PHILTECH INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY INC.

SUBJECT: DRAWING 1
WEEK 1 (AUGUST 24-29, 2020)

LESSON 1: PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

TOPICS: Select measuring instruments

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this session, you will be able to:
 Objects or components to be measured are identified, classified and interpreted according to appropriate
regular geometric shape.
 Measuring tools are selected/identified as per object to be measured per job requirements.
 Measuring instruments are selected according to job requirements

INFORMATION SHEET # 1

TECHNICAL TERMS

Aligned system is a dimensioning system where all dimensions are parallel to the line being measured.
Angle is a geometrical figure composed of two straight lines intersecting at one of their extremities.
Circle is a closed curve where all points are equally distant from the center.
Concentric circles consist of two or more circles with a common center.
Cone is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curved line in passing through a fixed point.
Dodecahedron is a solid shape with twelve pentagons.
Eccentric circles are circles having no common center.
Heptagon is a polygon with seven sides.
Hexahedron is a solid cube.
Hexagon is a polygon with six sides.
Icosahedron is a solid shape with twenty triangles.
Nonagon is a polygon with seven sides.
Octagon is a polygon with eight sides.
Octahedron is a solid shape with eight triangles.
Pentagon is a polygon with five sides.
Polygon is a plane geometric figure bounded by straight lines.
Prism has two bases which are parallel equal polygon.
Pyramid has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting at a common point called vertex.
Quadrilateral is a four-sided plane geometrical figure.
Radius is the length of a straight line connecting the center of a circle with a point on the circumference of a circle.
Sector is a portion of a circle bounded by two radii and the intercepted arc.
Segment is a portion of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord.
Solid is a three-dimensional figure.
Sphere is generated by a circle revolving around each diameter
Tetrahedron is a solid with four triangles.
GEOMETRIC FIGURES The geometric figures commonly used in drawing pictures are lines, angles, triangles,
quadrilaterals, regular polygons, circles and arcs and solids.

LINE. A line is a set of points. A portion of the line between two distinct points is a called a line segment. The following
are the different kinds of lines.
1. Straight line. It is the shortest distance between two points.
2. Parallel lines. These are lines on the same plane which will not meet no matter how long you extend them.
3. Perpendicular lines. These are two intersecting lines which form right angles.

ANGLE. An angle is a figure formed by two rays with common end point. Angles are classified according to their
measures. The following are the different kinds of angles.
1. Straight angle. It is an angle whose measure is 1800.
2. Right angle. It is an angle whose measure is 900. PERPENDICULAR LINES PARALLELL LINES STRAIGHT LINES
3 Acute angle. It is an angle whose measure is less than 900.
4. Obtuse angle. It is an angle whose measure is more than 900 but less than 1800.
5. Complementary angles. These are two angles whose sum measures 900.
6. Supplementary angles. These are two angles whose sum measures 1800.

POLYGON. A polygon is a closed figure formed by line segments intersecting at end points. The line segments are called
sides of the polygon. Polygon is classified according to the number of sides. The following are the different kinds of
polygon.

1. Triangle. It is a three-sided polygon. The different kinds of triangles are as follows:

a. Equilateral has all three sides equal.
b. Isosceles has two of the sides equal.
c. Scalene- has three sides of unequal length.
d. Right is where one of the angles is a right angle
CIRCLE. A circle is a closed curve, all points are equally distant from the center. An arc is a portion of the circumference
of the circle.
The following are terms related to a circle or parts of a circle.

1. Concentric circles consist of two or more circles with a

2. Eccentric circles are circles having no common center.
3. Ellipse is an oblique circle with two axes, the minor axis and the major axis.
4. Radius is a line segment from the center to any point on the circle.
5. Chord is a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
6. Diameter is a chord that passes through the center.
7. Sector is a portion of a circle bounded by two radii and the intercepted arc.
8. Segment is a portion of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord.
9. Circumference is the distance around the circle.
The circumference is equal to the diameter multiplied by 3.1416.
10. Quadrant is one-fourth of the entire area of the circle.
 Quiz # 1

Directions: A. Identify the correct word that has the same relationship to the word as the first pair.

