What is Limit State?

Acceptable limit for the safety

and serviceability requirements
before failure occurs is called a
Limit state
 Highlights
IS : 800 - 1984 IS : 800 – 2007
Working stress method Limit State Method
• Factor of safely for yield • Partial safety factor for material
stress, allowable stresses are (γm) for yield and ultimate
less than ‘fy’. stress.
• Pure elastic approach for • Working loads are factored
analysis of structures under (increased) as per partial safely
working loads. factor (γf) causing Limit State of
strength.
• Yielding or buckling never • Post buckling and post yielding
occurs at working loads plays important role in
estimating capacity of structural
elements at Limit State.
• Deformations are evaluated at
working loads. • Deformations are evaluated at
working loads. 2
 Classification of cross sections
• Structural elements in axial compression,
bending compression tend to buckle prior
yielding. To avoid this, elements of cross
section such as width of flange, depth of web
of I and channel section, width of legs of angle
section, width of flange and leg of Tee section,
width and height of Box section need to be
proportioned in relation with thickness of
element of section.
3
 Classification of cross sections
• A table of classification shows three distinct varieties
of cross section such as plastic, compact and semi
compact section.
• Section in which width to thickness ratio exceeds the
limits of semi compact section is known as slender
section. These sections are to be avoided.
• Slender section if at all used needs to ignore excess
area to arrive at effective cross section as semi
compact section.
• If two elements of cross section fall under two
different classifications then section is classified into
most unfavourable classification.
4
Elements of cross section

5
Elements of cross section

6
7
8
Classification of section

9
Classification of section CONTD

10
Table showing various γf factors for
Limit States

11
Table showing Partial safety
factors for materials γm

12
THE END

13
DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBER
AND
BENDING WITH HIGH SHEAR

14
15
16
 Flexural members
Laterally supported beam

Elastic Analysis Plastic Analysis

fy
Me  0.66 fy.Ze Md   b Zp
 mo
• When factored design
shear ≤ 0.6Vd and
d
 67
tw
17
Conditions to Qualify as a Laterally
Restrained Beam

• It should not laterally buckle

• None of its element should buckle until a
desired limit state is achieved
• Limit state of serviceability must be
satisfied
• Member should behave in accordance with
the expected performance of the system
18
Lateral Stability of Beams

19
 Local Buckling
In IS:800 (1984) the local
buckling is avoided by specifying
b/t limits. Hence we don’t
consider local buckling explicitly
However in IS:800(2007) limit
state design, the local buckling
would be the first aspect as far as
the beam design is concerned
How do we consider?
By using section classification

20
 Limit states for LR beams

• Limit state of flexure

• Limit state of shear
• Limit state of bearing
• Limit state of serviceability

21
 Elastic Plastic
f
range range

fy
2 3 4
Stress
Idealised stress
1 strain curve

strain
Idealized elasto- plastic stress
stain curve for the purpose of
design

22
 W

1 2 3
4

Plastic Hinge

Simply supported beam and its deflection at various

stages
23
 MP

Moment ‘M’ Effect of strain hardening may

Plastic moment occur after large rotation
MY

Yield moment

Curvature
Moment curvature characteristics of the simply supported beam

24
 Some typical shape factor

2.0 1.7 1.5

1.27
1.14

25
EQUATIONS FOR SHEAR CAPACITY

fy
y   0.577 f y
3

V p  f ytwd w / 3

Vp
Vd 
 mo
26
 Shear yielding near support

Web buckling Web crippling

27
 Pwb  ( b1  n1 ) t fc
L 0 .7 d
d/2 b1 n1  E 
ry ry
450
Iy t3 t
d/2 ry   
A 12t 2 3

LE 2 3 d
 0 .7 d  2 .5
ry t t
Effective width for web buckling

28
29
 Pcrip  ( b1  n2 ) t f yw
b1 n2
1:2.5 slope

Root
radius
Effective width of web bearing

Web Crippling in beams

30
Design of Laterally Supported Beam
Limit State Method – As per IS: 800 - 2007.
Example No : 1
Design a suitable I beam for a simply supported span
of 5 m. and carrying a dead load of 20 kN/m and
imposed load of 40 kN/m. Take fy = 250 MPa
Design load calculations :
Factored load = γLD x 20 + γLL x 40
Using partial safety factors for D.L γLD = 1.50 and for
L.L γLL = 1.5
(Cl. 5.3.3 Table 4, Page 29)
31
Total factored load = 1.50 x 20 + 1.5 x 40 = 90 kN/m
Factored Bending Moment M = 90 x 5 x 5 / 8
= 281.25 kN.m
Zp required for value of fy = 250 MPa and
γmo = 1.10

