Plot Overview

Winston Smith is a low-ranking member of the ruling

Party in London, in the nation of Oceania. Everywhere
Winston goes, even his own home, the Party watches
him through telescreens; everywhere he looks he sees
the face of the Party’s seemingly omniscient leader, a
figure known only as Big Brother. The Party controls
everything in Oceania, even the people’s history and
language. Currently, the Party is forcing the
implementation of an invented language called
Newspeak, which attempts to prevent political rebellion
by eliminating all words related to it. Even thinking
rebellious thoughts is illegal. Such thoughtcrime is, in
fact, the worst of all crimes.
As the novel opens, Winston feels frustrated by the
oppression and rigid control of the Party, which prohibits
free thought, sex, and any expression of individuality.
Winston dislikes the party and has illegally purchased a
diary in which to write his criminal thoughts. He has also
become fixated on a powerful Party member
named O’Brien, whom Winston believes is a secret
member of the Brotherhood—the mysterious, legendary
group that works to overthrow the Party.
Winston works in the Ministry of Truth, where he alters
historical records to fit the needs of the Party. He notices
a coworker, a beautiful dark-haired girl, staring at him,
and worries that she is an informant who will turn him in
for his thoughtcrime. He is troubled by the Party’s control
of history: the Party claims that Oceania has always been
allied with Eastasia in a war against Eurasia, but Winston
seems to recall a time when this was not true. The Party
also claims that Emmanuel Goldstein, the alleged leader
of the Brotherhood, is the most dangerous man alive, but
this does not seem plausible to Winston. Winston spends
his evenings wandering through the poorest
neighborhoods in London, where the proletarians, or
proles, live squalid lives, relatively free of Party
monitoring.

One day, Winston receives a note from the dark-haired

girl that reads “I love you.” She tells him her name, Julia,
and they begin a covert affair, always on the lookout for
signs of Party monitoring. Eventually they rent a room
above the secondhand store in the prole district where
Winston bought the diary. This relationship lasts for some
time. Winston is sure that they will be caught and
punished sooner or later (the fatalistic Winston knows
that he has been doomed since he wrote his first diary
entry), while Julia is more pragmatic and optimistic. As
Winston’s affair with Julia progresses, his hatred for the
Party grows more and more intense. At last, he receives
the message that he has been waiting for: O’Brien wants
to see him.
Winston and Julia travel to O’Brien’s luxurious apartment.
As a member of the powerful Inner Party (Winston
belongs to the Outer Party), O’Brien leads a life of luxury
that Winston can only imagine. O’Brien confirms to
Winston and Julia that, like them, he hates the Party, and
says that he works against it as a member of the
Brotherhood. He indoctrinates Winston and Julia into the
Brotherhood, and gives Winston a copy of Emmanuel
Goldstein’s book, the manifesto of the Brotherhood.
Winston reads the book—an amalgam of several forms
of class-based twentieth-century social theory—to Julia
in the room above the store. Suddenly, soldiers barge in
and seize them. Mr. Charrington, the proprietor of the
store, is revealed as having been a member of the
Thought Police all along.
Writing an essay on 1984? We've got you.

Torn away from Julia and taken to a place called the

Ministry of Love, Winston finds that O’Brien, too, is a
Party spy who simply pretended to be a member of the
Brotherhood in order to trap Winston into committing an
open act of rebellion against the Party. O’Brien spends
months torturing and brainwashing Winston, who
struggles to resist. At last, O’Brien sends him to the
dreaded Room 101, the final destination for anyone who
opposes the Party. Here, O’Brien tells Winston that he
will be forced to confront his worst fear. Throughout the
novel, Winston has had recurring nightmares about rats;
O’Brien now straps a cage full of rats onto Winston’s
head and prepares to allow the rats to eat his face.
Winston snaps, pleading with O’Brien to do it to Julia, not
to him.

Giving up Julia is what O’Brien wanted from Winston all

along. His spirit broken, Winston is released to the
outside world. He meets Julia but no longer feels
anything for her. He has accepted the Party entirely and
has learned to love Big Brother.

