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    Geometric Unsharpness: Radiography

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    kingston
    Geometric unsharpness refers to loss of definition caused by the size of the radiation source and the paths radiation takes from the source to the object and detector. Larger source size and greater distances between source-object and object-detector increase unsharpness. Standards require unsharpness be less than 1/100 of material thickness up to 0.040 inch. Unsharpness can be calculated using measurements of source size, source-object distance, and object-detector distance.

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    Geometric Unsharpness: Radiography

    Uploaded by

    kingston
    63 views3 pages
    Geometric unsharpness refers to loss of definition caused by the size of the radiation source and the paths radiation takes from the source to the object and detector. Larger source size and greater distances between source-object and object-detector increase unsharpness. Standards require unsharpness be less than 1/100 of material thickness up to 0.040 inch. Unsharpness can be calculated using measurements of source size, source-object distance, and object-detector distance.

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    Geometric unsharpness refers to loss of definition caused by the size of the radiation source and the paths radiation takes from the source to the object and detector. Larger source size and greater distances between source-object and object-detector increase unsharpness. Standards require unsharpness be less than 1/100 of material thickness up to 0.040 inch. Unsharpness can be calculated using measurements of source size, source-object distance, and object-detector distance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    63 views3 pages

    Geometric Unsharpness: Radiography

    Uploaded by

    kingston
    Geometric unsharpness refers to loss of definition caused by the size of the radiation source and the paths radiation takes from the source to the object and detector. Larger source size and greater distances between source-object and object-detector increase unsharpness. Standards require unsharpness be less than 1/100 of material thickness up to 0.040 inch. Unsharpness can be calculated using measurements of source size, source-object distance, and object-detector distance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    1/28/13 Geometric Unsharpness

    Home - Education Resources - NDT Course Material - Radiography


    -
    Radiography

    Introduction
    Geometric Unsharpness History
    Pre se nt State
    Future Dire ction
    Geometric unsharpness refers to the loss of definition that is the result of geometric factors of
    the radiographic equipment and setup. It occurs because the radiation does not originate from a Physics of Radiography
    Nature of Pe ne trating
    single point but rather over an area. Consider the images below which show two sources of R adiation
    X-rays
    different sizes, the paths of the radiation from each edge of the source to each edge of the Gam m a R ays
    feature of the sample, the locations where this radiation will expose the film and the density Activity
    De cay R ate
    profile across the film. In the first image, the radiation originates at a very small source. Since all -C arbon 14 Dating
    of the radiation originates from basically the same point, very little geometric unsharpness is Ionization
    Inve rse Square Law
    produced in the image. In the second image, the source size is larger and the different paths that Inte raction of R T/Matte r
    Atte nuation C oe fficie nt
    the rays of radiation can take from their point of origin in the source causes the edges of the Half-Value Laye r
    Source s of Atte nuation
    notch to be less defined. -C om pton Scatte ring
    Ge om e tric Unsharpne ss
    Filte rs in R adiography
    Scatte r/R adiation C ontrol
    R adiation Safe ty

    Equipment & Materials


    X-ray Ge ne rators
    R adio Isotope Source s
    R adiographic Film
    Ex posure Vaults

    Techniques & Calibrations


    Im aging C onside ration
    C ontrast
    De finition
    R adiographic De nsity
    C haracte ristic C urve s
    Ex posure C alculations
    C ontrolling Q uality
    Film Proce ssing
    Vie wing R adiographs
    R adiograph Inte rp-W e lds
    R adiograph Inte rp -
    C astings
    The three factors controlling unsharpness are source size, source to object distance, and object
    A dvanced Techniques
    to detector distance. The source size is obtained by referencing manufacturers specifications for R e al-tim e R adiography
    a given X-ray or gamma ray source. Industrial x-ray tubes often have focal spot sizes of 1.5 mmCXRom pute d Tom ography
    SIM
    squared but microfocus systems have spot sizes in the 30 micron range. As the source size
    decreases, the geometric unsharpness also decreases. For a given size source, the unsharpness R e fe re nce s
    can also be decreased by increasing the source to object distance, but this comes with a Quizzes
    -
    reduction in radiation intensity.

    The object to detector distance is usually kept as small as possible to help minimize
    unsharpness. However, there are situations, such as when using geometric enlargement, when
    the object is separated from the detector, which will reduce the definition. The applet below
    allow the geometric unsharpness to be visualized as the source size, source to object distance,
    and source to detector distance are varied. The area of varying density at the edge of a feature
    that results due to geometric factors is called the penumbra. The penumbra is the gray area seen
    www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/GeometricUnsharp.htm 1/3
    1/28/13 Geometric Unsharpness

    in the applet.

    Codes and standards used in industrial radiography


    require that geometric unsharpness be limited. In general,
    the allowable amount is 1/100 of the material thickness up
    to a maximum of 0.040 inch. These values refer to the
    degree of penumbra shadow in a radiographic image.
    Since the penumbra is not nearly as well defined as shown
    in the image to the right, it is difficult to measure it in a
    radiograph. Therefore it is typically calculated. The source
    size must be obtained from the equipment manufacturer or
    measured. Then the unsharpness can be calculated using
    measurements made of the setup.

    For the case, such as that shown to the right, where a


    sample of significant thickness is placed adjacent to the
    detector, the following formula is used to calculate the
    maximum amount of unsharpness due to specimen
    thickness:

    Ug = f * b/a

    f = source focal-spot size


    a = distance from the source to front surface of the object
    b = the thickness of the object

    For the case when the detector is not placed


    next to the sample, such as when geometric
    magnification is being used, the calculation
    becomes:

    Ug = f* b/a
    www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/GeometricUnsharp.htm 2/3
    1/28/13 Geometric Unsharpness

    f = source focal-spot size.


    a = distance from x-ray source to front
    surface of material/object
    b = distance from the front surface of
    the object to the detector

    www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/GeometricUnsharp.htm 3/3

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