(Table 5, Page 30)

Zp = (281.25 x 1000 x 1000 x 1.1) / 250 = 1237500 mm3
= 1237.50cm3
Using shape factor = 1.14, Ze = 1237.50/1.14 =1085.52 cm3
Options ISWB 400 @ 66.7 kg/m or ISLB 450 @ 65.3 kg/m
Try ISLB 450
Ze = 1223.8 cm3  1085.52
32
Geometrical Properties : ISLB 450
D = 450 mm , B = 170 mm , tf = 13.4 mm , tw
= 8.6 mm , h1 = 384 mm , h2 = 33 mm
Ixx = 27536.1 cm4
As fy = 250 MPa ,   250  1
fy
Section Classification :
B/2tf = 85 / 13.4 = 6.34  9.4ε
h1 / tw = 384/8.6 = 44.65 < 83.9 ε
Section is Classified as Plastic
Zp = 1.14 x 1223.8 = 1395.132 cm3
33
 Design Bending Strength: Md
b Z p fy 1.0 x1395.132 x1000 x250
Md    317.075 kN .m
 mo 1.10

> 281.25 kN.m

βb = 1.0 for plastic section (Cl. 8.2.1.2, Page 53)

Check for Serviceability – Deflection

Load factor = γLD and γLL = 1.00 both , (Cl. 5.6.1,
Page 31)
Design load = 20 + 40 = 60 kN/m

34
 5 x60 x(5000) 4
 5 4
 8.866 mm
384 x 2 x10 x 27536.1 x10

Limiting deflection = Span/360 (Table. 5.3, Page 52)

= 5000/360 = 13.889 mm….OK

Hence Use ISLB 450

35
 Working Stress Method
IS : 800 - 1984
Max Bending Moment = 60 x 5 x 5/8 = 187.5 kN.m
Max Shear Force = 60 x 5/2 = 150 kN
187.5 x106
Zreq   1136.3 cm 3

165
Select ISLB 450 Zxx = 1223.8 Moment Capacity
= 201.927 kN.m
Check for Shear
150 x1000
qav   38.76MPa < 100 MPa
450 x8.6
36
 Check for Deflection

4
5 x60 x(5000)
 5 4
 8.866 mm
384 x 2 x10 x 27536.1 x10
Limiting deflection = Span/325 = 5000/325
= 15.38 mm…OK

37
 Comparison of ISLB 450 Section
Working Stress Limit State Method
Method
Moment 201.927 kN.m > 317.075 KNm >
Capacity 187.5 KNm 281.25 KNm
Shear 387 KN > 150 KN 507.497KN > 225
Capacity KN
Section ISLB 450@ 65.3 ISLB 450 @ 65.3
Designed Kg/m kg/m
The Section designed as per LSM is having more reserve
capacity for both BM and SF as compared to WSM
38
 Design of Beam with High Shear
LSM
Example No. 2
Factored Load 100 KN/m
A B C

________ 5m_______________ 5m_________

39
 Plastic Analysis
Degree of Redundancy = r = 1
No. of plastic hinges required to transform structure
into mechanism = r + 1 = 2
Failure of any span is failure of continuous beam.
Failure mechanism of AB & BC is identical due to
symmetry & this is similar to failure mechanism of
propped cantilever beam with udl.
wp = 11.656 Mp / l2
 Mp = wp.l2 / 11.656
= 100 x 25 / 11.656
= 214.48 KNm. 40
 As both spans fail simultaneously actual no of
plastic hings are three – two hinges each at 0.414 l
from A & C & third at B.
as n = 3  2 required
Collapse is over complete
Zp = 214.48 x 106 x 1.10 / 250 mm3
= 943.72 cm3
Ze = 943.72 / 1.14 = 827. 82 cm3
Select ISLB 400 Zxx = 965.3 cm3
Md = 1.0 x 1.14 x 965.3 x 250 / 1.10 = 250.1 KNm
 214.48 41
 Reaction at A
Considering free body of AB