THE DANGERS OF TOTALITARIANISM

1984 is a political novel written with the purpose of

warning readers in the West of the dangers of totalitarian
government. Having witnessed firsthand the horrific
lengths to which totalitarian governments in Spain and
Russia would go in order to sustain and increase their
power, Orwell designed 1984 to sound the alarm in
Western nations still unsure about how to approach the
rise of communism. In 1949, the Cold War had not yet
escalated, many American intellectuals supported
communism, and the state of diplomacy between
democratic and communist nations was highly
ambiguous. In the American press, the Soviet Union was
often portrayed as a great moral experiment. Orwell,
however, was deeply disturbed by the widespread
cruelties and oppressions he observed in communist
countries, and seems to have been particularly
concerned by the role of technology in enabling
oppressive governments to monitor and control their
citizens.
In 1984, Orwell portrays the perfect totalitarian society,
the most extreme realization imaginable of a modern-day
government with absolute power. The title of the novel
was meant to indicate to its readers in 1949 that the story
represented a real possibility for the near future: if
totalitarianism were not opposed, the title suggested,
some variation of the world described in the novel could
become a reality in only thirty-five years. Orwell portrays
a state in which government monitors and controls every
aspect of human life to the extent that even having a
disloyal thought is against the law. As the novel
progresses, the timidly rebellious Winston Smith sets out
to challenge the limits of the Party’s power, only to
discover that its ability to control and enslave its subjects
dwarfs even his most paranoid conceptions of its reach.
As the reader comes to understand through Winston’s
eyes, The Party uses a number of techniques to control
its citizens, each of which is an important theme of its
own in the novel. These include:
PSYCHOLOGICAL MANIPULATION

The Party barrages its subjects with psychological stimuli

designed to overwhelm the mind’s capacity for
independent thought. The giant telescreen in every
citizen’s room blasts a constant stream of propaganda
designed to make the failures and shortcomings of the
Party appear to be triumphant successes. The
telescreens also monitor behavior—everywhere they go,
citizens are continuously reminded, especially by means
of the omnipresent signs reading“BIG BROTHER IS
WATCHING YOU,” that the authorities are scrutinizing
them. The Party undermines family structure by inducting
children into an organization called the Junior Spies,
which brainwashes and encourages them to spy on their
parents and report any instance of disloyalty to the Party.
The Party also forces individuals to suppress their sexual
desires, treating sex as merely a procreative duty whose
end is the creation of new Party members. The Party
then channels people’s pent-up frustration and emotion
into intense, ferocious displays of hatred against the
Party’s political enemies. Many of these enemies have
been invented by the Party expressly for this purpose.
PHYSICAL CONTROL

In addition to manipulating their minds, the Party also

controls the bodies of its subjects. The Party constantly
watches for any sign of disloyalty, to the point that, as
Winston observes, even a tiny facial twitch could lead to
an arrest. A person’s own nervous system becomes his
greatest enemy. The Party forces its members to
undergo mass morning exercises called the Physical
Jerks, and then to work long, grueling days at
government agencies, keeping people in a general state
of exhaustion. Anyone who does manage to defy the
Party is punished and “reeducated” through systematic
and brutal torture. After being subjected to weeks of this
intense treatment, Winston himself comes to the
conclusion that nothing is more powerful than physical
pain—no emotional loyalty or moral conviction can
overcome it. By conditioning the minds of their victims
with physical torture, the Party is able to control reality,
convincing its subjects that 2 + 2 = 5.

CONTROL OF INFORMATION AND HISTORY

The Party controls every source of information, managing
and rewriting the content of all newspapers and histories
for its own ends. The Party does not allow individuals to
keep records of their past, such as photographs or
documents. As a result, memories become fuzzy and
unreliable, and citizens become perfectly willing to
believe whatever the Party tells them. By controlling the
present, the Party is able to manipulate the past. And in
controlling the past, the Party can justify all of its actions
in the present.

