Module 3 Visual Arts PDF

Contemporary Philippine Arts from
the Regions
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade/Section: 12 First Trimester S.Y. 2020-2021
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
Module 3 – Phil Arts Subject Teacher: MS. PATRICIA D. FLORESCA
The Visual Arts: A Feast for the Eyes

“I dream my painting and I paint my dream.” – Vincent van Gogh
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. consolidate relevant concepts to plan for a production;
2. design a production using available materials and appropriate techniques;
3. conceptualize contemporary art based on techniques and performance practices in their locality;
4. apply artistic skills and techniques in the process of creation;
5. incorporate contemporary characteristics to one’s creation with attention and detail; and
6. create the intended final product using appropriate materials for the best possible output.
I.
Boot up and Log In
Study the painting on:

https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Spoliarium.html. Try to
answer the following questions. What does Juan Luna's Spoliarium (painting) depict? What are the
impressions and meaning does the artwork imply? What are the symbols of the Spoliarium painting?
Why did Juan Luna paint the Spoliarium painting? How is the subject of the painting related to
Philippine history and experience? How is the Spoliarium beneficial to the Filipinos?
II.
PLUG AND PLAY

What do you know about painting? Have you tried to draw or paint before?
What is the common subject you draw or paint? What Does Your Artwork
Represent? Does your art represent something about you? What Inspires You?
What connection do you have to your art? How Do You Make It? Why do you use
certain materials? Watch carefully the videos on the following links to learn about
the fundamentals of painting.
➢ Painting: Definition and Types
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-painting-definition-evolution-
major-artists.html
➢ History of Painting Materials & Techniques
https://study.com/academy/lesson/history-of-painting-materials-
techniques.html
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III.
PAINTING
Painting is the application of pigments to a support surface that establishes an image, design or
decoration. In art the term “painting” describes both the act and the result. Most painting is created
with pigment in liquid form and applied with a brush. Exceptions to this are found in Navajo sand
painting and Tibetan mandala painting, where powdered pigments are used. Painting as a medium
has survived for thousands of years and is, along with drawing and sculpture, one of the oldest creative
media. It’s used in some form by cultures around the world.
In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action. Paintings may have
for their support such surface as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay, leaf, copper, or
concrete, and may incorporate multiple other materials including sand, clay, paper, and gold leaf.
Three of the most recognizable images in Western art history are paintings: Leonardo da Vinci’s
Mona Lisa, Edvard Munch’s The Scream and Vincent van Gogh’s The Starry Night. These three art works
are examples of how painting can go beyond a simple mimetic function, that is, to only imitate what
is seen. The power in great painting is that it transcends perceptions to reflect emotional, psychological,
even spiritual levels of the human condition.
Functions of Painting
There is a difference between painting and drawing. Drawing is the early stage of painting.
While the art of painting is the result of human imagination expressed through lines, colors, textures,
darkness, fields and shapes in the field of two dimensions. The art of painting is included in fine art, while
the drawing is aplied art which is the primary function or the result of the pure expression of the artist.
Here is a function of painting:

➢ Primary Function: Artwork to express the feelings and expressions of a painting artist.
➢ Secondary Function: This painting is for personal expression, also for the benefit of outsiders, as
a means of communication.
➢ Physical Function: Painting works that prioritize the function of its utility, such as room decoration.
• Expressing something is an expression of feeling so that others can know it. In the art of painting,
expressing expression or feeling of artists is the most important thing. Expression is divided into
two, namely non-creative expression and creative expression.
• Non-creative expression is an expression of no artwork, such as sadness, pouting, smiling and
crying. While creative expression is the work of art from the expression of feelings, such as
painting, doubt, dance or poetry. But the expression that exists in painting, does not mean the
work is easy and makeshift. Because the art of painting is art that has certain rules and principles.
Painting Media
Painting media are extremely versatile because they can be applied to many different surfaces
(called supports) including paper, wood, canvas, plaster, clay, lacquer and concrete. Because paint
is usually applied in a liquid or semi-liquid state it has the ability to soak into porous support material,
which can, over time, weaken and damage it. To prevent this a support is usually first covered with a
ground, a mixture of binder and chalk that, when dry, creates a non-porous layer between the support
and the painted surface. A typical ground is gesso.
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There are six major painting