1. Quadrilateral: Rhombus ; ____________: Isosceles

2. Circle: Sphere ; Square: ____________
3. 1080: Hexagon ; 1440: ____________
4. Straight: Polygon ; ____________: Circle
5. Line: Triangle ; ____________: Compass

B. Identify the following geometric figures and solids below.

To access LMS (Learning Management System) : www.piat.ph

 PHILTECH INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
SUBJECT: DRAWING1
WEEK 2 (AUG 31 – SEPTEMBER 5, 2020)

LESSON 2: Select measuring instruments

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this session, you will be able to:
 Measuring instruments are selected according to job requirements.
 Alternative measuring tools are used without sacrificing cost and quality of work.
 Measurements are obtained according to job requirements.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.1

Measuring Tools used for the purpose of measuring dimensions, measuring tools are imperative for
implementing any work with precision. The measuring tools are also used largely for carrying out different types of
measurements.

Importance of measuring tools

Measuring tools are essential for examining a finished product or semi- finished product. The inspection or
examination operations include checking, or testing an object based on the required dimensions given on a diagram or a
sketch. Again the measurements taken must be accurate.

Types of measuring tools

1. T-Square is used a guide in drawing horizontal lines and in measuring up to 48” straight line.

2. Triangles are used for drawing vertical and oblique lines. They are usually made of celluloid or plastic and come
in various sizes. The most commonly used triangles are the 45 and the 30x 60. Illustrations below show the
proper use of drawing lines and measuring angles using the T-square and triangle
3. Ruler is the most popular type of measuring tool. It is usually 6 or 12 inches in length. It is needed for measuring
sizes and distances.

4. Triangular Scale is used in general drawing. Its main purpose is to reproduce the dimension in full size or to
reduce or enlarge them on a drawing.

5. Protractor is used for measuring and setting of angles other than those obtainable with the triangles.
6. Tape or tape ruler is a concave, spring-steel blade ranging from 1/4" to 1" wide and 6 to about 300 feet in
length, coiled inside a carrying case. Metric tape ruler comes in comparable widths and lengths up to 10 meters.
It provides an easy means for accurately measuring curved surfaces.

How to Take Care of Drafting Measuring Tools

Tools will last longer when properly kept and maintained. A good worker or draftsman keeps and takes care of
these tools. The following are some pointers:

1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if they are in working condition. This can
be detected when there is ease and speed when in use.
2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth. Wipe it dry with another piece of cloth
before keeping it.
3. When not in use, the T-square is preferably hung by inserting the hole to a nail (attached to a wall) at
the end of its blade.
4. Do not abuse or misuse any piece of drawing instruments.
5. Avoid throwing tool to anybody instead hand it over
6. Avoid setting off the distances individually by moving the scale to a new position each time, because
slight errors in the measurements may accumulate and give rise to a large error.
7. Avoid unnecessary sliding of T-square or triangles across the drawing. Pick up the triangle by their
tips and tilt the T-square blade upward slightly before moving.
8. Report defective tool and any hazard to instructor immediately.
QUIZ # 2.1

A. Directions: Match Column A with Column B.

Write only the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Column A Column B
1. A measuring tool used to layout an angle or an arc. A. Triangle
2. Most popular type of measuring tools, B. Tape Ruler
usually 6 or 12 inches in length.
3. Its main purpose is to reproduce, reduce or enlarge C. T-square
the dimension of size on a drawing.
4. It is used for drawing vertical and oblique lines. D. Scale
5. It provides an easy means for accurately E. Ruler
measuring curved surfaces.

B. List down at least five uses and care of drafting or measuring tools.

1. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
INFORMATION SHEET 2.1

Formulas for Computing Volume, Area and Perimeter of a Plane and Geometric Figures
Using the precise measuring tools and accurate formulas, computing for volume, area and perimeter of a plane and
geometric figures can be attained.

