Exercise Sheet 3: Quantum Information - Summer Semester 2020

Exercise Sheet 3
Quantum Information - Summer Semester 2020

RWTH Aachen
Valentin Bruch, Fernando Martinez, Pedro Parrado
Due: 27 April 2020, 12.00
Problem 1 Schmidt Decomposition (3, 3, 2)

(a) Compute the reduced density operators ρA and ρB of the following states and from these
calculate the Schmidt coefficients:
|00i − |01i + |10i − |11i 1
|ψ1 i = , |ψ2 i = 8 |00i + 4 |01i + i |10i + 13i |11i
2 c
√
with c = 5 10.
Hint: Remember from exercise sheet 2, problem 2 that the eigenvalues of ~r · ~σ are ±k~rk.
(b) Compute the Schmidt decomposition of the following states:
|00i + |11i + |21i 1
|ψ3 i = √ , |ψ2 i = 8 |00i + 4 |01i + i |10i + 13i |11i .
3 c
(c) Two qubits A and B are in a pure entangled state |ψAB i. The reduced state on qubit A
has purity TrA ρ2A = 58 . What is the qualitative connection between purity and Schmidt
coefficients? Calculate the Schmidt coefficients of the state |ψAB i.
Problem 2 Quantum entanglement vs. classical correlation: Parity

measurements (2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 4)
Consider a composite system AB. By doing projective measurements we want to distinguish the
maximally entangled pure quantum state and the maximally correlated classical mixed state:
1 ? 1
ρcl =

ρ= |00iAB + |11iAB h00|AB + h11|AB ↔ |00ih00|AB + |11ih11|AB .
2 2
(a) Show that local measurements on A or B cannot distinguish these states.
Hint: Which quantity determines the statistics of local measurements on A?
(b) We thus have to measure on both subsystems to distinguish ρ and ρcl . Consider the
Z-parity observable ZA ⊗ ZB and the X-parity observable XA ⊗ XB , which measure cor-
relations of the two qubits.1 Are these simultaneously measurable? What is their action
on the 4 so-called Bell states
ψ := √1 |00i ± |11i ψ := √1 |01i ± |10i
+ −
± AB AB , ± AB AB ?
2 2
(c) Express the states ρ and ρcl in the Bell basis.

(d) Show that the effect operators {EZ+ , EZ− } of a projective Z-parity measurement with
outcomes +1 and −1 can be written as
1
EZ± = (1A ⊗ 1B ± ZA ⊗ ZB )
2
and express these effect operators in the Bell basis.
1
These nonlocal observables will turn out to be important in the stabilizer formalism of quantum error correction.
1
Exercise sheet 3 Quantum Information SS2020 27 April 2020, 12.00
(e) Calculate the measurement statistics for Z-parity measurements on both states and show
that both ρ and ρcl show maximal correlations of the two subsystems.
(f ) Show that by contrast the statistics for the X-parity measurement are completely un-
correlated for ρcl but are still maximally correlated for ρ, which indicates that quantum
correlations can be stronger than classical ones.
Problem 3 Quantum steering of 2 entangled qubits (2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2)

Consider two qubits A and B in the entangled state
|ψAB i = √12 α |0i + β |1i ⊗ |0i + √1

2
α |0i − β |1i ⊗ |1i
with complex amplitudes α, β ∈ C. To illustrate the steering of measurements performed by A

on this state by measurements of B we need to find the Schmidt decomposition of |ψAB i.
(a) Calculate the reduced
√density √
operators on subsystems A and B. From these compute the
Schmidt coefficients λ1 and λ2 .
(b) Show that the marginal states you computed in (a) are proper density operators. Which
assumption about α and β is required here, that you could have seen directly from |ψAB i?
(c) Find the Schmidt bases for A and B. Check explicitly that the Schmidt coefficients of (a)
and the Schmidt bases reproduce the state |ψAB i including all phase factors.
We now turn to steering. From here on assume α, β ∈ R with the constraints found in (b).
(d) Suppose B wants to simulate the following projective measurement {PA± } with outcome
b = ± made by A:
PA± = 12 (1A ± XA )
Determine the measurement {PB± } that B has to do following the recipe from the lecture
slides on steering.
(e) Which observables do the measurements {PA± } and {PB± } in (d) correspond to?
(f ) We now consider the unitaries required in the steering equation
(PA± ⊗ 1B ) |ψAB i = (VA± ⊗ UB± ) · (1A ⊗ PB± ) |ψAB i .
Show that2 in the special case β = 0:
VA± = |±i h0|A + |∓i h1|A , UB± = |±i h0|B + |∓i h1|B .
2
The solution is not unique. You should only show that this is one possible solution.

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Exercise Sheet 3

Quantum Information - Summer Semester 2020

Problem 1 Schmidt Decomposition (3, 3, 2)

Problem 2 Quantum entanglement vs. classical correlation: Parity

(c) Express the states ρ and ρcl in the Bell basis.

Problem 3 Quantum steering of 2 entangled qubits (2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2)

|ψAB i = √12 α |0i + β |1i ⊗ |0i + √1

with complex amplitudes α, β ∈ C. To illustrate the steering of measurements performed by A

(PA± ⊗ 1B ) |ψAB i = (VA± ⊗ UB± ) · (1A ⊗ PB± ) |ψAB i .

Show that2 in the special case β = 0:

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