media, each with specific All of them use the following three basic
individual characteristics: ingredients:
1) Encaustic
2) Tempera 1) Pigment
3) Fresco 2) Binder
4) Oil 3) Solvent (also called the “vehicle”)
5) Acrylic
6) Watercolor
Pigments are granular solids incorporated into the paint to contribute color. The binder is the actual
film-forming component of paint. The binder holds the pigment until it’s ready to be dispersed onto the
surface. The solvent controls the flow and application of the paint. It’s mixed into the paint, usually with
a brush, to dilute it to the proper viscosity, or thickness, before it’s applied to the surface. Once the
solvent has evaporated from the surface the remaining paint is fixed there. Solvents range from water
to oil-based products like linseed oil and mineral spirits.
In painting, media refers to both the type of paint used and the base or ground to which it is
applied. A paint/s medium refers to what carries a paint’s pigments, and is also called a “vehicle” or
a “base”. A painter can mix a medium with solvents, pigments, and other substances in order to make
paint and control consistency. Here are some examples of common paint media:
1. Encaustic paint mixes dry pigment with a heated

beeswax binder. The mixture is then brushed or spread
across a support surface. Reheating allows for longer
manipulation of the paint. Encaustic dates back to the first
century C.E. and was used extensively in funerary mummy
portraits from Fayum in Egypt. The characteristics of
encaustic painting include strong, resonant colors and
extremely durable paintings. Because of the beeswax
binder, when encaustic cools it forms a tough skin on the
surface of the painting.
Modern electric and gas tools José María Cano, detail of painting
allow for extended periods of made in encaustic, 2010
heating and paint manipulation.
2. Tempera paint combines pigment with an egg yolk binder, then thinned
and released with water. Like encaustic, tempera has been used for
thousands of years. It dries quickly to a durable matte finish. Tempera
paintings are traditionally applied in successive thin layers, called glazes,
painstakingly built up using networks of cross hatched lines. Because of this
technique tempera paintings are known for their detail.
Title: dazed Artist: Mike Laguisma

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Philippines Styles: Expressionism

Painting: Tempera on Paper. Mediums: Tempera
Subjects: People Materials: Paper
3. Fresco painting is used exclusively on plaster walls and ceilings. The medium of fresco has been used
for thousands of years, but is most associated with its use in Christian images during the Renaissance
period in Europe.
There are two forms of fresco: Buon or “wet,”and secco, meaning “dry.”
Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed

with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh lime mortar or plaster.
The pigment is applied to and absorbed by the wet plaster;
after a number of hours, the plaster dries and reacts with the
air: it is this chemical reaction that fixes the pigment particles
in the plaster. Because of the chemical makeup of the
plaster, a binder is not required. Buon fresco is more stable
because the pigm ent becomes part of the wall itself.
Image: Domenico di Michelino, Dante’s Divine Comedy,

1465, buon fresco, the Duomo, Florence, Italy. This image is in the public domain
Secco fresco refers to painting an image on the surface of

a dry plaster wall. This medium requires a binder since the
pigment is not mixed into the wet plaster. Egg tempera is
the most common binder used for this purpose. It was also
common to use secco fresco over buon fresco murals in
order to repair damage or make slight changes to the
original.
Leonardo Da Vinci’s painting of The Last Supper (below)

was done using secco fresco. Because this was painted on a dry plastered wall, the pigments are only
on the surface, not part of the wall like a true fresco. As you’ll notice in Da Vinci’s painting, the paint is
faded and flaking off as a result.
4. Oil paint is the most versatile of all the painting media.

