PROMISE JOYA.

ENCINARES
B.S. NURSING 1-A

SUMMARY OF THEORIES IN NURSING

THEORY PROPONENT KEY CONCEPTS STAGING (if any) IMPLICATIONS FOR
NURSING
The Environmental Florence  5 Essentials of a Healthy  Nightingale’s theory
Theory Nightingale Environment: practices the greater part of
1. Pure air nursing which consists in
2. Pure water preserving cleanliness in
3. Efficient drainage the environment
4. Cleanliness  Help practice the skill of
5. Light controlling diseases
 The provision of a quiet or noise  Can help in the principles
free and warm environment, of nursing training. Better
attending to patients dietary needs practice result from better
by assessment, documentation of education
time of food intake, and evaluating  Can contribute to the skills
its effects on the patient. and measurement in
nursing through licensing
by the use of testing
methods, the case studies.
The Nature of Virginia 14 Components required for effective Person: An individual who This theory can be applied to
Nursing Model Henderson nursing care: requires assistance to achieve nursing practice as a way for
1. Breathe normally health and independence or nurses to set goals based on the
2. Eat and drink adequately peaceful health 14 components. Meeting the
3. Eliminate body wastes Health: health is the ability of goal of achieving the 14 needs
4. Move and maintain desirable patients to perform the 14 of the client can be a great
postures components of nursing care basis to further improve one’s
 5. Sleep and rest unaided. performance towards nursing
6. Select suitable clothes-dress Environment: maintaining care
and undress supportive environment conducive
7. Maintain body temperature for health is one of the elements of
within normal range by her 14 activities
adjusting clothing and Nursing: function is to assist the
modifying environment individual, sick or well, in the
8. Keep the body clean and well performance of those activities
groomed and protect the contributing to health.
intergument
9. Avoid dangers in the
environment and avoid
injuring others
10. Communicate with others in
expressing emotions, needs,
fears, or opinions.
11. Worship according to one’s
faith
12. Work in such a way that there
is a sense of accomplishment
13. Play or participate in various
forms of recreation
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the
curiosity that leads to normal
development and health and
use the available health
facilities.
Patient-Centered Faye-Abdellah  NURSING PROBLEMS: Nursing 10 steps to identify the patient’s Abdellah’s theory can improve
Approches to problem presented by a client is a problem: the knowledge in nursing care
Nursing condition faced by the client or 1. Learn to know the patient the patient-centered practice,
 client’s family that the nurse 2. Sort out relevant and and to assist with the nursing
through the performance of significant data eduction.
professional functions can assist 3. Make generalizations
them to meet. The problem can be about available data in
covert or overt problems relation to similar nursing
 PROBLEM SOLVING: involves problems presented by
identifying the problem, selecting other patients
pertinent data, formulating and 4. Identify the therapeutic
testing hypotheses through the plan
collection of data, and revising 5. Test generalizations with
hypotheses. the patient
 21 Nursing Problems 6. Validate the patient’s
conclusion
7. Continue to observe and
evaluate the patient over a
period of time to identify
any attitudes and clues
affecting his or her
behavior
8. Explore the patient and
his or her family’s
reaction to the therapeutic
plan and involve them in
the plan
9. Identify how the nurses
feel about the patient’s
nursing problems
10. Discuss and develop a
comprehensive nursing
care plan.
Behavioral System Dorothy Johnson  Each person is composed of 7  Preserve the organization
Model subsystems namely: ingestive, of the patient’s behavior by
eliminative, affiliative, aggressive, means of imposing
dependence, achievement and regulatory mechanisms or
sexual. by providing resources
 She stated that nursing was while the patient is under
“concerned with man as an stress.
integrated whole and this is the  Supplies external
specific knowledge of order we assistance both before and
require. during system balance
disturbance and therefore
requires knowledge of
order, disorder and control.
Goal Attaining Imogene King  Nursing is a helping profession Nursing for Imogene King is
Theory  The nurse and patient an act wherein the nurse
communicate information, set interacts and communicates
goals together, and then take with the patient. The nurse
action to achieve those goals. helps the patient identify the
existing health condition,
 An interpersonal relationship that exploring and agreeing on
allows a person to grow and activities to promote health, the
develop in order to attainment of goal of the nurse in Imogene
goals King’s theory is to help the
patient maintain health
through health promotion
Transcultural Madeleine  She developed the “SUNRISE Leininger suggests 3 approaches This holistic approach in
Nursing Model Leininger MODEL” as a basis for to plan and implement Culturally nursing addresses the physical,
assessment and research in Congruent Care.: psychological, social,
nursing. Leininger suggests 3 approaches emotional, and spiritual needs
  This model remains as a to plan and implement Culturally of patients. It is important to
standard in Transcultural Congruent Care. emphasize that nurses must
Nursing Theory. 1. The first is Cultural Care identify and meet these needs
 Dr. Leininger also developed Preservation/Maintenance in order to provide
the ETHNONURSING 2. The second approach is Cultural individualized care, which has
Method for conducting Care Accommodation/Negotiation been stipulated as a patient’s
Transcultural Research. While 3. The third approach is Cultural right and a hallmark of
it is considered by Dr. Care Repatterning/Restructuring professional nursing practice
Leininger to be Qualitative, it
has certain attributes that
make it somewhat
Quantitative as well.
 The 7 Cultural and Social
Structure Dimensions are the
large areas that nurses need to
learn about through interview
and living among the people
of different cultures.

