case, acoustic attenuators might be used. In addition, vibration
can be generated. This vibration can be isolated by inserting flexible sections
between the unit and ductwork and by isolating the unit from the building
structure.
•Where air handling units are located outside buildings, they can be the source of
complaints by neighbours because of the noise and vibration they generate and
sometimes because of odours they expel (typically where they are serving
kitchens). It is important that these units are properly designed, installed and
maintained to minimise this disturbance.
•‘Wet’ systems, that include water evaporative cooling, can present a hazard to
health. Businesses using such systems are required to carry out a risk
assessment and put in place procedures.
•Air conditioners are rated by the number of British Thermal Units
(Btu) of heat they can remove per hour. Another common rating
term for air conditioning size is the "ton," which is 12,000 Btu per
hour.
•Room air conditioners range from 5,500 Btu per hour to 14,000 Btu
per hour.