It uses pigment mixed with a binder of linseed oil. Linseed
oil can also be used as the vehicle, along with mineral
spirits or turpentine. Oil painting was thought to have
developed in Europe during the fifteenth century, but
recent research on murals found in Afghanistan caves
show oil-based paints were used there as early as the
seventh century.
Some of the qualities of oil paint include a wide
range of pigment choices, its ability to be thinned down
and applied in almost transparent glazes as well as used
straight from the tube (without the use of a vehicle), built Landscape 18x24 by Gonzales Art
up in thick layers called impasto. Philippines Oil Painting
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5. Acrylic paint was developed in the 1950’s and became an alternative to oils. Pigment is suspended
in an acrylic polymer emulsion binder and uses water as the vehicle. The acrylic polymer has
characteristics like rubber or plastic. Acrylic paints offer the body,
color, and durability of oils without the expense, mess and toxicity
issues of using heavy solvents to mix them. One major difference
is the relatively fast drying time of acrylics. They are water soluble,
but once dry become impervious to water or other solvents.
Moreover, acrylic paints adhere to many different surfaces and
are extremely durable. Acrylic will not crack or yellow over time.
Image: Abstract Series on the Go Acrylic on Canvas
Filipino Artist – Buboy Dinapo
6. Watercolor is the most sensitive of the painting media. It reacts to the lightest
touch of the artist and can become an over worked mess in a moment. There are
two kinds of watercolor media: transparent and opaque. Transparent watercolor
operates in a reverse relationship to the other painting media. It is traditionally
applied to a paper support, and relies on the whiteness of the paper to reflect light
back through the applied color (see below), whereas opaque paints (including
opaque watercolors) reflect light off the skin of the paint itself. Watercolor consists
of pigment and a binder of gum arabic, a water-soluble compound made from
the sap of the acacia tree. It dissolves easily in water.
Image: Dance Painting by Jun Martinez
Other painting media used by artists include the following:
Enamel paints form hard skins typically with a high-gloss finish. They use heavy solvents and are
extremely durable.
Powder coat paints differ from conventional paints in that they do not require a solvent to keep the
pigment and binder parts in suspension. They are applied to a surface as a powder then cured with
heat to form a tough skin that is stronger than most other paints. Powder coats are applied mostly to
metal surfaces.
Epoxy paints are polymers, created mixing pigment with two different chemicals: a resin and a
hardener. The chemical reaction between the two creates heat that bonds them together. Epoxy
paints, like powder coats and enamel, are extremely durable in both indoor and outdoor conditions.
These industrial grade paints may also be used in sign painting, marine environments, and aircraft
painting.
Elements of Painting
The elements of art the building blocks used to create a work of art. Students who can identify
the elements and evaluate their role in the composition of a work of art will be better able to
understand an artist’s choices. They will be equiped to address wheather a work of art is successful,
and why. Here are some elements of art that are used by artists working in various media:
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The Elements of Painting

Written by Marion Boddy-Evans
1) Color 6) Texture
2) Tone 7) Composition
3) Line 8) Direction
4) Shape 9) Size
5) Space 10) Time and Movement
1. Color
Color (or hue) is at the heart of every painting. It is arguably the most important element
because it sets the tone for how viewers feel about the work. It can, for instance, be warm and inviting
or cold and stark. Either way, color can set the mood for a piece.
Color has three main characteristics:
a. Hue – the name of any color as found in its pure state in the spectrum or rainbow, or that aspect of
any color.
b. Value – refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. We change color value by adding black or
white (tint or shade)
c. Intensity – refers to the brightness of a color, we can change this by adding black, white or the
complimentary color.
Color theory is one of the keys to working with color, especially for painters. Each new color you
introduce to a canvas plays a vital role in the perception viewers have of the piece. Color can be
broken down further into hue, intensity, and value. Also, many artists choose to work with a mother
color when painting. This is a particular paint hue that is mixed into each paint that touches the canvas
and it can bring uniformity.
Search and Navigate
How colorful your mind when it comes to the Basic Color Theory?
Let’s use more color to further understand the color theory by reading “The
fundamentals of understanding color theory” on the link
https://99designs.com/blog/tips/the-7-step-guide-to-understanding-color-
theory/
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2. Tone and value are used interchangeably in painting. It is, essentially,

how light or dark a paint is when you strip away the color. Understanding
how to use it can greatly affect the way your art is perceived. Every color
of paint has an almost endless variety of tones available to it. You can
mix it with mediums and neutral paints to adjust its tone however you like.
Some paintings have a very limited range of tones while others include
stark contrasts in tones.
At its most basic, tone can be best seen in grayscale: Black is the darkest
value and white the brightest. A well-rounded painting often has both of
these, with highlights and shadows adding to the overall effect of the piece.
3. Line - while we tend to think of lines when drawing, painters must also focus
on it. After all, every brushstroke you make creates a line.
Line is defined as a narrow mark made by a brush, or a line created where
two objects or elements meet. It defines the subject of paintings and helps us
imply things such as movement.
Painters should also be aware of different types of lines. Among these are
implied lines, those that are not drawn but are instead implied by the brushstrokes around it.
4. Shape - Every piece of artwork includes the element of shape, which ties
into line and space. In essence, a shape is an enclosed area that is made
when lines meet. When that shape takes on a third dimension (as in sculpture
or some mixed media), we then also have form. Artists often train themselves
to see the shapes in everything. By breaking down the basic shapes of a
subject, it creates an accurate representation of it in paintings and drawings.
Additionally, shapes may be either geometric or organic. The former are the
triangles, squares, and circles we're all familiar with. The latter are those shapes
that ar e not well-defined or those found in nature.
5. Space (or volume) is another crucial element in any art and it can be
used to great effect in paintings. When talking about space in art, we think
of the balance between positive and negative space. Positive space is
the subject itself while the negative space is the area of a painting around
it. Artists can play with a balance between these two spaces to further
influence how viewers interpret their work.
6. Texture – Paintings are the perfect medium to play with texture as well.
This can be interpreted as a pattern within the painting or the brushstrokes
themselves. Some paints, particularly oils, are thicker and how they're
applied on the canvas or board can give the work more depth because
of the texture.
7. Composition – Composition is the

