Learning Episode 1

The Meaning
of Curriculum

Name(S) Designation Meaning Signature

1
 .
Mrs. Shendee T. Vergara Santa
Curriculum is a total learning
Felomina
Central School experiences design to
facilitate learners learning for
establishing quality
relationship between what is
learn and what is operates
outside the school.

Mr. Roberto L. Dechos, Iligan City

Curriculum is a tool for
Ph.D National High
School teaching in the academe.
These are subject matter that
has a specific competent
skills and competences to
achieve things in the teaching
and learning process.

Ms. Rachel Labastida UCCP

Curriculum is a subject that
Kindergarten
are being taught in the
schools, and which the
teachers should be followed.

My Learning Activities

ACTIVITY
1 Interview people from different schools in various disciplines
and levels. Get their opinions on the meaning of curriculum.

My Conclusion

2
 After I was analyzing the results of the interview of the three (3) teachers I
can conclude that they have closely related opinions about what is curriculum
and based on their opinions and ideas they says that curriculum is a thing that
being taught in the school and they also believed that curriculum is a total guided
learning experiences design to facilitate learners.

Based on their opinions, me myself as future teacher it is very important to

have curriculum in the learning of everyone because it is the basis where in the
teacher will provide the necessary things to be learn by the learners that can
focus in the three (3) domains of the learners and these are cognitive, affective,
psychomotor or the skills. It will provide the learners the specific subjects that
they can use in the future.

I realized that every teacher has their own definition or understanding

about the curriculum. We can only understand the real meaning and purpose of
curriculum if we are already in the field of teaching. According to our discussion
in Ed 15 (Curriculum Development) it was discussed there that curriculum is
changing so it means that developing curriculum in to a new one is way of
making the learners to become more productive and be responsible in their
learning process. As what our professor always says that curriculum is a heart of
learning, without this curriculum, learning would become useless and meaning
less for the learners that is why as future teacher, for now we really need to study
and deepen our understanding about curriculum so that if we are in our filed we
will become a good curricularist that must be a knower, writer, planner, initiator,
innovator, implementer and evaluator to our learners.

3
 ACTIVITY 2

Visit the school library/surf the internet or consult the dictionary. Write 2
meanings of curriculum taken from authoritative sources.

Meaning of Curriculum Reference(s)

1. The term curriculum refers to the

lessons and academic content taught
in a school or in a specific course or http://edglossary.org/curriculum
program. In dictionaries, curriculum is
often defined as the courses offered
by a school, but it is rarely used in
such a general sense in schools.

2. Curriculum is such “permanent”

subjects as grammar, reading, logic, http://coefaculty.valdosta.edu/stgr
rhetoric, mathematics, and the ubbs/Definitions%20of
greatest books of the Western world %20Curriculum.htm
that best embody essential
knowledge. Curriculum is those
subjects that are most useful for living
in contemporary society.

3. Curriculum is what is taught in school,

Curriculum Development for
a set of subjects, content, a program
Teachers by: Purita Bilbao,
of studies, a set of materials, a
Ed.D.S
sequence of courses and everything
Filomena T. Dayagbil, Ed.D.
that goes within the school.
Brenda B. Corpuz, Ph.D.

4
 Analysis

Based on the meanings that I get from the two (2) authoritative sources it
is very clear that curriculum often defined as the courses or subjects that offered
in schools that are useful for living in society. This statement is very clear, we
cannot deny the fact that school has really design curriculum that is from or
approved by the Department of Education or Commission on Higher Education
(CHED) for the learners. Specific subjects offered that can enhanced the
knowledge and skills of every learner that they can use as they go along the way
in their learning process.

It is very clear in our discussion in Curriculum development that curriculum

is dynamic and changing because it always needs revision to improve the
educational system for a better purpose. It should be progressive and done in a
systematic way in order to create knowledgeable and skillful individuals. That’s
why curriculum should be planned properly. Curriculum is not only about the
school, the learners and the students but it also important to the society. Whether
curriculum is taken in its narrow view as a listing of subjects to be taught in
school or broadly as all learning experiences that individuals undergo while in
school, we cannot deny the fact that curriculum should be understood by
teachers and other stakeholders for curriculum affects all teachers, students,
parents, politicians, businessmen, professionals, government officials or all
people. That is why Curriculum plays a vital role in the society or country

5
because it will help the country prosper. I believe that through curriculum we can
change our life, economic status and preserve our national identity since it is the
total experiences we have in our school.

6
 ACTIVITY 3

Evolve your own definition of curriculum. Consider all

the meanings you have taken from different sources and from authoritative
sources.

What is Curriculum?

My Key Learning Points

The word “Curriculum” is just not an ordinary word but it has a lot of
meanings and definitions. You cannot understand the word curriculum if u are not
undergo studying in its concepts, the scope and its view. You really need to open
your mind, be open to any possibilities and deepen your understanding about this
word so that you can easily understand what is really the point or the concept of
curriculum.

Based on the activities that I had done I discovered that there many
point of views from different authors and sources about the meaning of
curriculum and some of this important point of view or meaning about curriculum
are courses, subjects offered to a school that are usually use and useful to our
daily living and to our society and also it is a planned and guided set of learning
experiences and intended learning outcomes, formulated through the systematic
reconstruction of knowledge. Some also says that curriculum is a written
document that systematically describes goals, planned, objectives, content,
learning activities, evaluation. Those are the words that are commonly defined by
some authors about curriculum. I learned that curriculum has something to do in
our life as a future teacher. It gives impact to the individuals who want to gain

7
more knowledge and skills. And it will really help them to become competent in
the future.

How did I feel after the activity?