Example No. 1 Compute the volume of a rectangular prism with the given dimensions.

V= HxWxL Given H = 3.00 m

W = 5.00 m
L = 10.00 m

Solution:
V = HxWxL
= 3.00 x 5.00 x 10.00
V = 150.00 cu.m

Example No. 2 Compute the volume of a cylinder with the given dimensions

V = ∏r2h where r is the radius of the cylinder and h is its height.

Given
r = 2.50 m
h = 10.00 m

Solution:
V = ∏r2h = (3.1416)(2.50)2(10.00)
= (3.1416)(6.25)(10.00)
= (19.635)(10.00)
V = 196.35 m3

Example No. 3 Compute the area of a rectangle with the given dimensions

Given:
W= 8m
L=12m

Solution:
A=LxW
= 6.00m x 3.00m
= 18.00 m2
Activity # 1
Direction: Answer the Following, Draw the Figure, and Show the Solutions

1. Find the Area of a Letter size Bond Paper.

2. Find the Volume of a matchbox with the dimensions of 50 mm width, 60 mm length
and 15mm height.
 PHILTECH INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
SUBJECT: DRAWING 1
WEEK 3 (SEPTTEMBER 7 – SEPTEMBER 12 2020)

LESSON 3: PERFORMING MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

TOPICS: Trade Mathematics/Measurement, Dimensions

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this session, you will be able to:
 Obtain Accurate measurement
 Complete working tasks involving calculation using fractions, percentage and mixed numbers

INFORMATION SHEET 3.1

INTRODUCTION

The word measurement comes from the Greek word "metron," meaning limited proportion. The metre (U.S.:
meter) was standardized as the unit for length after the French Revolution, and it has been adopted throughout the
world. Metric scale is applied when the meter is used for linear measurement. Accurate measurement is essential in
many fields, and since all measurements are necessarily approximations, a great deal of effort must be taken to make
measurements as accurate as possible.

Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate measurement would mean waste of time,
effort and materials. The development of the skill in measuring starts with the ability to read measurements.

Two systems of measurement

There are two systems of measurement: the English system which originated in England and the Metric system
or Systems International (S.I) which originated in France.

The basic unit in the S.I. measurement is called the meter. The meter is divided into 100 centimeters. Each
centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters. They are abbreviated as follows:

Millimeters mm
Centimeters cm
Decimeters dm
Meters m

In the English system , the inch is divided into 16 graduations and the smallest graduation is read 1/16

To read measurement exceeding 1 inch say 2” and for smaller graduations, it is read and written as: 2 4/16
or 2 ¼.
1 Foot + 2 inches + 3 smaller graduations, it is read and written as: 14 3/16 In the S.I measurement , the
meter is divided into 10 millimeters.
As shown below:

QUIZ # 3.1
 Directions: Write the correct measurements starting from the end of ruler at the left to the points as indicated
by extension lines. Use a separate sheet of paper.

INFORMATION SHEET 3.2

DIMENSION

Dimension is the numerical value that is being assigned to the size, shape or location of the feature being
described. Dimensions are indicated in drawings by dimension lines and numerical figures. A properly dimensioned
drawing helps ensure that the part produced in the manufacturing phase matches the part asked for.

Before we begin to study the rules for dimensioning, let us learn first the anatomy of a dimension (Please
see figure below).

KINDS OF DIMENSION

a. Size Dimension tells how large or small an object is.

b. Location Dimension locates a feature of an object.

DIMENSIONING SYSTEM
a. Aligned system are figures aligned with the dimension lines so that they may be read from the bottom or
from the right side of the sheet. (Note: Dimensions and notes shown with leader lines are aligned with the
bottom of the page.)
b. Unidirectional system are figures and notes lettered horizontally on the sheet and read from the bottom
of the drawing.

OVERALL DIMENSIONS are the total thickness or height, width and length of an object.
DETAILED DIMENSIONS are the thickness, length and width of each part of the same object.