We're reading 1984 and WE HAVE THOUGHTS

TECHNOLOGY

By means of telescreens and hidden microphones across

the city, the Party is able to monitor its members almost
all of the time. Additionally, the Party employs
complicated mechanisms (1984 was written in the era
before computers) to exert large-scale control on
economic production and sources of information, and
fearsome machinery to inflict torture upon those it deems
enemies. 1984reveals that technology, which is generally
perceived as working toward moral good, can also
facilitate the most diabolical evil.
LANGUAGE AS MIND CONTROL

One of Orwell’s most important messages in 1984is that

language is of central importance to human thought
because it structures and limits the ideas that individuals
are capable of formulating and expressing. If control of
language were centralized in a political agency, Orwell
proposes, such an agency could possibly alter the very
structure of language to make it impossible to even
conceive of disobedient or rebellious thoughts, because
there would be no words with which to think them. This
idea manifests itself in the language of Newspeak, which
the Party has introduced to replace English. The Party is
constantly refining and perfecting Newspeak, with the
ultimate goal that no one will be capable of
conceptualizing anything that might question the Party’s
absolute power.
Interestingly, many of Orwell’s ideas about language as a
controlling force have been modified by writers and critics
seeking to deal with the legacy of colonialism. During
colonial times, foreign powers took political and military
control of distant regions and, as a part of their
occupation, instituted their own language as the
language of government and business. Postcolonial
writers often analyze or redress the damage done to
local populations by the loss of language and the
attendant loss of culture and historical connection.

Motifs

Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, and literary

devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s
major themes.
DOUBLETHINK

The idea of “doublethink” emerges as an important

consequence of the Party’s massive campaign of large-
scale psychological manipulation. Simply put,
doublethink is the ability to hold two contradictory ideas
in one’s mind at the same time. As the Party’s mind-
control techniques break down an individual’s capacity
for independent thought, it becomes possible for that
individual to believe anything that the Party tells them,
even while possessing information that runs counter to
what they are being told. At the Hate Week rally, for
instance, the Party shifts its diplomatic allegiance, so the
nation it has been at war with suddenly becomes its ally,
and its former ally becomes its new enemy. When the
Party speaker suddenly changes the nation he refers to
as an enemy in the middle of his speech, the crowd
accepts his words immediately, and is ashamed to find
that it has made the wrong signs for the event. In the
same way, people are able to accept the Party ministries’
names, though they contradict their functions: the
Ministry of Plenty oversees economic shortages, the
Ministry of Peace wages war, the Ministry of Truth
conducts propaganda and historical revisionism, and the
Ministry of Love is the center of the Party’s operations of
torture and punishment.

URBAN DECAY

Urban decay proves a pervasive motif in 1984. The

London that Winston Smith calls home is a dilapidated,
rundown city in which buildings are crumbling,
conveniences such as elevators never work, and
necessities such as electricity and plumbing are
extremely unreliable. Though Orwell never discusses the
theme openly, it is clear that the shoddy disintegration of
London, just like the widespread hunger and poverty of
its inhabitants, is due to the Party’s mismanagement and
incompetence. One of the themes of1984, inspired by
the history of twentieth-century communism, is that
totalitarian regimes are viciously effective at enhancing
their own power and miserably incompetent at providing
for their citizens. The grimy urban decay in London is an
important visual reminder of this idea, and offers insight
into the Party’s priorities through its contrast to the
immense technology the Party develops to spy on its
citizens.
Symbols

Symbols are objects, characters, figures, and colors

used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.
BIG BROTHER

Throughout London, Winston sees posters showing a

man gazing down over the words “BIG BROTHER IS
WATCHING YOU” everywhere he goes. Big Brother is
the face of the Party. The citizens are told that he is the
leader of the nation and the head of the Party, but
Winston can never determine whether or not he actually
exists. In any case, the face of Big Brother symbolizes
the Party in its public manifestation; he is a reassurance
to most people (the warmth of his name suggests his
ability to protect), but he is also an open threat (one
cannot escape his gaze). Big Brother also symbolizes the
vagueness with which the higher ranks of the Party
present themselves—it is impossible to know who really
rules Oceania, what life is like for the rulers, or why they
act as they do. Winston thinks he remembers that Big
Brother emerged around 1960, but the Party’s official
records date Big Brother’s existence back to 1930,
before Winston was even born.
THE GLASS PAPERWEIGHT AND ST. CLEMENT’S
CHURCH

By deliberately weakening people’s memories and

flooding their minds with propaganda, the Party is able to
replace individuals’ memories with its own version of the
truth. It becomes nearly impossible for people to question
the Party’s power in the present when they accept what
the Party tells them about the past—that the Party arose
to protect them from bloated, oppressive capitalists, and
that the world was far uglier and harsher before the Party
came to power. Winston vaguely understands this
principle. He struggles to recover his own memories and
formulate a larger picture of what has happened to the
world. Winston buys a paperweight in an antique store in
the prole district that comes to symbolize his attempt to
reconnect with the past. Symbolically, when the Thought
Police arrest Winston at last, the paperweight shatters on
the floor.