It was really a great experienced for me as a future teacher to do

like this activity. I am very thankful for the opportunity to experience this kind of
activity. It was very helpful for me in a way that by this experienced I got new
ideas about what is really curriculum and why this curriculum is very important in
all learners. I believed that through this experienced my understanding about
curriculum become wider and I can use this in my field as future teacher.

8
 My Reflections/Insights

The word curriculum may be defined in various ways. The definition may
be limited or broad in scope. Curriculum is very important to all of us because it
affects all aspects in our learning. As many authors said that curriculum is a heart
of learning and without this curriculum learning is meaningless and useless
because this curriculum is a guide, basis of learning of everyone. It is design as a
total guided learning experiences to facilitate learners that can develop their
knowledge and skills as individuals. That is why curriculum should understood by
the teachers and other stakeholders because for curriculum affects all teachers,
students, or even common people.

One thing that I learned about the word curriculum and that is curriculum
is the totality of all the learning experiences of the learner. The activities done by
the students are part of the curriculum. By the use of the activities it will help the
learners to develop their individual differences, their ability and their skills. It
helps develop an individual into what he is expected to be. It also help individual
to become more productivity. That’s how important curriculum in education,
because everything that in the school or everything that students learned inside
the school is the curriculum itself.

Therefore As a future teacher, it is my responsibility to learn and

understand more about curriculum that I will become the knower of curriculum
that can develop the process of learning in planning, designing, implementing,
and lastly evaluating.

How can one enrich the curriculum in every school?

One can enrich the curriculum in school by knowing the needs of our
current situation in children's education. We can enrich the curriculum by going
beyond the basics. Our current time is different from the years that passed so we
must keep that as a reference in trying to develop a better and more efficient
curriculum for the students. Because a curriculum that is timely and relevant will
make the students more active in participating and in understanding. The
curriculum for every school must also be competitive so that the students will
strive to be the best.

9
Learning Episode 2
The Types of
Curricula in
School

10
 My Learning Activities

Visit the school near your place or your Alma Mater. Interview a
Activity 1 teacher, administrator or former teacher in the school. Find out what
curriculum is being used in the schools/colleges/universities in your
place. Check the corresponding column.

Taught Curriculum

Supported Curriculum
Written Curriculum

Assessed Curriculum

Learned Curriculum

Hidden Curriculum
CurriculumRecommended

Name (s) of Schools/

Colleges/Universities

1. Iligan City √ √ √ √ √ √ √
National
High School

2. Hinaplanon √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Nationa High
School

3. St, Michaels √ √ √ √ √ √ √
College

Activity 2
Interview a teacher from school. Ask this question:

11
 Why must the teacher be aware and sensitive to
the hidden curriculum?

A teacher must be aware and sensitive to the hidden curriculum in order

for the teacher to attain the intended outcome of the stduents there are
circumstances that the teacher cannot really understand the situation of the
learners, sometime they cannot easily understand the topic maybe it is because
of learners it can be from their family, financila or maybe they have problem with
their self just like behavior and emotional problem that is why there is hiiden
curriculum to help the learner situation where in the teacher will discover what
happening on the learner and by this the teacher can understand and give the
needs of the learners.

-Ma’am Shendee T. Vergara

Activity 3

12
 List down some of the tools used by the school
to assess their curriculum.

Tools used by the school to assess their curriculum

Assignments
Rubrics

Recording Devices
Learners Materials
 checklist

Daily Lesson Log (DLL)

Strategies

 Pencil and Paper Strategy

 Performance Based Strategy
 Observational Strategy
 Personal Communication Strategy
 Oral Strategy

My Reflections/Insights

13
 Why do I need to know the different
types of curricula?

I really need to know the different types of curricula it is because in a

classroom setting, a diverse student could be found. As a future teacher we must
see to it that whatever we are teaching is suits the needs and learning
capabilities of the learners. I need to utilize and organize various teaching
methodologies so that our learners can learn better. I believed that having a
curriculum provides several benefits, such as providing structure for an
educational course and having an end goal that teachers set for their students to
reach. Curricula vary widely in structure and complexity, but are valuable for
many different areas of education, including linguistic, mathematics, and science.

14
Learning Episode 3
The Teacher
as a
Curricularist

15
 My Learning Activities

Activity 1

Interview a teacher on the specific roles he/she plays as a

curricularist. Your interview must include a teacher in basic
education and in the tertiary level. Complete the matrix given below.

Levels Roles as a Curricularist

Early Childhood

Name of Teacher: Rachel Labastida As a curricularist, it is my role to

School: UCCP provide/make a good curriculum
Signature: throught out the school year. We
follow our curriculum quarterly: all
about me, family, school, community.

Elementary

Name of Teacher: Perlie L. Jumalon I am the frontliner of curriculum

School: Mimbalot Elemtary School development, design good plan and
Signature: activities in elementary curriculum.
Implementing Basic education
Curriculum in all subject areas.

Secondary

Name of Teacher: Roberto L. Dechos Curricularist is the person who

School: Iligan City National High facilitated learning instruction in both
School implementation, curriculum maker
Signature: crafter, management and supervising
of curricula.

Tertiary

Name of Teacher: Shendee T. Vergara Role as a curricularist is responsible

School: Stafelomina Central School for curriculum development and
Signature curriculum designing including
curriculum implementing.

16
 After the interview, get samples/pieces of evidence to show that the
Activity 2 teacher is a curricularist. Write/paste or post them here.

Research in the Library and look for a topic about the role of a
Activity 3 teacher as a curricularist. Complete the template below.

17
Research Title: Tasks and Responsibilities of School Teachers

Researcher(s): Luanne Kelchner

Findings: (Write the salient forms in bullet form).