Four Conservation Myrna Levine’s Conservation Model is Conservation of energy: Refers

Principle Estrinlevine focused in promoting adaptation and to balancing energy input and
maintaining wholeness using the output to avoid excessive
principles of conservation. The model fatigue. It includes adequate
guides the nurse to focus on the rest, nutrition and exercise.
influences and responses at the II. Conservation of structural
organismic level. The nurse integrity: Refers to maintaining
accomplishes the goals of the model or restoring the structure of
 through the conservation of energy, body preventing physical
structure, and personal and social breakdown and promoting
integrity (Levine, 1967). Although healing.
conservation is fundamental to the III. Conservation of
outcomes expected when the model is personal integrity: Recognizes
used, Levine also discussed two other the individual as one who
important concepts critical to the use strives for recognition, respect,
of her model – adaptation and self awareness, selfhood and
wholeness. self determination.

Conservation of social
integrity: An individual is
recognized as some one who
resides with in a family, a
community, a religious group,
an ethnic group, a political
system and a nation.
Levine’s assumptions centered
on the essence of the human
experience, adaptation, and
nursing. The most influential
assumption was the wholeness
and complexity of patients
Health Care Systems Betty Neuman  The variables of the person in 1. Primary prevention as 1. Nursing diagnosis:
Model interaction with the internal and intervention- preventing determined on the
external environment comprise the stressor invasion basis of assessment of
whole client system. 2. Secondary prevention as the variables and lines
 The common client survival intervention- protecting of defense and
factors in unique individual the client system’s basic resistance that make
structure up the specific client
 characteristics representing basic 3. Tertiary prevention as system
system energy resources intervention- attaining 2. Nursing goals:
 the basic structure, or central core, and maintaining the determined with the
is made up of the basic survival highest possible level of client for desired
factors which include: normal client system wellness prescriptive changes to
temp. Range, genetic structure.- and stability during correct variances from
response pattern, organ strength or reconstruction wellness
weakness, ego structure. 3. Nursing outcomes:
 Stability, homeostasis, occurs nursing interventions
when the amount of energy that is are implemented using
available exceeds that being used one or more of the
by the system. prevention as
intervention methods
Self-Care and Self- Dorothea Orem It emphasizes the action needed to It is an art through which the
Care Deficits Theory support the client in acting as his/her practitioner of nursing gives
own agent for health care rather than specialized assistance to
assuming nursing responsibility for all persons with disabilities that
needs, including those the client can needed greater than ordinary
maintain for him or herself assistance to meet the daily
needs for self care.
Psychodynamic Hildegard Peplau  The purpose of nursing is to help Man: organism that strives in its  Nursing is therapeutic in
Nursing Model others identify their felt own way to reduce tension that it is a healing art
difficulties generated by needs  Nursing is an interpersonal
 Nurses should apply principles of Health: a word symbol that process because it involves
human relations to the problems implies forward movement of interaction between two or
personality and other ongoing
 Explains the phases of human process
more individuals
interpersonal process, roles in Nursing: significant, therapeutic,  The nurse and patient work
nursing situations and methods of interpersonal process together so both become
studying nursing matured and
  The attainment of goal is achieved knowledgeable in the
through the use of series of steps process.
following a series of pattern
Adaptation Model Sister Callista Roy Adaptation refers to the process and Nursing acts to enhance the
outcome whereby thinking and feeling interaction of the person with
process as individuals or group, use the environment to promote
conscious awareness and choice to adaptation
create human and environmental
integration
Nursing Care, Core, Lydia Hall This theory focused on the 3 Nursing- consisting of
and Cure independent but interconnected circles participation in the care, core,
of Lydia Hall: the care, which is the and cure aspects of patient
body, is the primary role of a care.
professional nurse. The nurse’s goal is
the comfort of the patient. Core is
interacting with the person or the
patient and is receiving nursing care.
And cure is the disease. It is the aspect
of nursing which involves the
administration of medications and
treatments.