The old picture of St. Clement’s Church in the room that

Winston rents above Mr. Charrington’s shop is another
representation of the lost past. Winston associates a
song with the picture that ends with the words “Here
comes the chopper to chop off your head!” This is an
important foreshadow, as it is the telescreen hidden
behind the picture that ultimately leads the Thought
Police to Winston, symbolizing the Party’s corrupt control
of the past.

THE PLACE WHERE THERE IS NO DARKNESS

Throughout the novel Winston imagines

meeting O’Brien in “the place where there is no
darkness.” The words first come to him in a dream, and
he ponders them for the rest of the novel. Eventually,
Winston does meet O’Brien in the place where there is
no darkness; instead of being the paradise Winston
imagined, it is merely a prison cell in which the light is
never turned off. The idea of “the place where there is no
darkness” symbolizes Winston’s approach to the future:
possibly because of his intense fatalism (he believes that
he is doomed no matter what he does), he unwisely
allows himself to trust O’Brien, even though inwardly he
senses that O’Brien might be a Party operative.
THE TELESCREENS

The omnipresent telescreens are the book’s most visible

symbol of the Party’s constant monitoring of its subjects.
In their dual capability to blare constant propaganda and
observe citizens, the telescreens also symbolize how
totalitarian government abuses technology for its own
ends instead of exploiting its knowledge to improve
civilization.

THE RED-ARMED PROLE WOMAN

The red-armed prole woman whom Winston hears

singing through the window represents Winston’s one
legitimate hope for the long-term future: the possibility
that the proles will eventually come to recognize their
plight and rebel against the Party. Winston sees the prole
woman as a prime example of reproductive virility; he
often imagines her giving birth to the future generations
that will finally challenge the Party’s authority.

Winston Smith
Orwell’s primary goal in 1984 is to demonstrate the
terrifying possibilities of totalitarianism. The reader
experiences the nightmarish world that Orwell envisions
through the eyes of the protagonist, Winston. His
personal tendency to resist the stifling of his individuality,
and his intellectual ability to reason about his resistance,
enables the reader to observe and understand the harsh
oppression that the Party, Big Brother, and the Thought
Police institute. Whereas Julia is untroubled and
somewhat selfish, interested in rebelling only for the
pleasures to be gained, Winston is extremely pensive
and curious, desperate to understand how and why the
Party exercises such absolute power in Oceania.
Winston’s long reflections give Orwell a chance to
explore the novel’s important themes, including language
as mind control, psychological and physical intimidation
and manipulation, and the importance of knowledge of
the past.
Apart from his thoughtful nature, Winston’s main
attributes are his rebelliousness and his fatalism.
Winston hates the Party passionately and wants to test
the limits of its power; he commits innumerable crimes
throughout the novel, ranging from writing“DOWN WITH
BIG BROTHER” in his diary, to having an illegal love
affair with Julia, to getting himself secretly indoctrinated
into the anti-Party Brotherhood. The effort Winston puts
into his attempt to achieve freedom and independence
ultimately underscores the Party’s devastating power. By
the end of the novel, Winston’s rebellion is revealed as
playing into O’Brien’s campaign of physical and
psychological torture, transforming Winston into a loyal
subject of Big Brother.
One reason for Winston’s rebellion, and eventual
downfall, is his sense of fatalism—his intense (though
entirely justified) paranoia about the Party and his
overriding belief that the Party will eventually catch and
punish him. As soon as he writes “DOWN WITH BIG
BROTHER” in his diary, Winston is positive that the
Thought Police will quickly capture him for committing a
thoughtcrime. Thinking that he is helpless to evade his
doom, Winston allows himself to take unnecessary risks,
such as trusting O’Brien and renting the room above Mr.
Charrington’s shop. Deep down, he knows that these
risks will increase his chances of being caught by the
Party; he even admits this to O’Brien while in prison. But
because he believes that he will be caught no matter
what he does, he convinces himself that he must
continue to rebel. Winston lives in a world in which
legitimate optimism is an impossibility; lacking any real
hope, he gives himself false hope, fully aware that he is
doing so.
I believe that many, such as myself, having read this book in our teen
years for high school class assignments would first see George
Orwell's 1984 as a science fiction depicting a dystopia in which the
government practices severe censorship,advocates nationalism and cult
of personality, while using technology to carryout omnipresent
surveillance on the citizens of Oceania.