Mp = 214.48 KNm
Mp + RA x 5 = 100 x 5 x 5/2 RA = 207.1 KN
RB1 = 500 – 207.1 = 292.9 KN
Due to symmetry in loading
Maximum shear is at B = 292.9 KN= V
42
Vd = 0.577 x 400 x 8 x 250 / 1.1 = 419.636 KN
Where 400 x 8 = D.tw of ISLB 400
As V/Vd = 292.9 / 419.636 = 0.697  0.6
As per C1.9.2.2 Page No. 70
Effect of shear is to be considered for reduction in moment
capacity
Mdv = Md – β(Md – Mfd)
β= (2V/Vd – 1)2 = 0.156
Mfd = Plastic moment capacity of flanges only
= 165 x 12.5 (400 – 12.5) x 250 / 1.1 = 181.64 KNm
Mdv = 250.1 – 0.156 (250.1 – 181.64)
= 239.42 KNm
As Mdv = 239.42  Mp = 214.48 ------- Ok
Select ISLB 400 @ 56.9 kg / m
43
 Laterally supported beam

Design of Beams with High Shear by WSM

Factored load in LSM is 100 KN/m
Working load in WSM = 100 / 1.5
= 66.67 KN/m
66.67 KN/m

A 5m B 5m C

44
 Reactions -
RB = 5/8 x 66.67 x 10 = 416.66 kN ,
RA = RC = 125.0 kN
Maximum Bending Moment
At continuous support = 125.0 x 5 – 66.67 x 5 x 5/2
= -208.33 kN.m
Design Shear = 208.33 kN
Design Moment = 208.33 kN.m
As per IS:800 – 1984, 6bc = 0.66fy = 0.66 x 250 = 165 MPa
Z required = (208.33 x 106) / 165
= 1262.62 cm3
Try ISMB 450 @ 72.4 kg/m.
Zxx = 1350 cm2  1262.62
Cheak for shear tw = 9.4 mm
qav = (208.33 x 1000) / (450 x 9.4) = 49.25 N/mm2  0.4fy i.e.
100 N/mm2 45
 Comparison of WSM vs LSM
Working Stress Limit State Method
Method
Moment 222.75 KNm  239.42 KNm 
Capacity 208.33 KNm 214.48
Shear 423 KN  208.33 419.636 KN 
Capacity KN 292.90 KN
Section ISMB 450 @ 72.4 ISLB 400 @ 56.9
Designed kg/m kg/m

Design of beam by LSM is more economical

46
DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER

47
 FEATURES
• Design of Gantry Girder is a classic example
of laterally unsupported beam.
• It is subjected to in addition to vertical loads
horizontal loads along and perpendicular to its
axis.
• Loads are dynamic which produces vibration.
• Compression flange requires critical attention.

48
 IS:800-2007 PROVISIONS
• Partial safety factor for both dead load and crane load is 1.5 (Table 4, p. no.
29).

• Partial safety factor for serviceability for both dead load and crane load is
1.0 (Table 4, p. no. 29).

• Deflection limitations (Table 6, p. no. 31).

Vertical loads
i) Manually operated… Span/500
ii) Electric operated.... Span/750
up to 50t
iii) Electric operated… Span/1000
over 50t
49
 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

• Diaphragm must be provided to connect

compression flange to roof column of
industrial building to ensure restraint against
lateral torsional buckling.

• Span is considered to be simply supported to

avoid bumpy effect.

50
51
52
TYPICAL GANTRY GIRDER
DETAILS

53
FORCES AND MOTIONS

54
VARIOUS TYPES OF SUPPORTS

55
56
 IMPACT FACTORS
Type of load Additional load
• Vertical loads
a) EOT crane… 25% of static wheel load
b) HOT crane… 10% of static wheel load
• Horizontal forces transverse to rails
a) EOT crane… 10% of wt. of
crab & wt. lifted
b) HOT crane… 05% of wt of
crab & wt. lifted
• Horizontal forces along the rails
For both EOT & HOT cranes 05% of static wheel load

Note: Gantry Girder & their vertical supports are designed

under the assumption that either of the horizontal
forces act at the same time as the vertical load.
57
 GANTRY GIRDER DESIGN
Data
a) Wt. of crane girder/truss… 180kN
b) Crane capacity… 200kN
c) Wt. of crab + motor… 50kN
d) Span of crane girder/truss… 16m
e) Min hook approach… 1.2m
f) c/c distance betn
grantry columns… 6m
g) Wt. of rail… 0.25kN/m
58
• Maximum vertical static wheel load = RA/2
=160.625 kN

59
Wheel load with impact = 1.25 X 160.625
= 200.775 kN
Factored load = 1.5 X 200.775
= 301.16 kN

Absolute max bending moment in Gantry

Girder
This will occur under any wheel load when
distance betn that load and C.G. of load system
is equidistant from the centre of the Gantry
Girder span.