Dynamic Nurse- Ida Jean Orlando Deliberative Nursing Process Theory The deliberative Nursing Process 1. Provides direct assistance to
Patient Relationship focuses on the interaction between the has five stages:1)Assessment-the individuals in whatever setting
nurse and patient, perception data collection step, 2) Diagnosis- they are found for the purpose
validation, and the use of the nursing Identify the patient's problems of avoiding, relieving,
process to produce positive outcomes related to his health status, and diminishing or curing the
or patient improvement. Orlando’s key formulate a nursing diagnosis for individuals sense of
focus was to define the function of each of them., 3)Planning-Setting helplessness.
Nursing. This means finding out and goals to improve the outcomes for 2. Assures that patient will be
 meeting the patient’s immediate needs the patient is a primary focus of treated as individuals and that
for help. the nursing process., they will have active and
4)Implementation-setting plans in constant input into their own
motion and delegating care
responsibilities for each step, and
5)Evaluation-involves not only
analyzing the success (or failure)
of the current goals and
interventions, but examining the
need for adjustments and changes
as well..
Clinical Nursing- A Ernestine WIEDENBACH'S PRESCRIPTIVE Ernestine Wiedenbach's theory
Helping Art Model Wiedenbach THEORY IS BASED ON THREE has contributed to the
FACTORS: development of clinical nursing
1. The central purpose which the practice by influencing core
practitioner recognizes as essential to concepts in practice, such as
the particular discipline. the nursing process, and by
2. The prescription for fulfillment of contributing to the goal of
central purpose. nursing, which is to attend to a
3. The realities in the immediate patient's needs by assessing
situation that influence the central their need for help in the
purpose. clinical setting/ The helping art
Nursing is the practice of identification of nursing is seen in all nursing
of a patient's need for help through: practice involving the
Observation of presenting behaviors individual, and it uses the basis
and symptoms of nursing practice, the basis
Exploration of the meaning of those being the nursing process. The
symptoms with the patient nursing process is a systematic
Determining the cause(s) of discomfort problem-solving approach first
Determining the patient's ability to applied by Orlando in 1961 and
 resolve the discomfort or if the patient involved four key steps which
has a need for help from the nurse or includes assessment, planning,
other healthcare professionals. intervention and evaluation
(Potter, Perry, 2006, p. 68).