However, if you take a step back and take in account the time when this
book was published (1949), it is impossible not to see some striking
resemblances between governments/political systems, concepts and
institutions portrayed in the novel and the ones existing during and
after the Second World War. Some see the Thought Police inspired by
the NKVD, the Soviet police which arrested people for their "anti-
Soviet"remarks. As a matter of fact George Orwell was convinced that
the British Democracy would not survive WWII and would fall into
despair due to either a fascist or socialist revolution, like some other
European countries experienced during the same time. Although the
United Kingdom did not turn out that way, many believe that 1984 is a
cautionary tale, stemming from the events that shook Europe in the 30s
and 40s.

Although it would seem that 1984 is a political fiction masquerading as

a science fiction, where Orwell warns readers of the gloomy situation his
home country could fall into, coincidentally enough, this novel as well as
two other of Orwell's novels,recount Burma's history during the 20th
century. Many Burmese people see Orwell as the 'prophet' who
predicted Burma's historical events through his novels,with a running
joke that Orwell wrote not 1 but 3 books about Burma: Burmese
Days, Animal Farm, and 1984. From Burma's occupation by the British
Empire, through the fall of Burma into a military socialist revolution
gone wrong, to its current political state, where Burmans are ruled by
one of the world's most relentless dictatorships, this trilogy depicts a
quite accurate picture of Burma's politics in the previous century. I
would highly recommend reading these two other novels, which give a
good insight on Orwell's thoughts on certain matters, such as British
colonialism, revolution and tyranny.

So as conclusion, can we say that 1984 a political fiction masquerading

as a science fiction? I would have to agree, however it is up to personal
opinion to tell which political fiction was disguised. Some would believe
that Orwell’s foresaw Burma's political history while others relate to the
USSR or other European countries. I believe however, most importantly,
that1984 is a cautionary tale, which warns us of the wrong turns that can
be taken by some of the systems we today believe to be sound and
sustainable. It has happened for Burma, and history tends to repeat
itself.
This was one of the most impressive books I have ever read. It
was also one of the most depressing (along with anything by
Kafka). I read this in January of 2011 at the old age of 25
because in my school we never had to read anything. We were
encouraged to but there was never any required reading and I
felt way behind everybody else in not having read this classic for
so long. Also, it being a popular book read in schools, I assumed
it would be hard to plough through but it really wasn’t. Orwell’s
specific horror made me race through this book in a matter of
days. If you haven’t read it you should. Right now!
 NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR
by George Orwell
Published: Signet Classics 1950 (1949)
ISBN:0451524934
Pages: 326
Copy: paperback
My rating: 10/10
First sentence: It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were
striking thirteen.
Written in 1948, 1984 was George Orwell’s chilling prophecy
about the future. And while 1984 has come and gone, Orwell’s
narrative is timelier than ever. 1984 presents a startling and
haunting vision of the world, so powerful that it is completely
convincing from start to finish. No one can deny the power of this
novel, its hold on the imaginations of multiple generations of
readers, or the resiliency of its admonitions a legacy that seems
only to grow with the passage of time.
Winston Smith lives in a world without freedom. The four
Ministries – the Ministry of Peace, Plenty, Love, and Truth –
control everything. Big Brother is watching you! For younger
readers, or people who don’t read in general, it may be
interesting to know that this is where Big Brother comes from.
Being watched any time of any day and judged if you take so
much as one step in the wrong direction, is a quite chilling
perspective. This father of all dystopias is as terrifying – if not
more so – now as it must have been when it was first published.
If we look at our world today and how willingly we publish the
most private details about ourselves, about our habits and
preferences (think Facebook), this book gives you an incentive to
question your own behavior.