 Teacher may work with children in small groups or with individual

students who may be struggling with the classroom material, school
teachers instruct students to work collaboratively with other children.
 School teachers schedule field strips for students during the year to
provide learning experiences outside of the classroom.
 School teacher motivate and inspire young children to develop a lifelong
love of learning and education.
 School teachers may use demonstrations and props to teach subjects.
 School teachers assign home works to students to reinforce the lesson
learned in the classroom.
 Lesson plan include classroom work, such as class instruction, tests and
quizzes.
 School teachers develop lesson plans that teach students a variety of
subjects.
 School teachers play an important role in the education and development
of children.

18
 MyReflections/Insights

It is very important that the teacher must be aware of the roles as

curricularist in implementing lesson in classroom. The teacher must be first a
planner, teacher’s role is to make yearly, monthly, or daily plan of the curriculum
which serves as guide in the implementation of the curriculum. Second writer, a
classroom teacher takes record of knowledge concepts, subject matter or
content. Third knower, a teacher, one has to master what are included in the
curriculum. Fourth Initiator, Implementation of a new curriculum requires the
open mindedness of the teacher, and the full belief that the curriculum will
enhance learning. Fifth Innovator, a teacher makes innovations in the curriculum.
Creatively and innovation are hallmarks of an excellent teacher. Six,
implementer, a teacher should give life to the curriculum plan. It is where the
teaching, guiding, facilitating skills of the teacher are expected at the highest
level. Seven, Evaluator, teacher should determine if the desired learning
outcomes have been achieved. As a curricularist, teacher must be role model
and advocates in curriculum and curriculum development who have shown the
way. Doing this multi-faceted work qualifies a teacher to be a curricularist.

Learning
Episode 4

19
 The Teacher
as a Knower
of Curriculum

My Learning Activities

Interview an administrator, a student and a parent. Find out their

Activity 1
view points on the traditional and progressive curriculum.

Name of Student: Charity Ducay

School: St. Michael’s College

Aspects Traditional Progressive

Roles of Teacher Spoon-feeds students Gives the students a

chance to express

20
 Roles of Pupils They will just sit down The one who will talk and
and listen to the teachers give their opinions to the
discussion teachers
Modes of Instruction More on memorizing and Let the student research
individual work for the lesson and
discover it their own.
Instructional Materials More on paper works and More on the
Manila Papers technologically based
Modes of Assessment Individual Assessment Group Activities

Interview a teacher and an administrator. Find out their view points

Activity 1.1 on the traditional and progressive curriculum.

Name of Faculty member: Terencia R. Arnejo, MAED

School: St. Michael’s College
Subject Areas Taught/handled: Prof. Ed subjects, Rizal, History
Aspects Traditional Progressive

Roles of Teacher Information giver Facilitator

Roles of Pupils Listener Performer of teaching

learning process
Modes of Instruction Direct instruction Giving series of activities
Limited Activities
Instructional Materials Chalk & board Series of instructional
materials including
technologies
Modes of Assessment Simple recall Output based with rubrics

Name of Administrator: Julius Felicidario, Ph.D

School: St. Michael’s College
No. of years of Administrative Experience: 10 years
Aspects Traditional Progressive

Roles of Teacher Teach the students Facilitator

regarding the subject
Roles of Pupils Listener Learner centered,
Performer of teaching
learning process
Modes of Instruction Gives instruction, To facilitate the activity
command, directions what students will
achieve the objectives
Instructional Materials Provide materials Students will the
materials, visual aids
Modes of Assessment Just a merely test Assessment

21
 Interview a Parent. Find out his/her viewpoints on the traditional
Activity 1.2 and progressive curriculum.

Name of Student: Perlie L. Jumalon

Highest Educational Attainment: College Degree

Aspects Traditional Progressive

Roles of Teacher Discussant Facilitator

lecturer
Roles of Pupils Listener, receiver Oral fluency, free to talk

Modes of Instruction Spoon feeding, Variety of activities.

limited/budgeted skills
Instructional Materials Manila paper/charting Technology devices,
chart using tarp
Modes of Assessment Paper pencil test Output based from the
lesson learned ,
performed task

22
 MY REFLECTIONS

It was a very good experienced of mine in doing this kind of activity which
we will interview different types of people in which they are related to curriculum.
Through this activity I was able to come up with good results which I can use as

a future educator.

In the interview I found out that there are really similar opinions and
perception of a student, a teacher, administrator and a parent as a knower of
curriculum. Both traditional and progressive are very important in the learning
process of the learners. Although they have differences and similarities but it is
useful to learners of what the teacher will use for sake of learning of the students.

As we are in the 21st century our education system shift more on learning with
technology in which they based on the different skill that will provide, it is
necessary for a teacher that he/she will choose or use the appropriate curriculum
in teaching.

23
 Research on the differences of the traditional and progressive
Activity 2 curriculum. Accomplish the H-chart given below. Write the
similarities at the center and the differences one each side.

Traditional Curriculum Progressive Curriculum

 More on  More reasoning
memorization for and open
Similarities
mastery questions
 These two has
 More on individual  Encourages group
assignments
work activity
 Both have something
 A lot of effort from  Less teacher
to evaluate students
teacher talking time
learning.
 The teacher will  Students’ self-
 There should be at
spoon-feed evaluation
least student and
information to the  More on reflection
teacher interaction
students.  Rules are both the
 The teacher is the student and the
dominant being in the teacher
class  Student centered
 Teacher-centered  Indirect Instruction

My Personal Insights

Traditional and progressive curriculum has their differences but they have
the same goal which is both ways evaluated and measure the learning of the
24
students. They have both interaction between teacher and students. They differ
in way of teaching and how students interact. A mere traditional curriculum will
not simply give them the edge of doing what they expect to fulfill while they are
 Call up your friends from other Teacher Education Institution.
Activity 3
Find out what is their own point of view of curriculum. Put a
Check (√) mark on the corresponding column.