Human Becoming Rosemarie Theory of Human Becoming guides Symbol of Human Becoming 1. Ability to see patient’s
Model Rizzoparse nurses in their practice to focus on 1) Black and White- opposite perspective and allows nurse to
quality of life as it is described and paradox significant to ontology of “be with” patient and guide
lived. It is an alternative approach for human becoming and green is them toward desired health
nursing practice in pediatric oncology. hope. outcomes.
It also rates quality of life from each 2) Center joined- co-create mutual 2. Nurse- person relationship
person’s own perspective as the goal human universe process at the co-creates changing health
of the practice of nursing. ontological level and nurse-person patterns.
process. 3. Builds new nursing
3) Green and black swirl knowledge about universal
intertwining- human-universe co- lived experiences which may
creation as an ongoing process of ultimately contribute to health
becoming and quality of life.
Interpersonal Joyce Travelbee  The need for a “Humanistic Phases of the Nurse-Patient Travelbee defines nursing as
Aspects of Nursing Revolution” in nursing, with a Relationship: an interpersonal process
Model renewed devotion on caring and 1. Original Encounter whereby the professional nurse
compassion for patients 2. Emerging Identities practitioner assists an
 Assist the person, family, or 3. Developing Feelings of individual, family or
community to avert or palliate the Empathy community to prevent or cope
experiences of sickness and 4. Sympathy with the experience of illness
suffering 5. Rapport and suffering and, if necessary,
to find meaning in these
 Hope being a mental state with a experiences.
yearning to finalize on reach a
purpose
  Understanding the ill patient, is to
recognize the person’s uniqueness.
Humanistic Nursing Josephine 5 Phases:  Encourages reflection
Practice Theory Petterson and Humanistic Nursing: 1. Preparation of the nurse being a learned
Loretta Zderad 1. Tanscultural relationship knower for coming to process that can help
whose meaningfulness know enhance the
demands conceptualization 2. Nurse knowing the other experience of the nurse
founded on a nurse’s intuitively and prepare them for
existential awareness of self 3. Nurse knowing the other similar situations
and the other scientifically  Can enhance the
2. Humanistic nursing aims at 4. Nurse complimentary ability to be with and
the development of human synthesizing known travel with the patient
potential, at well being and others in the routine of living
more being. 5. Succession with the nurse
3. Wellbeing and Morebeing- from the many to the  Helps understand the
health is conceptualized as paradoxical one. professional
somewhat more than the differences between
freedom from disease. other medical staff and
allied health
professionals, respect
the differences and
accept responsibility
for challenges of
nursing
Modeling and Role Helen Erickson, This theory focuses on enabling nurses 5 Goals of Interventions Nursing- the nurse-client
Modeling Theory Evelyn Tomlin, to care for and nurture each client with  Build trust relationship is an interactive
and Mary Ann an awareness of and respect for the and interpersonal process that
Swain individual’s uniqueness.  Promote client’s positive aids the individual to identify,
orientation mobilize and develop his or her
own strengths
  Promote client’s control

 Affirm and promote client’s

strengths

 Set mutual, health directed

goals
Health as Expanding Margaret Neuman 1. Health: in Newman’s theory, This theory can practice the
Consciousness health is an expansion of knowledge in nursing and
Theory consciousness defined as the health education to the patients
informational capacity of the that consciousness is a
system and seen as the ability of manifestation of an evolving
the person to interact with the pattern of person-environment
environment. interaction
2. Consciousness: the
interconnectedness of the entire
living system, which includes
physiochemical maintenance and
growth processes as well as the
immune system
3. Pattern: characterized by
“movement, diversity, and
rhythm” and described as a design,
or framework as is seen in person-
environment interactions
Primacy of Caring Patricia Benner This theory focuses on the nursing Levels of Nursing Experience Nursing- “enabling condition
Model practice guided by the human  Novice of connection and concern”
becoming theory that live the Parse which shows a high level of
practice methodology illuminating emotional involvement in the
 meaning, synchronizing rhythms and  Advanced beginner nurse-client relationship. She
mobilizing, and mobilizing viewed nursing practice as the
transcendence.  Competent care and study of the lived
experience of health, illness,
 Proficient and disease and the
relationships among these three
 Expert elements.