From the very first page, I plummeted into this novel. It has
something of a traffic accident quality to it – terrible and scary but
you kind of can’t look away. Discovering Winston Smith’s world
and how the government is controling everybody in it, is at the
same time a pleasure to read, simply because it is a well-written
book, and eye-opening in a very uncomfortable way. Ideas such
as doublethink or newspeak scared me more than Pennywise the
Clown ever did. But the modification and simplification of
language to keep citizens in check is only one of the things that
took my reader’s breath away. The seemingly random rewriting
of history to suit the government’s current needs was another. If
the country is now at war with Oceania, it is made clear that it
has actually always been at war with Oceania – even though
that’s not true.
People simply disappeared, always during the night. Your name was
removed from the registers, every record of everything you had ever
done was wiped out, your one-time existence was denied and then
forgotten. You were abolished, annihilated: vaporized was the usual
word.

Chapter 1

I could go on and on about all the little details and the big ideas
that make this such a monster of a book. But apart from all that,
it is an incredibly well written story. The plot shows us how Smith
wants to break out of this world and that he’s not the only one.
Orwell gives us the slightest bit of hope which keeps us going
and rooting for Smith to find something better than a world with
though police.

It was almost normal for people over thirty to be frightened of their

own children. And with good reason, for hardly a week passed in
which The Times did not carry a paragraph describing how some
eavesdropping little sneak —  ‘child hero’ was the phrase generally
used — had overheard some compromising remark and denounced its
parents to the Thought Police.

Chapter 2

I cannot recommend this book enough and I’m quite angry with
myself for waiting so long to read it. After a year-and-a-half, the
imagery is still as vivid in my mind as it was when I first read the
book. I find myself jokingly using words like doubleplusgood, I find
myself questioning my lifestyle – and that currently acceptable by
our society. Even if you hate the plot, even if you don’t
sympathise with Winston Smith, this novel does one thing above
all else. It makes you think! I assume that’s why it’s so widely
read in schools and I hope it will continue this way. Any friend I
have, avid reader or not, I beseech to read this book. It won’t
make you happy and it won’t make you feel good, so reviewing it
in summer is maybe not such a great idea, when everybody
wants light, fun reads. But I don’t care. Whether you’re 13 or 83,
if you have a shred of curiosity in you, if you think the world is not
perfect and if you want to share this vision of a man from the
1940ies: Read. This. Book.
THE GOOD: A great, an important novel, full of chilling ideas,
plenty of food for thought and a great plot, well written.
THE BAD: It won’t exaclty leave you happy. There might be a
post-book-mourning period afterwards.
THE VERDICT: Everybody should read this book. If my children
aren’t told to read it in school, I will rave about it so long that
they’ll want to read it, too. One of the most impacting books I
have ever read.