60
Absolute max bending moment = 508.21 kNm
Md = Design moment for laterally unsupported beam
= βb . Zp . fbd (Clause 8.2.2, p. no. 54)
Where βb = 1.0 for plastic section (assumed)
Zp = plastic modulus of section
fbd = design bending compressive stress

61
Assuming fbd = 200 Mpa
Zp required = (508.21 X 106) / (1.0 X 200)
= 2.54 X 106 mm3
Using I and channel section and assuming 80%
of Zp is contributed by I section
Zp by I section = 2.032 X 106 mm3
using shape factor of I section = 1.14
Ze required = 2032 / 1.14 = 1766.95 cm3
select ISWB 500 @ 0.94 kN/m
Ze provided = 2091.6 > 1766.95 cm3 …. OK
62
Width of the flange of ISWB 500 = 250 mm
Select channel section having clear web depth
more than 250 mm.
Select ISLC 350 @ 0.38 kN/m
having h1 = 291.9 mm > 250 mm ….. OK
Total dead load intensity = 0.94 + 0.38 + 0.25
= 1.57 kN/m
Factored dead load intensity = 1.5 X 1.57
= 2.355 kN/m
Bending moment @ E = 9.93 kNm
Total bending moment due to DL + CL = 518.14 kNm
63
SELECTED CROSS SECTION

64
Refer Annexure E (p. no. 128)
Elastic lateral torsional buckling moment
Elastic critical moment of a section
symmetrical about minor axis yy is given
by E-1.2 of Annexure E (p. no. 128) in
which various factors and geometrical
values of Gantry Girder section are
involved.

65
These are as under
c1, c2, c3, = factors depending upon the
loading and end restraint
conditions, Refer table 42(p. no. 130)
K = effective length factor = 0.8
Therefore c1 = 1.03, c2 = 0.422 & c3 = 1.22
Kw = warping restraint factor = 1.0
yg = y distance betn the point of application of
the load & shear centre of the cross section
(+ve when load acts towards Shear centre)
= 122.07 mm
66
LOCATION OF SHEAR CENTRE

67
 yj for lipped flanges of channel section which depends
on ratio of βf
Where βf = Ifc / (Ifc+Ift).
= 0.7
yj = 94.055
Iyy = Iyy of ISWB 500 + Ixx of ISLC 350
= 2987.8 + 9312.6 = 12300.4 X 104 mm4
LLT = K . L = 0.8 X 6000 = 4800 mm
Iw = warping constant
= (1- βf) βf . Iy . (hy)2
= 6.23 X 10 12 mm6
68
 It = Torsion constant
= ∑ bt3/3 = 10.86 X 105
G = 0.77 X 105
 2 EIy k 2 I w GI t ( LLT )2
Mcr  c1 {[( )   ( c y  c y ) ]  (c2 yg  c3 y j )}
2 0.5

 EI y
2 2 2 g 3 j
( LLT ) k w IY

= 2950 kNm
To find Zp of Gantry Girder section we need to find
equal area axis of the section.
This axis is at a depth of 48.74 mm from the top of the
section.
Taking moments of areas about equal area axis.
∑A . y = Zp = 29.334 X 105 mm3
69
Refering clause 8.2.2 for laterally unsupported beam
(p. no. 54)
LT  b Z p f y / M cr
= 0.4984
αLT = 0.21 for rolled section
LT  0.5[1   LT (LT  0.2)   ] 2
LT
= 0.655

 LT  1/(LT  [   ])
2
LT
2
LT = 0.925
Therefore fbd = χLT . fy / γm0
= 0.925 X 250 / 1.1 = 210.22 N/mm2
MdZ = βb . Zp . fbd = 616.66 kNm > Md = 508.21 kNm…
OK 70
Horizontal Action
Total horizontal force perpendicular to span of
Gantry Girder = 10 % (crane capacity + wt. of
crab and motor)
= 10% (200+50) = 25 kN.
As wheels are having double flanges
Horizontal force / wheel = 25/4 = 6.25 kN
Therefore maxm horizontal BM in proportion to
vertical bending moment
My = (6.25 /301.16) X 508.21 = 10.546 kNm

