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    Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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    Wiljohn de la Cruz
    Respiratory distress syndrome is one of the most common respiratory diseases in premature infants due to surfactant deficiency and pulmonary immaturity. Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant but are not fully developed until late in gestation. Predisposing factors for surfactant deficiency include preterm birth, male sex, maternal diabetes, precipitous or cesarean deliveries before 38 weeks. Surfactant production is influenced by hormones like insulin and cortisol. Without sufficient surfactant, lungs cannot remain open during breathing and hypoxemia develops. Treatment involves administering animal or synthetic surfactants through an endotracheal tube.

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    Respiratory Distress Syndrome

    Uploaded by

    Wiljohn de la Cruz
    19 views1 page
    Respiratory distress syndrome is one of the most common respiratory diseases in premature infants due to surfactant deficiency and pulmonary immaturity. Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant but are not fully developed until late in gestation. Predisposing factors for surfactant deficiency include preterm birth, male sex, maternal diabetes, precipitous or cesarean deliveries before 38 weeks. Surfactant production is influenced by hormones like insulin and cortisol. Without sufficient surfactant, lungs cannot remain open during breathing and hypoxemia develops. Treatment involves administering animal or synthetic surfactants through an endotracheal tube.

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    Respiratory distress syndrome

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    RDS

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    Respiratory distress syndrome is one of the most common respiratory diseases in premature infants due to surfactant deficiency and pulmonary immaturity. Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant but are not fully developed until late in gestation. Predisposing factors for surfactant deficiency include preterm birth, male sex, maternal diabetes, precipitous or cesarean deliveries before 38 weeks. Surfactant production is influenced by hormones like insulin and cortisol. Without sufficient surfactant, lungs cannot remain open during breathing and hypoxemia develops. Treatment involves administering animal or synthetic surfactants through an endotracheal tube.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    19 views1 page

    Respiratory Distress Syndrome

    Uploaded by

    Wiljohn de la Cruz
    Respiratory distress syndrome is one of the most common respiratory diseases in premature infants due to surfactant deficiency and pulmonary immaturity. Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant but are not fully developed until late in gestation. Predisposing factors for surfactant deficiency include preterm birth, male sex, maternal diabetes, precipitous or cesarean deliveries before 38 weeks. Surfactant production is influenced by hormones like insulin and cortisol. Without sufficient surfactant, lungs cannot remain open during breathing and hypoxemia develops. Treatment involves administering animal or synthetic surfactants through an endotracheal tube.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    Etiology

    Type two alveolar cells produce surfactant and do not develop until the 25th to the 28th week of
    gestation, in this, respiratory distress syndrome is one of the most common respiratory disease in
    premature infants. Furthermore, surfactant deficiency and pulmonary immaturity together leads
    to alveolar collapse. Predisposing factors that contribute to poorly functioning type II alveolar
    cells in a premature baby are if the child is a preterm male, white infants, infants of mothers with
    diabetes, precipitous deliveries, cesarean section performed before the 38th week of gestation.
    Surfactant synthesis is influenced by hormones, this ranges form insulin and cortisol. Insulin
    inhibits surfactant production, explaining why infants of mothers with diabetes type 1 are at risk
    of development of respiratory distress syndrome. Cortisol can speed up maturation of type II
    cells and therefore production of surfactant. Finally, in the baby delivered by cesarean section are
    at greater risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome because the reduction of cortisol
    produced because the lack of stress that happens during vaginal delivery, hence cortisol increases
    in high stress and helps in the maturation of type II cells of the alveoli that cause surfactant.

    Respiratory Distress Syndrome


    Pathophysiology
    At birth the pressure needed to expand the lungs requires high inspiratory pressure. In the
    presence of normal surfactant levels the lungs retain as much as 40% of the residual volume after
    the first breath and thereafter will only require far lower inspiratory pressures. In the case of
    deficiency of surfactant the lungs will collapse between breaths, this makes the infant work hard
    and each breath is as hard as the first breath. If this goes on further the pulmonary capillary
    membranes become more permeable, letting in fibrin rich fluids between the alveolar spaces and
    in turn forms a hyaline membrane. The hyaline membrane is a barrier to gas exchange, this
    hyaline membrane then causes hypoxemia and carbon dioxide retention that in turn will further
    impair surfactant production.

    Treatment
    Today to prevent respiratory distress syndrome are animal sources and synthetic surfactants, and
    administrated through the airways by an endotracheal tube and the surfactant is suspended in a
    saline solution. Treatment is initiated post birth and in infants who are at high risk for respiratory
    distress syndrome.

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