Names of Students/ Schools Traditional Progressive Both

1.Retchel A. Ejara
Santa Monica Institute of
Technology

2. Junilla Balacquit
MSU-IIT

3. Jonah Mae Ragadio

MSU-Naawan

4. Jercel Labnotin Arot

Tagoloan Community College

5. Giniros O. Barrot
MUST

My Insights

25
 As part of learning, we need to consider traditional and progressive point
of view of curriculum since it is being used mostly inside the school. Curriculum
considers the needs and interest of the learners. Learners must have always the
courage to learn new things everyday that’s why progressive curriculum should
be applied by the teacher. This curriculum will help the learners to become skillful
and full of knowledge and willing to share it to others.

I found out that most of the Teacher Education Institutions have both
traditional and progressive curriculum since they were able to experience it in
their institution. The curriculum they have will define their future career. Their
views help me realized that both curriculum could help the learners to become
competent enough to face challenges and competitions both academics and
extra- curricular activities. Through this it will enhance the skills of every learner
that they will use for long period of time. That is why we teachers really need to
provide the needs of our learners so that it will have a good results or positive
impact to the learners.

26
Learning Episode 5
Approaches
about School
Curriculum

27
 My Learning Activities

Activity 1 Accomplish the template given by following the given sample.

Subjects Content Process Product

E.g. Curriculum Definition of  Clustering Evolved a

Development Curriculum  Read Post contextualized
with Field Study Categorize definition of
4  Interview curriculum

 Read poems Effeective and

1. English Part of Speech  Analyse creative writing
 Categorize skills.
 Create

 Pagbasa Mapanuri at
2. Filipino Panitikan  Pag-unawa masusing pag-
 Pagsasadula unawa sa teksto
at babasahin.
 Identify Acquiring
3. Social History  Compare life knowledge about
Studies in the past to significant events,
life today developments,
 Explain individuals,
 Create groups,
chronologica documents,
l sequence places, and ideas
to support
investigations

 Identify Draw the function

4. Science Part of Speech  Familiarize of different parts
 Draw of the body.

My Reflection

28
 Curriculum refers to all subjects or courses offered in a school. It is
a recommend order from the DepEd or CHED. It may change any time if it is not
anymore helping the learners to progress in the learning development. I learned
that in every curriculum there is always a process and a result either positive or
negative. It helps the learners building their confidence, skills and ideas. They
can only attain their goals if they work together both teacher and students in a
very nice way.

As I interview, I learned many things like to identify or categorize the

content. And what are the outcomes of it, I realized curriculum is really important
to us.

There are six (6) criteria in the selection of knowledge/subject

Activity 2 matter. Interview a teacher, the indicators for each of the criteria
by answering the given question.
29
Criteria Questions Indicators

1. Significance How do you know the It is organize through the

significance in the development of the
content of the learning activities, skills
curriculum? and even the 3 domains
cognitive, affective and
psychomotor.

2. Validity How do you know if the The topics should not

curriculum is valid? absolete.

3. Usefulness When do we know that We can say that it is

the curriculum is useful? useful when the learning
will last.

4. Learnability When do you know that The content should be

the content is within the appropriate to the
range of your learner’s learners and should be
experience? in the range of
experiences.
5. Feasibility When do you know that That the subject matter
the content is within the is fully implemented.
time, resources and That the students should
expertise of teacher and finish the work just in
experiences of the time.
learners?

6. Interest When do you know that If the learners are

the learners are behaving and they are
interested in the all participating.
content?

My Insights

30
 There are a lot of criteria in the selection of the subject content. This is
useful so that the teachers are being guided and can would easily can come up
with content that the learners can really understand the topic. This will also help
on how or what strategies they will use so that that the learning may last and
more enjoyable.

I learned that in every curriculum there is a criterion that we need to follow

in order to attain our goals which is the 100 % proficiency of the learners. These
criteria will be utilized in the selection of subject matter and for the content
needed in a curriculum. It will really help the teachers on how to evaluate their
learners. As a future educator, I should have criteria in all of my subjects in order
to have a good outcome in teaching learning process.

B.A.S.I.C. is an acronym to state the principles of curriculum

Activity 3 content.

31
 Principle 1: Curriculum Sample
Content
Balance First Grading Period
A. Branches of earth science
Equitable assignment of
B. Realms of the earth
contents, time, experiences
I. Meteorology
and other elements
1.Elements of weather
Write the contents in one (1)
subject area for the first grading 2. Earth atmosphere
period. 3.biogeochemical cycle
4.weather conditions in
the
Philippines
Articulation Grade Grade 2 Grade 3
Curriculum is arranged 1
vertically or horizontally 1.1 add 2.1 add and 3.1apply arithmetic
and subtract operations to solve
Write a sample content of one (1)
topic in a subject from level to subtract decimals the problems
level or grade to grade. integers
1.2 2.2 3.2 apply
multipl multiply arithmetic
y and and divide operations through
divide decimals fractions
integers
2.3 3.3 define rational
recognize and irrational
negative number
numbers
3.4 Understand
basic rules of
exponents

32
Scope 1. General Subject: History of Western Music.
Content, topics, learning Specific Topic: Renaissance Musical
experiences and organizing Instruments
the threads of an 2. Module 1 curriculum: concepts nature and
educational plan. purposes

Write sample topics in a Lesson 1: concept, nature and purposes of

subject area. curriculum
Lesson 2: Elements components of
curriculum/
Lesson 3: Teaching Learning process and
curriculum development

Integration In the basic Education Curriculum a cluster of

Curriculum is integrated subjects Is assigned under MAKABAYAN. These
and interconnected. include among others, Social Studies, Physical

Cite a lesson which is Education, Health and HELE. In its implementation

integrated in other MAKABAYAN subjects may choose to have
subjects.
common theme.