Grand Theory of Anne Boykin and From the perspective of nursing as Nursing based on this theory is
Nursing as Caring Savina Schoen caring, the focus and aim of nursing as said to be a discipline and a
a discipline of knowledge and a profession. It focuses on the
professional service is “nurturing idea of nursing as being
persons living and growing in caring” grounded by caring and that
nursing revolves around caring
people not just physically but
in all aspects as well.
Rhythm Model Joyce Fitzpratrick The life perspective model, a  A developing
developmental model, proposes that discipline whose
human development is a process that is central concern is the
characterized by rhythms and based in meaning attached to
personal meaning. This development life (health)
occurs within the context of  Primary purpose of
continuous interaction between person nursing is the
and environment promotion and
maintenance of an
optimal level of
wellness
Health Promotion Nola Pender  The model notes that each person This theory can help health
Model has unique personal characteristics professionals constitute a part
and experiences that affect of the interpersonal
subsequent actions. environment, which exerts
 Health promoting behavior is the influence on persons
desired behavioral outcome and is throughout their lifespan.
the end point in the theory.
 Health promoting behaviors
should result in improved health,
enhanced functional ability and
better quality of life at all stages of
development.

Maternal Role, Ramona Mercer Developed the theory as a framework MOTHERHOOD FOUR Nurses can assess, prioritize
Attainment Model for implementing the nursing process DISTINCT PROCESS and address the needs of all
in the care of non-traditional mothers, 1. Commitment, Attachment and new mothers, especially those
such as adoptive or foster mothers or Preparation (formerly the who are dealing with unusual
those who were unexpectedly thrust Anticipatory Stage) stressors, such as a sick infant,
into a mothering role (for example, - The mother-to-be begins to personal health issues, financial
through the illness or death of a family adjust to the anticipated realities difficulties, postpartum
member). of her new role. depression or a lack of
2. Acquaintance, Learning and psychosocial support.
Physical Restoration
Stage (formerly the Formal Stage)
- The new mother adapts to her
role by modeling learned
behaviors and conforming closely
to social and family norms.
3. Moving towards a New
 Normal (formerly the Informal
Stage)
- The mother begins to develop
her own maternal identity and
becomes more comfortable with
her decision-making and
mothering skills.
4. Achievement of Maternal
Identity (formerly the Personal
Stage)
- The point at which the new
mother has successfully integrated
prior learning with personal
experience.
CHANGE Kurt Lewin He theorized a three-stage model of THREE STAGES OF CHANGE This theory can be used in
THEORY change that is known as the 1. Unfreeze -- finding a method of nursing to provide a structured
"unfreezing, change, refreeze model" making it possible for people to let approach to planned change.
that requires prior learning to be go of an old pattern that was Using his model will provide a
rejected and replaced. It states somehow counterproductive. well-formulated strategy that
behavior as "a dynamic balance of 2. Change -- involves a process of will encourage adaptation to
forces working in opposing change in thoughts, feeling, change rather than resistance.
directions." behavior, or all three, that is in
- Driving Forces, Restraining forces, some way more liberating or more
and Equilibrium productive.
3. Refreeze -- Establishing the
change as the new habit, so that it
now becomes the "standard
operating procedure."
Human Caring Jean Watson The theory is focused on the centrality The structure for the science of 1. Centered around helping the
Model of human caring and on the caring-to- caring is built upon ten carative patient achieve a higher degree
caring transpersonal relationship and factors. These are: of harmony in a holistic
its healing potential for both the one 1. Embrace: Altruistic Values and manner (mind, body, and soul)
who is caring and the one who is being practice loving kindness with self 2. Reciprocal relationship
cared for. and others. between patient and nurse
2. Inspire: Faith and hope and which is guided by the carative
honor others. processes.
3.Trust: Self and others by 3. This harmony is achieved
nurturing individuals’ beliefs, through the development of
Personal growth and practices. transpersonal relationships and
4. Nurture: Helping, Trusting, caring transactions.
Caring Relationships.
5. Forgive: and Accept Positive
and negative feelings-
authentically listen to another’s
story.
6. Deepen: Scientific Problem
Solving Methods for Caring
Decision Making.
7. Balance: Teaching and learning
to address the individual needs,
readiness and learning styles.
8. Co-create: a Healing
environment for the physical and
spiritual self which respects
human dignity.
9.Minister: To basic physical,
emotional and spiritual human
needs.
10. Open: to mystery and allow
miracles to enter.