71
This is resisted by ISLC 350 with top flange of ISWB
500

Zpy1y1 = 100 X 12.5 X 337.52 + (1/4) 7.4 X 3252

+ (1/4) X 14.7 X 2502
= 8.47 X 105 mm3
72
Plastic moment capacity about y1y1 axis
Mdy = βb . fy . Zp / γmo
= 192.5 kNm
Check for biaxial moment
Reffering clause 9.3.1.1 (p. no. 70)
(Mz/Mdz) + (My/Mdy)
= (518.14 / 614.57) + (10.54 / 192.5)
= 0.897 < 1.0 …….. OK
Hence select section for the gantry Girder as
ISWB 500 and ISLC 350 over it.

73
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

74
 DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Combined action of bending and axial force (tension or
compression) occurs in following situations.
• Any member in a portal frame.
• Beam transferring reaction load to column.
• Effect of lateral load on a column due to wind,
earthquake
• Effect of eccentric load by crane loading due to
bracket connection to column.
• In case of principal rafter, purlins not placed exactly
over joint of roof truss.
75
 IS : 800 – 2007 CODAL
PROVISIONS
• Minimum eccentricity of load transferred by beam
to column is specified by clause 7.3.3 (p. no. 46)
• Section-9, Member subjected to combined forces.
clause 9.3 for combined axial force and bending
moment (p. no. 70) recommends check for section
a) By material failure clause 9.3.1
b) By overall buckling failure clause 9.3.2

76
 DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
DATA
A column in a building 4m in height bottom end
fixed, top end hinged.
reaction load due to beam is 500 kN at an eccentricity
of 100 mm from major axis of section.
DESIGN
Column is subjected to axial compression of 5 X 105
N with bending moment of 50 X 106 Nmm.
Taking design compressive stress for axial loading as
80 Mpa.

77
Ae reqd = 500 X 103 / 80 = 6250 mm2
To account for additional stresses developed due to
bending compression.
Try ISHB 300 @ 0.58 kN/m
Ag = 7485 sq.mm, rxx = 129.5 mm, ryy = 54.1 mm
fy = 250 Mpa
Classification of section
b/tf = 125 / 10.6 = 11.79 > 10.5 (limit for compact
section)
Flange is semicompact
h1/tw = 249.8 / 7.6 = 32.86 < 84
Web is plastic
Therefore overall section is semicompact.

78
 a) Section strength as governed by
material failure (clause 9.3.1)
Axial stress = N/Ae = 500 X 103 / 7485
= 66.80 N/mm2
Bending stress Mz/Ze = 50 X 106 / 836.3 X 103
= 59.78 N/mm2

As the section is semicompact use clause 9.3.1.3 (p. no. 71)

Due to bending moment at top, horizontal shear developed ‘V’ is
18.75 kN = 18750 N
Shear strength of section Vd = ((fy / √3) . h . tw) / 1.10
= 299 kN

79
As V/Vd = 18750 / 299 X 103 = 0.062 < 0.6
Reduction in moment capacity need not be done.
As per clause 9.3.1.3 (p. no. 71)
Total longitudinal compressive stress
fx = 66.80 + 59.78
= 126.58 < fy/γmo = 227.27…… OK
Alternately
N = 500 kN
Nd = Ag . fy / γmo = 7485 X 250 / 1.1 = 1701.136 kN
Mz = 50 X 106 Nmm = 50 kNm
Mdz = Ze . fy / γmo = 836.3 X 103 X 250 /1.10
= 190.068 kN
Hence, (500 / 1701.136) + (50 / 190.068)
= 0.557 < 1 ……. OK
80
 b) Member strength as governed by
buckling failure clause 9.3.2 (p. no. 71)
In the absence of My, equations are reduced to
P Mz
 k LT 1
Pdy M dz
P Cmz M z
 kz 1
Pdz M dz
Where, P = 500 X 103 N
Mz = 50 X 106 Nmm

81
Mdz = βb . Zp . fbd
βb = Ze / Zp as section is semicompact
Therefore Mdz = Ze fbd
fbd = χLT fy / γmo
χLT = bending stress reduction factor to account
torsional buckling.