Continuity When grade I lesson in living things is repeated in

Vertical repetition and the next grade level with higher complexity, a
recurring approaches of construction should be made. In the high school, the
content. same content heading as living things is included but
linked to the content taken in the elementary level.
Write sample topics in a subject
area where content is organized in
spiral fashion in breadth and depth.

33
 Learning Portfolio

Learning Episode 6
Curriculum
Development:
Process and
Models

34
 My Learning Activities

Visit the school and interview an administrator on at least

Activity 1 one (1) curriculum model. Accomplish the given matrix
below.

Curriculum Model Best Features Insights

 Subjects are organized  This can be use

1.GRASSROOTS in different learning in different level
APPROACH areas both elementary
 Mastery of the subject and secondary.
 Topics to be covered  There are really
appropriate
 Directly learned by the ways on
learners through social experiencing
interactions. Subject matter
content.
 Centralized test
 This will develop
 Subject demonstration the abilities or
skills of the
 Students engagement learners.

 It also allows the

learners to
become more
productive and
expert on the
learning of
different
subjects.

My Personal Insights

Curriculum development is a dynamic process involving many different people

and procedures. It is very necessary for a teacher to know and master the curriculum in
order for her/his to have a good quality of teaching learning process.

Through the identifying of different curriculum, as future educator I can identify

what specific and appropriate curriculum that can use and integrate to the learners that

35
 they can easily get and apply to their learning experiences. That is why the curriculum
models are very important to the learning of teacher and students.

There are the steps in the model of Hilda Taba. Interview a

Activity 2 teacher and inquire how these steps are applied by
accomplishing the given chart by giving concrete examples.

Steps Application to Real Teaching

Learners-centered approach
1.Diagnosis of Learner’s Needs and
Expectations of Larger Society

100% proficiency attained by the

2.Formulation of Learning Objectives learners

Learning content that will meet the

3.Selection of Learning Content learner’s needs.

There is a process to be followed.

4.Organization of Learning Content

Delivery of lesson based on the

5.Selection Learning Experiences learner’s experiences.

Assessment ( performance- based

6.Models of Evaluation test)

36
 Complete the staircase of the Curriculum Development
Activity 3 Process according to Tyler. Write the answers in the steps.
Give examples for each step.

4. Evaluation of the experiences

For example, the teacher could have the students write an essay
without assistance. If they can do this, it is evidence that the
students have achieved the objective of the lesson.

3. Organization of the experiences

Should the teacher demonstrate first or should the students learn by

writing immediately? Either way could work and preference is
determined by the philosophy of the teacher and the needs of the
students. The point is that the teacher needs to determine a logical
order of experiences for the students.

2. Educational experiences related to the purposes

For example, if students need to meet the objective of writing an

essay. The learning experience might be a demonstration by the
teacher of writing an essay. The students then might practice writing
essays. The experience (essay demonstration and writing) is
consistent with the objective (Student will write an essay).

1. Purposes of the school

For example, a school that is developing an English

curriculum my create an objective that students will write
essays. This would be one of many objectives within the
curriculum.

37
Learning Episode 7
Foundations of
Curriculum
Development

38
 My Learning Activities

Activity 1 Complete the timelines by indicating the significant contribution of each

person.

Werret William Harold

Franklin Bobbit Rugg
Charters Kilpatrick
1876-1956 1886-
1875-1952 1875-1952
1960

For him, the

purpose of He introduced
He views He believes curriculum is the concept of
curriculum as that the
child
the
a science that development,
objectives, growth, and development
emphasizes
the needs of along with the social of the whole
corresponding relationship. He child, the
the students.
also introduced
That is why activities, inclusion of
the use of small
lessons are should be group social studies,
planned and aligned with interaction, and and the
organized the project
the subject importance of
depending on method in
the needs of matter or which the
curriculum
the students. content. teacher and planning in
students plan advance.
together.

Peter
Hollis Caswell Ralph Tyler Hilda Taba Oliva
1901-1989 1902-1994 1902-1967 1992-
2012

Hilda Taba
He believes that
contributed to the
subject matter is
theoretical and
developed
Believes that
pedagogical According to
around the
foundations of Oliva, a model
interest of the curriculum concept
learners and their should revolve curriculum
development and
social functions.
around critical thinking in should be
So, the simple,
the students’ social studies
curriculum is a
needs and
curriculum and comprehensiv
set of
helped to lay the e, and
experiences. interests. foundations of
Learners must systematic.
education for
experience what
diverse student
they learn.
populations.

Activity 2 Interview an administrator, a faculty and cite specific examples in each of

the items given below. Complete the Table.
39
 Foundations of Curriculum Samples/ Situations
Educational planners and policy
1. Philosophical Foundations makers most have philosophy, a belief
about education and schooling and 3
R’s
 Reading
 ‘Riting
 ‘Rithmetic
It shows us the chronological
2. Historical Foundations developmental a long a time line. It is
where the curriculum development
came from our great contributors.
Provides a basis to understand the
3. Psychological Foundations teaching and learning process. It
unifies the elements of the learning
process.
Students who develop identity and
4. Social Foundations self-awareness are more likely
developed a sense of morality. And
Subjects varies in every field of social
sciences.