RULES IN DIMENSIONING

The following rules provide some simple guidelines to be followed when placing dimensions on a drawing.
  The dimension should be applied in the view that provides the best description of the feature being
dimensioned. For example, holes should be dimensioned in a view where they appear round. Generally the dimension is
placed between views.

 Apply dimensions in a view where the feature appears in its true size.
 Reference dimensions should be placed in parenthesis. This means that it is not required. The total length
is known because the radius of the curve on the left side is given.

 Place larger dimensions towards the outside so that extension lines don’t cross dimension lines.

 Do not over-dimension. Each feature should be dimensioned once.

 If aligned dimension is used, dimensions must be read from the lower or right-hand side of the sheet. If
unidirectional system is used, all dimensions must be read from the bottom of the sheet.
  Dimension lines should not end at object lines. Use extension lines to relate the dimension to the feature
being described.
 Do not place dimensions in the view. Use extension lines from the feature and locate the dimension
outside of the view.

 Use the diameter dimension to specify the size of holes and cylinders. Precede the dimension with the
diameter symbol Ø.
 Use the radius to dimension an arc. The radius dimension is preceded by the symbol R.

For round holes, dimension with the diameter symbol Ø. For arcs, use radius dimension preceded by the symbol r.

 Concentric circles should be dimensioned in a longitudinal view.

  Stagger the dimensions if they are stacked.
 Dimensions should be uniformly spaced.
 Circular features should be located by dimensioning the centerlines

 Avoid dimensioning hidden lines. Create a section view if necessary to dimension an object line.

OTHER DIMENSIONING RULES

  Dimensions should generally be placed between views.
 Avoid repetition of dimensions.
 Dimension lines should be parallel to the edge or line being measured.
 The flares of the arrowhead should be properly made.
 The fine line in a dimension line must be strictly observed.
 The figures or numbers in a dimension line should be legible and properly located.
 Use an outside dimension if the space is limited and use inside dimension if the space is ample or wide.
 Continuous dimensions should be used whenever possible.
 Staggered dimensioning should be used when the spaces for the dimensions are narrow.
 A dimension line may be terminated by a projection or center line.
 Dimension lines should not be extended beyond the edge of line being measured.
 Arrowheads should point to the terminating line and not to the dimensional figure. www.shsph.blogspot.com 38
 Let no workman add or subtract dimensions.
 When giving the location dimensions for round holes, measure the center-to-center distance between holes and
from the center line of the holes to the two nearest visible lines.
 Never crowd dimensions.
 Give the diameter of a circle or round hole and radii of arcs.
 Projection or extension lines and other alphabet of lines used in dimensioning should be properly drawn.

QUIZ # 3.2
Directions: A. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong then write the word/s that makes it correct.
Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. All lettering and numerals must be perfectly legible.

2. Standard height of numerals is 1”.
3. Dimension should generally be placed between views.
4. Notes are not always placed parallel to the right side of drawing.
5. Use lower case letters in dimensioning notes.
6. Avoid repetitions of dimensions.
7. Use an outside dimension if the space is limited and an inside dimension if the space is ample or wide.
8. Continuous dimensioning should be used whenever possible.
9. Extension lines should end exactly at the arrowhead. 10. A dimension line may be terminated by a projection, visible,
hidden or center line.

B. Identify the kinds of dimension by placing L for location dimension and S for size dimension

PHILTECH INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY INC.

SUBJECT: DRAWING1
WEEK 4 (SEPTTEMBER 14 – SEPTEMBER 19, 2020)
LESSON 3: PERFORMING MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

TOPICS: Ratio and Proportion, Fraction, Percentage and Decimal

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this session, you will be able to:
 Obtain Accurate measurement
 Complete working tasks involving calculation using fractions, percentage and mixed numbers

INFORMATION SHEET 3.3

RATIO AND PROPORTION

 Proportion

A proportion is an equation with a ratio on each side. It is a statement that two ratios are equal.