1
 LT  1
LT  [   ]
2
LT
2 0.5
LT

LT  0.5[1   LT (LT  0.2)   ] 2

LT

82
 αLT = 0.21 for rolled section
fy
LT 
f cr ,b
fcr,b depends on following factors
kL / ryy = 0.8 X 4000 / 54.1 = 59.15
h / tf = 300/10.6 = 28.30
Using table 14, (p. no. 57)
fcr,b = 691.71 N/mm2
250
LT  = 0.060 < 0.4
691.71
83
As per clause 8.2.2 (p. no. 54)
Resistance to lateral buckling need not be checked and
member may be treated as laterally supported.
Mdz=Ze . fy / γmo = 190 kNm
Evaluation of Pdy buckling load @ yy axis
Referring table 10 (p. no. 44)
h/bf=300/250 = 1.2
buckling @ yy axis is by class ‘c’
tf = 10.6 mm < 100mm
buckling @ zz axis is by class ‘b’

84
ly / ry = 3200/54.1 = 59.15
For fy = 250 and using Table 9 (c), (p. no. 42)
Fcdy = 169.275 N/mm2
Pdy = Ag. fcdy
= 1267.02 kN
Evaluation of Pdz buckling @ zz axis
lz /rz = 3200 / 129.5 = 24.71
For fy = 250 and using Table 9 (b), (p. no. 41)
fcdz = 220.76 N/mm2
Therefore pdz = Ag . fcdz
= 1652.38 kN
85
Kz = 1 + (λz – 0.2)nz
Where, fy
z 
f cr , z

lz /rz = 24.71, h/tf = 300 / 10.6 = 28.30

From table 14 (p. no. 57)
fcr,z = 4040 N/mm2
Ratio of actual applied load to axial strength,
nz = 500 / 1625.38 = 0.30
ny = 500 / 1267.02 = 0.39
λz = √ 250/4040 = 0.246
86
Kz =1 + (λz – 0.2) nz = 1.0138 < 1+0.8 nz
< 1.24…. OK

ψ = ratio of minimum to maximum BM

ψ = -25 / 50 = -1 / 2
Cmz = 0.6 + 0.4 X (ψ) = 0.4
0.1LT ny
K LT  1 
CmLT  0.25

= 0.844

87
 P Mz
 K LT  0.612 < 1 ……. OK
Pdy M dz

P Cmz M z
 Kz  0.406 < 1 ……. OK
Pdz M dz

Hence select ISHB 300 @ 0.58 kN/m as a section for

eccentrically loaded column.

88
 Design of Beam Column
Working Stress Method
IS : 800 - 1984
Checking section ISHB 300 @
0.58 kN/m
A = 7485 sq mm
σac,cal = P/A = 66.80 N/mm2
slenderness ratio = L / ryy =
59.15
for fy = 250 Mpa, σac =
121.15N/mm2
89
from table 5.1 (p. no. 39)
β=ratio of smaller to larger moment = 0.5
Therefore, Cmx = 0.6 – 0.4 X 0.5 = 0.4 ≥ 0.4 OK
σbcx,cal. = 50000 / 836.3 = 59.78 N/mm2
fcc = elastic critical stress in compression
= π2E / λ2 = 563.6 N/mm2

σbcx = Permissible bending stress in compression. As

column is laterally unsupported following ratios
are evaluated.
D/T = 28.30, L / ryy = 59.15
As T / L = 10.6 / 7.6 < 2
for fy = 250 using table 6.1 B (p. no. 58)
σbcx = 150 N/mm2

90
 ac ,cal Cmx bcx ,cal
  0.7486
 ac   ac ,cal 
1    bcx
 0.6 f ccx 

< 1 ….. OK

Hence requirement of section for a column under

eccentric load is same as ISHB 300 @ 0.58 kN/m

91
 Beam Column
LSM WSM
1) Interaction betn axial & 1) Interaction is countered
uniaxial bending is only by taking buckling
considered taking buckling due to axial load @ weaker
due to axial loading about axis with bending @ major
both axes of c/s axis.
2) Cmx = 0.4 2) Cmx = 0.4
3) Combined interaction is 3) Combined interaction is
considered for buckling @ considered for buckling @
both axes of cross section. yy axis only.
4) Interaction values are 4) Interaction value is
@ yy axis… 0.612 @ yy axis… 0.7486
@ zz axis… 0.406
Thus reserve strength in a section by LSM is more than
WSM.
92