arrangement of the painting. Where you
place the subject, how the background
elements support it, and every little piece
that you add to the canvas becomes part of
the composition. It is critical to how the work
is perceived. There are also "elements of
composition" to consider. These include unity, balance, movement,
rhythm, focus, contrast, pattern, and proportion. Each plays an important role in every painting, which
is why artists focus so much of their time on composition. Click the link
https://www.liveabout.com/elements-of-composition-in-art-2577514
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8. Direction - In art, the word "direction" is a broad term that can be interpreted in many ways. You
might, for instance, consider the format of a painting part of its direction. A vertical canvas can work
better than a horizontal one for certain subjects and vice versa. Direction may also be used to refer to
perspective.
9. Size – "Size" refers to the scale of the painting itself as well as the scale
of proportions within the painting's elements. The relationship between
objects can also unknowingly disrupt a viewer's perception and
enjoyment. When it comes to determining the size of any piece of art,
painters also have many things to consider. Oversized paintings can be
just as dramatic as a very small piece and both have their challenges.
10. Time and Movement – Time can be viewed as the amount of time a
viewer spends looking at a piece. Are there various elements that
continue to capture their attention? Is it intriguing enough so they stop
and don't keep walking past your art? Admittedly, this is one of the
elements of composition, though its importance should not be
overlooked in that grouping. This refers to how you direct the viewer's eye
within the painting.
Browse and Blog

*The 10 Most Famous Filipino Artists and their Masterworks
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-10-most-famous-filipino-
artists-and-their-masterworks/
*5 Artworks from Notable Filipino Artists
https://primer.com.ph/blog/2018/08/03/5-art-works-from-notable-filipino-artists/
References:
Solmerano, E. T., Ondevilla, M. K., Palencia, M. M., Jerusalem, V. L., & Cruz, J. Q.
(2017). Contemporary Philippine arts from the regions.
Evans, M., (2020). The Elements of Painting. Retrieved from

https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/elements-of-painting-4154035
Introduction to Art Concepts https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-sac-

artappreciation/chapter/reading-painting/

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Contemporary Philippine Arts from

Module 3 – Phil Arts Subject Teacher: MS. PATRICIA D. FLORESCA

The Visual Arts: A Feast for the Eyes

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

Boot up and Log In

Study the painting on:

PLUG AND PLAY

Module 3 – Phil Arts Subject Teacher: MS. PATRICIA D. FLORESCA

Here is a function of painting:

Module 3 – Phil Arts Subject Teacher: MS. PATRICIA D. FLORESCA

There are six major painting

1. Encaustic paint mixes dry pigment with a heated

Title: dazed Artist: Mike Laguisma

Module 3 – Phil Arts Subject Teacher: MS. PATRICIA D. FLORESCA

Philippines Styles: Expressionism

Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed

Image: Domenico di Michelino, Dante’s Divine Comedy,

Secco fresco refers to painting an image on the surface of

Leonardo Da Vinci’s painting of The Last Supper (below)

4. Oil paint is the most versatile of all the painting media.

Module 3 – Phil Arts Subject Teacher: MS. PATRICIA D. FLORESCA

Image: Dance Painting by Jun Martinez

Other painting media used by artists include the following:

Module 3 – Phil Arts Subject Teacher: MS. PATRICIA D. FLORESCA

The Elements of Painting

Search and Navigate

Module 3 – Phil Arts Subject Teacher: MS. PATRICIA D. FLORESCA

2. Tone and value are used interchangeably in painting. It is, essentially,

7. Composition – Composition is the

Module 3 – Phil Arts Subject Teacher: MS. PATRICIA D. FLORESCA

Browse and Blog

Evans, M., (2020). The Elements of Painting. Retrieved from

Introduction to Art Concepts https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-sac-

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