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Methods of Data Collection in Qualitative Research

1. Qualitative research collects data through observation, in-depth interviews, and reviewing archival records. Observation can be participant or non-participant, and field notes are descriptive or reflective. 2. In-depth interviews are most successful for qualitative data collection. They use open-ended questions in structured, unstructured, or mixed approaches. Interviews can be one-on-one or focus groups of 3-10 people. 3. Reviewing archival data analyzes existing sources like reports, documents, articles, and records. It includes diary analysis, analyzing written descriptions, and historical analysis of public documents.

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Akhwand Saulat
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512 views

Methods of Data Collection in Qualitative Research

1. Qualitative research collects data through observation, in-depth interviews, and reviewing archival records. Observation can be participant or non-participant, and field notes are descriptive or reflective. 2. In-depth interviews are most successful for qualitative data collection. They use open-ended questions in structured, unstructured, or mixed approaches. Interviews can be one-on-one or focus groups of 3-10 people. 3. Reviewing archival data analyzes existing sources like reports, documents, articles, and records. It includes diary analysis, analyzing written descriptions, and historical analysis of public documents.

Uploaded by

Akhwand Saulat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Methods of Data Collection in Qualitative Research

Subject: Advance Clinical Research

Submitted to: Dr. Umbreen Khizar

Dated: 23rd May, 2020

Submitted by: Akhwand Abdur Raffi Saulat

Roll no: ADCP-021R20-6

Session: 2020-2021

Department of Psychology
Methods of Data Collection in Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its
subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to
make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.
The aim of qualitative research is to understand the social reality of individuals, groups and cultures
as nearly as possible as its participants feel it or live it. Thus, people and groups, are studied in their natural
setting. Research following a qualitative approach is exploratory and seeks to explain ‘how’ and ‘why’ a
particular phenomenon, or behavior, operates as it does in a particular context.
Methods of Data Collection
In qualitative research the data can be collected through three methods a) observation b) In-depth
Interview and c) Reviewing Archival Records, depending upon the approach of the research
1. Observation
There are two types of observation usually at play participant observation and non-participant
observation, the former type of observation demands firsthand involvement in the social world chosen for
study. Immersion in the setting permits the researcher to hear, to see, and to begin to experience reality as
the participants do. Ideally, the researcher spends a considerable amount of time in the setting. This
immersion offers the researcher the opportunity to learn directly from his own experience.
In some situations, researcher may not be familiar enough with the site and people to participate in
the activities. A nonparticipant observer is an observer who visits a site and records notes without becoming
involved in the activities of the participants. The nonparticipant observer is an “outsider” who sits on the
periphery or some advantageous place (e.g., the back of the classroom) to watch and record the phenomenon
under study. By not actively participating, researcher might remove himself from actual experiences, and
the observations he make may not be as concrete as if he had participated in the activities.
In both the cases i.e. participant observation and non-participant observation, the researcher will
take notes of the targeted behavior in the form of written or recorded observation in audio/ video format.
There are two types of field notes a) descriptive field notes record a description of the events, activities,
and people (e.g., what happened), b) Reflective field notes record personal thoughts that researchers have
that relate to their insights, hunches, or broad ideas or themes that emerge during the observation
2. In-Depth Interview
One of the most successful technique in collecting data for qualitative research is in-depth
interview. The researcher used a collection of open ended questions in the interview to get best responses
from the participants without constraining them limited response set. The researcher can either choose a
structured or an unstructured form of interview but the mix approach is considered ideal for getting optimum
information. In a mix approach interview a researcher starts with structured interview set and later
incorporate unstructured questions for prompting and gaining maximum insight regarding a certain
phenomenon. There are two types of interviews depending upon there method a) one-on-one interview b)
focus group interview
A popular approach qualitative research, the one-on-one interview is a data collection process in
which the researcher asks questions to and records answers from only one participant in the study at a time.
Researcher may use several one-on-one interviews for obtaining a broader aspect.
Focus groups are small groups of people who participate together in interviews focused on a
particular topic or issue. The interaction among participants in a focus group can sometimes bring out more
information than can be learned in a one-on-one interview. Whenever the resources for 1-on-1 interviews
are limited (whether in terms of people, money, or time) or researcher need to recreate a particular social
situation in order to gather data on people’s attitudes and behaviors, focus groups can come in very handy.
Ideally, a focus group should have 3-10 people, plus a moderator. Of course, depending on the research
goal and what the data obtained is to be used for, there should be some common denominators for all the
members of the focus group.
3. Reviewing Archival Data
Reviewing the archival data is based on existing sources, like government reports, personal
documents, articles in newspapers, books or medical records. Depending upon the type of the document
being analyzed revision of archival data is divided into three type a) diary method, participants’ diaries are
being revised keeping view the required theme and essence b) any type of participants’ written description
is analyzed it could be his journals, notebooks or autobiographies etc. and c) historical analysis is
particularly useful in obtaining knowledge of unexamined areas and in reexamining questions for which
answers are not as definite as desired. It allows for systematic and direct classification of data it includes
newspaper reports, public reports, government documents and speeches etc.

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