My Personal Insights
Curriculum development is anchored on a very solid foundation.
Although considered to be a new discipline, its significance in the in the light
global developments has now been acknowledged. It is considered as a
cooperative endeavor for change but school and society must work together for
it. I learned that there are foundations in every planned curriculum. These
foundations have greatly helped the curriculum to become effective to all learners
and teachers. And there are people behind these foundations who were great
contributors of the curriculum development.

I realized that before implementing a curriculum we really need to plan it

properly by learning the foundations of curriculum. We should build a curriculum
that will cater the needs and interest of the learners. Learners should be the
center in the teaching-learning process.

Activity 3 Evolve your own philosophy based on the existing philosophies of

education. Illustrate through a graphic organizer. Explain this will be
40
applied, if you are going to put up your own school.
 Education/Curriculum

Teacher Student

Process

Giver of information Receiver of information

Integrate interactive activity participate in the Activity

Appreciate & improve student performance Develop Cognitive, affective &

Activate learner confidence psychomotor skills

Values integrator Productive learners

Assessment/Evaluation

Explanation

It is very clear in my own philosophy of education that in teaching and

learning process there are only two main factors which are the teacher and the learner.
These two factors have relationship with each other. They are both important in terms of
education. One job of being a teacher is to be giving the needs of their students for
learning by creating engaging and relevant learning experiences every day. The best way
to engage students is to have a solid classroom management plan and a well-planned
lesson that is grounded in relevant should have a purposeful activity that will develop the
different skills of the learners. And the job of being a student is to response to the planned
and method that is being integrated by the teacher to the student.

Learning Episode 8 41
 My Learning Activities
Accomplish the matrix by interviewing an administrator and a
Activity 1 teacher to explain how the ten (10) axioms are realized in the school
setting, the administrator or the teacher has the option to choose the
42
axiom that she/he wishes to explain.
Ten(10) Axioms for Curriculum Situations/Samples on How These
Designers Axioms are Realized in the School
Setting
1. Curriculum change is It was stated that one of the
inevitable, necessary and
characteristics of curriculum is its being
desirable.
dynamics. Because of this, teachers
should respond to the changes that
occur in school and in its context.
Schools and school systems grow and
develop in proportion to their ability to
respond to change and adapt to
changing conditions. Society and its
institutions continuously encounter
problems to which they must respond.

2. Curriculum reflects its own A relevant curriculum should respond

time. It is a product of its time
to changes brought about by current
social forces, philosophical positions,
psychological principles, new
knowledge and educational reforms.
This is also called the timelines.
The curriculum responds to, and is
changed by, factors such as social
forces, philosophical positions,
psychological principles, accumulating
knowledge, and educational leadership
at its moment in history.

3. Curriculum changes made A revision in a curriculum starts and

earlier can exist concurrently
ends slowly. More often, curriculum is
with newer curriculum
changes. gradually phased in and phased out.
Thus the changes that occur can
coexist.
Curriculum revision rarely starts and

43
 ends abruptly. Changes can coexist
and overlap for long periods of time.
Usually curriculum is phased in and
phased out on a gradual basis.

4. Curriculum change depends

on people who will implement
Curriculum revision rarely starts and
the change.
ends abruptly. Changes can coexist
and overlap for long periods of time.
Usually curriculum is phased in and
phased out on a gradual basis.
5. Curriculum development is a
cooperative group activity
People who will implement the
curriculum should be involved in its
development. When individuals
internalize and own the changes in
curriculum, the changes will be
effective and long-lasting.

6. Curriculum development is a
decision making process
Significant and fundamental changes in
made from choices or
alternatives. curriculum are brought about as a
result of group decisions. Any
significant change in the curriculum
should involve a broad range of
stakeholders to gain their
understanding, support, and input.

7. Curriculum development is an
on-going process.
Examples of decisions curriculum
developers must make include what to
teach, what philosophy or point of view
to support, how to differentiate for
special populations, what methods or
strategies to use to deliver the
curriculum, and what type of school

44
 organization best supports the
curriculum.

8. Curriculum development is
more effective if it is a
Continuous monitoring, examination,
comprehensive process not
piecemeal. evaluation, and improvement of
curricula are needed. No curriculum
meets the needs of everyone. As the
needs of learners change, as society
changes, and as new knowledge and
technology appear, the curriculum must
change.

9. Curriculum development is
more effective when it follows A set of procedures, or models, for
a systematic process.
curriculum should be established in
advance, and be known and accepted by
all who are involved in the process. The
model should outline the sequence of
steps to be followed for the development of
the curriculum.

10. Curriculum development Curriculum planners and designers should

starts from where the begin with existing curriculum. An existing
curriculum is.
design is a good starting point for any
teacher who plans to enhance and enrich
the curriculum.
Most curriculum planners begin with
existing curriculum. Oliva advises planners
to "hold fast to that which is good."

Observe a class or get a sample lesson. Using the elements/

Activity 2 component, write a sample curriculum using the template given below.

Intended Learning Subject Matter or Teaching/Learning Assessment/

Outcomes Learning Content Methods Evaluation
.
Grade 11
 Identify the
elements of
story  Quiz
DEDUCTIVE
 Determine  Elements of METHOD  Oral
the used of recitati

45
 elements in Story  Discussion on
the story  Activity
and; Performance based
 Perform the
elements of
the story

Request a sample lesson. Analyze the components present in the

Activity 3
plan. Paste the lesson plan below.

Learning Collect three (3) sample lesson plans from

schools. Evaluate the similarities and differences
Portfolio using the Venn diagram.