Example: 3/4= 6/8

When one of the four numbers in a proportion is unknown, cross products may be used to find the unknown number.
This is called solving the proportion. Question marks or letters are frequently used in place of the unknown number.

Example: Solve for n: ½ = n/4

Using cross products, we see that 2xn=1x4=4, so 2xn=4.

Dividing both sides by 2 n=4÷2 so that n=2.

 Ratio

A ratio is a comparison of two numbers. We generally separate the two numbers in the ratio with a colon
(:). Suppose we want to write the ratio of 8 and 12. We can write this as 8:12 or as fraction 8/12, and we say the ratio is
eight to twelve.

Examples: Jerson has a bag with 3 videocams, 4 marbles, 7 books, and 1 mango.

1. What is the ratio of books to marbles? Expressed as a fraction, with the numerator equal to the first quantity
and the denominator equal to the second, the answer would be 7/4. Two other ways of writing the ratio are 7 to
4, and 7:4

2. What is the ratio of the videocams to the total number of items in the bag? There are 3 videocams, and 3+4+7+1
= 15 items total.The answer can be expressed as 3/15, 3 to 15 or 3:15.

QUIZ # 3.3

I. Directions: Solve the following. Find the Value of n. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. 1/5 = n/10
2. 3/4 = 6/n

3. 2/5 = n/20

II. Find the ratio of the following

1. Gemir has a box with 4 sets of drawing instruments,8 pcs of drawing papers, 2 boxes of craypass and 7 drawing
pencils
4. What is the ratio of the box to the drawing instruments?
5. What about the ratio of the box to the drawing pencils?

INFORMATION SHEET 3.4

PERCENTAGE , FRACTION AND DECIMAL

How To Compute Percentage?

 The simplest way to compute percentage is to divide the given amount by the total and then multiply the
answer by 100.

The equation can be put up as follows:

(Given amount /Total amount) x100

For example, if John scores 60 out of 75 in Drafting Technology, we can find the percentage of his marks by
dividing 60 by 75 the answer is 0.8, then multiplying it by 100 the percentage of his marks is 80%.

Example: (60/75) x 100= 80%

ROUNDING OFF DECIMALS

Metric measurements in decimals are often long numbers. They must often be rounded to a convenient number
of digits. In this text most metric dimensions are either whole millimeter or two-places decimals that have been rounded
off. To help you round off your own calculation, rules of rounding are discussed below.

1. If the first number to be eliminated is less than 5, simply drop it (and the number to the right of it) and let the
last significant digit stand.

Example:
Round off 25.4 mm to whole millimeter.
Solution: Simply drop the 4.
Answer: 25

Example : Round off 0.3125 (5/16) into two significant digits.

Solution: The first number to be eliminated is 2:
Simply drop it and all numbers to its right(5)
Answer:0.31

2. If the number to be eliminated is 5 or more, drop the number, then add one to the last digit retained.

Example: a. Round off 78.6 into its nearest ones.

Solution: The number to be rounded off is 6 which is greater than 5,
drop 6 and add one to the last digit retained.
]Answer: 79

b. Round off 92.65 into its nearest tenths.

Solution: The number to be rounded off is 5,
drop 5 and add one to 6 which is the last digit retained.
Answer: 92.7
QUIZ 3.4

Directions: Convert the numbers into Decimals. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper

TEST I. Answer the next activity based from the sample

1. ¼ to decimal _____________

2. ¾ to decimal _____________

3. 7/16 to decimal _____________

4. 3/8 to decimal _____________

5. 1/8 to decimal _____________

TEST II. Round off the following numbers to their nearest hundredths.

1. 76.3456 _____________

2. 93.674 _____________

3. 27.009 _____________

4. 4.6245 _____________

5. 5.2532 _____________

TEST III. Change the following decimals to percent

1. 0.78 _____________

2. 8.2 _____________

3. 0.86 _____________

4. 9 _____________

5. 1 _____________

TEST IV. Change the following percent to decimals.

1. 92.5%____________

2. 78% _____________

3. 2% _____________

4. 50% _____________

5. 2. 5% _____________