__Santafelomina Central School____

Name of school

46
 The math lesson plan in elementary
starts with answering or activity first
before opening the lesson as an
introduction.

The lesson plan starts with a game This school's lesson plan starts with
or an activity that introduces the any moticational videos that is
lesson. inlined with their lesson for the day.

Sgt. Miguel Canoy Memorial Suarez Central School

School Name of School
Name of School

Learning Episode 9
Approaches to 47
 My Learning Activities

These are types of Curriculum Design Models.L Complete the template

Activity 1
given below by sitting their features/ advantages.

CURRICULUM DESIGN BEST FEATURES/ADVANTAGES

1. SUBJECT- CENTERED
DESIGN
curriculum design has variations which are

48
 focused on the individual subject
1.1 Subject Design
it requires fewer participants, making the process
much more streamlined and less resource heavy
1.2 Discipline Design
Easy to design, build and operate.
1.3 Correlation Design We can make predictions about things when we
know about correlations. If two variables are
correlated, we can predict one based on the other.
1.4 Scrap field Design/
interdisciplinary Design
It synthesize more than one discipline and creates
teams of teachers and students that enrich the
overall educational experience
2. LEARNER- CENTERED
DESIGN
It emphasizes a variety of different types of
methods that shifts the role of the instructors from
givers of information to facilitating student
learning.
2.1 Child-Centered Design  Students develop learning and other
skills and gain meaningful knowledge that
will help them throughout life.
 The relationship between rights and
responsibilities
is learned.
 Students discover that learning is
interesting
and fun. 
2.2 Experienced-Centered
Design
It is focused on the experienced of the learners
2.3Humanistic Design
If the child feels good about him or herself then
that is a positive start. Feeling good about oneself
would involve an understanding of ones' strengths
and weaknesses, and a belief in one's ability to
improve
3. PROBLEM- CENTERED It allows learners to become producers rather than
Design consumers of knowledge.
3.1 Life Situation Design Students will see direct relevance to what they are
studying if the content is organized around
aspects of community life.

3.2 Core Problem Design It centers on general education and the problems
are based on the common human activities. The

49
 central focus of the core design includes common
needs, problems and concerns of the students.

My Personal Insights

Upon answering this activity I could say that this curriculum design
models is very relevant to the learners. First, learner will develop skill in reading and
activate their critical thinking. Second, learners will also develop their comprehension
and understanding to any subject to be taught. Third, it will also develop the behavior and
discipline of the learner. Fourth, learner will activate their schema where in their prior
knowledge will be used for the new learnings. Fifth, learner will allow their mind to think
and choose for the betterment of their learnings. Sixth, through the use of child-centered
design, experience-centered design, humanistic design, learner will engage and
experience real setting that they can use for their learnings, where in they will choose
various activities that can apply to their own phase of growth and also they can have
opportunities to empower to shape their own learning. Lastly, learner will be trained to
solve real life problems that come about because of the needs, interest and abilities of the
learners. Problems persistent in life and society that affect daily living are also
considered. It will also develop the learners

Activity 2 Interview at least four (4) people and ask them their perception about
the K to 12 program. Complete the comic strip below.

Name Signature Perceptions on K to 12 Program

Jiepy Abroguina It gives opportunities to the young

individuals in a sense of they can build
confident through there learning.
 Provide a competency-based,
self-paced program with clear
Susan Lubguban
quantifiable objectives. Instruction will
be provided in a variety of ways best
suited to the individual student’s needs

 K to 12 program is somehow

50
 Marve Jane Gallemaso helping the educative process as well
as enabling the learners to be globally
competitive to trends
Provide students with a success-
Donna Mae Maglangit oriented program to obtain academic
and employability skills in a school
environment.

My Insights

The major goal of k – 12 program is to provide opportunities for the

students failing in the traditional classroom setting to obtain academic credit,
career exploration activities, vocational work experience, and extended
teacher/peer support in an alternative setting where the ultimate goal is that of
obtaining a diploma. This is done through methods aimed at helping and
encouraging at-risk students.

Most of the answers are most likely the advantages of the K-12
curriculum. So indeed, k-12 curriculum will help students to their cognitive and
psychomotor. In that they will learn more that will help them on their future. The
longer educational cycle seen as critical in giving the learners the higher a quality
of the education. The k-12 curriculum gives the students time to master basic
academic skills.

Visit a Teacher Education Imagination. Secure a copy of an OBE-

based syllabus. Analyze each component of the given syllabus. How
Activity 2 are the components stated?

Are the activities aligned with the intended learning outcomes and
mode of assessment?

My Analysis
In the OBE syllabus categorize in a table there is the specific objectives,
content, resources and assessment. Each component is connected to one another. It is a
guide lines for the teachers on how to teach their students and what is the appropriate
materials that are being use depends on the subject matter. It is used to convey the
enthusiasm for the topic and our expectations for the course and to help the students
sees their readiness for the course by identifying pre-requisite areas of knowledge.

51
Learning Paste the curriculum samples gathered from the field.

Portfolio

52
Learning Episode 10
Implementing the
Curriculum: The
teacher as Curriculum
Implementer and
53
 My Learning Activities

Activity 1 Interview a teachers, administrators and students. What changes are

happening in the curriculum?

Mother Tongued Based

K-12 Curriculum
Multilingual
ICT Integration
Learner - Centered

54
 Core Academics Area

Skills Development

Activity 2 These are the categories of curriculum change. Get samples/situations

for these categories from the school you visited.

Categories of Curriculum Change Situation/Samples

1. Substitution Revising the old book into a new book by

Replace the present with a new revising.
one.

2. Alteration Instead of computing using a ballpen and

Introduce minor changes or a paper we can already use calculator.
modification on the current one.

55
 3. Restructuring A involvement of the parents of the
Introduce major modification of children instead leaving everything to the
the current curriculum. teacher.

4. Perturbation A extra curriculum or activities may

Changes happen within a fairly happen that is why a 2 hours class will be
short time. lessen into 1 and a half hour.

5. Value Orientation Teachers that are undergo induction

Respond to shift in emphasis program which is a special curriculum for
within the vision/mission of the newly hired teachers.
school

Activity 3 Answer the question briefly. Why do we need to change the

curriculum from time to time?

We really need to change the curriculum form time to time it is because we

really need to consider the needs, learning styles, and different intelligence of our
students. We must also bear in mind that we are in the 21 st century and learners evolved.
And because of the society’s values and needs change over time. In the 1950s, there was
a lot more emphasis on the home economics and industrial arts type of things, more
emphasis on simply memorizing facts and rules. Nowadays, with technology shifts, and
an economy that is based on different skills, if we had the same curriculum, it would be a
catastrophe. Curricula have changed to meet the different needs that we have now.

56
 Get one (1) clipping from newspaper or from an
LEARNING internet source about the current trends and causes
in education. Paste it in this page. Write your
PORTFOLIO insights about the article on this page.

My Insights

57
Education is very important to everyone. It can change personality, social status of
people. In the clippings above, it is very clear that in our country we have a poor
Learning Episode 11
Stakeholders
in Curriculum
Development

58
 My Learning Activities

Activity 1 Interview different stakeholders and inquire their role in curriculum

development.

Stakeholders of the Curriculum Roles in Curriculum Development

Development

1. Learners  Receiver
 Listener
 Engage actively in
learning
 Share insights

 Planner
2. Teachers  Facilitator
 Innovator

My Reflections  adviser
3. School Leader/Administrator  leader
 Evaluator
It is very clear that the stakeholders are the foundation of curriculum
development. Because of them the beauty and the importance  of1developing
st
teacher of the
the
4. Parents students
curriculum become more effective. I realized that both of them are important in
 Role model
curriculum development. That is why as future teacher I will give importance to the
 Encourager
people that can give and contribute to the curriculum development.
 Best supporter

 Experience provider
5. Community

Interview the parents about the extent of their participation

Benefits provider in
Activity 2
enriching
6. Other the curriculum. Use the scale given below.
Agencies

4 3 2 1
Very Large Extent Large Extent Moderate Extent Little Extent

Extent of Participation

59
 4 3 2 1
Activities VLE LE ME LE
1. Resource Speaker √
2. Teacher Aide √
3. Judge/Coach/Mentor √

4. Donor (Instructional √
Materials, etc.)

5. Others (pls. specify)

Reflect on the importance of stakeholders in curriculum

Activity 3
implementations.

The stakeholders are very important in the role of curriculum. They have the
biggest impact because they are developing the learners in physical and in mental.
Without these stakeholders then there will be no learning at all.

In the learners they are the core of the curriculum, they are the one who will learn
to the teachers. They have more dynamic participation from the planning and
implementing. In the teacher they are the one who will plan the curriculum that they are
teaching. They are the most important person in curriculum implementation. The better
the teacher the more widely the knowledge that the students will have.

Parents are the one who will guide their students when they are in their respective
homes. The values that their students have learned to their parents. That is why teachers
encourage the parents of the students to take a look up to them and assist their children.

They are individuals or institution that is interrelated in the school curriculum and
the one who put into action and give life to the curriculum, lastly shape the school

60
curriculum implementation. The primary stakeholders in the curriculum since the learners
are the primary stakeholders in the curriculum, the universal as well as the individual
characteristics of the students should be considered. Age, gender, physical, mental,
emotional development, cultural background, interests, aspirations and personal goals are
some of the factors that should be considered in the implementation of any curriculum.

LEARNING Paste pictures of stakeholders involved in

curriculum implementation.
PORTFOLIO

Learning Episode 12
Curriculum
Evaluation and
the Teacher 61
 My Learning Activities

Ask at least six (6) teachers, why there is a need to evaluate the
Activity 1
curriculum.

Why do we
need to
evaluate the
curriculum?

62
 Interview a principal/administrator; find out how they evaluate their
Activity 2
school’s curriculum.

Excerpts of the Interview

My bases in evaluating a school curriculum are the impact of the applied

curriculum to the needs of the learners, their performance level in the class, and
the values they acquire from the teacher. I usually assess my teachers especially
on how they deliver their lesson in a creative and interactive way of teaching.
Effective curriculum starts from the teachers because they are the one who will
teach the lesson. So, I need to evaluate my curriculum as a principal in order to
have active and excellent students.

My Reflection

63
 Curriculum evaluation may refer to the formal determination of the quality,
effectiveness or value of the program, process, and product of the curriculum. It is a new idea
for many teachers, not knowing that every day the teacher is involved in several components
of evaluation. There are two ways of looking the curriculum evaluation.

I learned that in order to have an effective curriculum we must evaluate curriculum from
time to time. Curriculum refers not only to the specific school but also to the teachers and
students. It greatly helps to the needs of the students and teachers in creating a better change in
the school.

I realized that curriculum evaluation is really important to the success and development
of the said curriculum. It can help the learners meet the intended outcomes and goals. And it also
helps the school to develop in quantity and quality.

As a future teacher, I should evaluate my school curriculum in order for me to learn and
realize the unnecessary instructions that we need to delete. I will not only focus to myself but
prioritize the needs of the disciples. I will give my best as a teacher in order to mold the young
individuals to learn.

Design/Secure a copy of a curricular evaluation checklist and paste

Activity 3
on this page.

64
65