How is a sense of dystopia

created in 1984
Posted on March 14, 2013
1984 by George Orwell is a dystopian novel. This means that it describes a
nightmare vision of future society – The polar opposite to a perfect world.
George Orwell creates this image through a number of different methods and
techniques.
Language/Style
  The language in the novel is simple. There are no metaphors and
limited figurative speech to permit no freedom for the reader to
imagine the society in a less oppressive way. The plain vocabulary
seems unimaginative and seems as if Orwell is writing purely to reach
the end because he has to – the way that life is lived in 1984. Winston
has a flat in Victory mansions, which sounds grand and expensive
though because of the government it is constantly cold, broken, dark
and depressive as is life outside in the community. The adjectives are
suppressive and miserable throughout the book – for example, “vile”
and “gritty” are mentioned in paragraphone.The verbs are often violent
– e.g. hate, want and fight.  Free indirect discourse (writing in the 3rd
person) lets the reader become a part of the story.Newspeak is the new
language that has been set up by the party in order to give people even
less freedom and free thought.
Setting/Environment/Landscape
  The contrast between Winston’s vision of a perfect world and the
reality of the society in which he is living is quite shocking. He dreams
of a golden world with freedom and  happiness though the society that
he is living in is suppressive and depressing. Winston has a flat in
victory mansion which sounds very upmarket but it is as oppressive as
outside. The world is divided up into airstrip one, Oceania, Eurasia and
East Asia. The names, allies and details are changed for each country
according to their relationship with the party.
Characterisation
 Inner party members can live in luxury often with servants. Outer
party members must live in Victory Mansions – small dirty apartments.
The living conditions for the Proles are poor. The three classes of
people all wear a different dress. The Proles are large, strong humans.
 They are weatherbeaten from hard work outside. The outer
party members are thin and frail due to a lack of food, though they are
not ill or unhealthy. The inner party members seem to have
a distinctive air of authority and arrogance about them. Physical
deterioration (e.g. Winston’s mind and pale, fragile body) are a sign of
metal deterioration.
Oppression
 Orwell uses symbolism to depict the loss of privacy (e.g. the Big
Brother tele screens and posters). He uses language to show the loss of
expression (and therefore individuality) and the loss of mental control
and ability. He uses his characterisation to  show the  losses of
emotional freedom. The novel starts with constant observation which is
a common theme throughout. This is showing the loss of privacy
n the novel 1984 George Orwell depicts a dystopia with his use of a
futuristic setting while incorporating the fear of technology. A
dystopia is a society where people lead dehumanized and often
fearful lives. In a dystopia social and/or technological trends have
contributed to a corrupted or degraded state of deprivation and
oppression. Governmental tyranny and an exploitation of the people
are also prominent in a dystopia. 
George Orwell depicts a dystopia in 1984 by using a futuristic
setting with the Thought Police and vaporization. The Thought
Police constantly monitors the thoughts of the citizens of Oceania
ensuring that they will not disobey The Party or Big Brother. This
ensures that the currently established government will stay in
control (a perfect example of a bourgeois society). If the citizens
even contemplate betraying The Party they will be vaporized which
is where the Thought Police captures the citizen and they
completely disappear. No one knows where they go only that they
are erased from all memory and databases. He clearly generates
fear by using these forms of technology currently impossible to
enhance the theme of a dystopia. 
Montage, the main character, fights his urge to fight The Party
because he knows what his consequence will be but decides to join
the Brotherhood for the common good of all manknd. This is how
Orwell places his main character in dissent with society to enhance
the overall theme of a dystopia.
In conclusion, Orwell creates a “perfect” dystopia by using a
futuristic setting, the fear of technology and by placing the main
character in dissent with society. If you are searching for a novel
with thought provoking ideas, a twist on society and a different
outlook on life I would fully recommend that you read 1984.

Do you not begin to see, then, what kind of world it is we are

creating? It is the exact opposite of the stupid hedonistic
Utopias that the old reformers imagined.

A world of fear and treachery, a world of trampling and being

trampled upon, a world that will grow not less but more
merciless as it refines itself.

George Orwell, 1984

Even if it is the case, as I have argued elsewhere, that Aldous

Huxley’s Brave New Worldis a better guide to our dystopian
present than the much more brutal and barren world of
Orwell’s 1984, the West, since 9-11 has been evolving in a
decidedly Orwellian direction. This has been the case under both
George W. Bush and perhaps even more so under President
Obama, a reality that has proven highly upsetting to civil
libertarians of all stripes who helped  sweep Obama into office in
the hopes that he would end some of the worst practices of the
Bush Administration.
It might be best then to take another look at Orwell’s 1984, a
book most of us probably remember from high school or college,
and then to see how Orwell’s warnings line up with reality today.
For he drew our attention to features of state power and put that
power within a context that is perhaps more relevant today for
political, technological, and economic reasons than at any time
since the end of the Cold War.

1984 is the story of, Winston Smith, a “middle-class” member of

the Outer Party of Oceania that works in the Ministry of Truth.
His job is to doctor and destroy documents based upon the
constantly shifting whims of what the Party which rules Oceania
declares to be the “truth”.

Oceania is a totalitarian state that would make even monsters

like Stalin and Hitler green with envy.  Oceania which includes
what was formerly Great Britain (now called Air-Strip One, on
which Winston lives), the United States, Canada and Australasia
is covered with telescreens which are a kind of two-way television
that projects propaganda in, and can also watch for subversive
activities, and microphones that monitor citizens almost
anywhere 24/7.

Whereas the mass of citizens, the “proles” are left unmolested by

the Party largely because of their ignorance and inability to
organize, the Outer Party, especially is constantly monitored for
“thought-crime” (even having a thought that challenges the
orthodoxy of the Party) by the Thought Police who are housed in
the Ministry of Love.

Orwell has a genius for playing with words, and his Oceania is a
dystopia in a literal sense of being a world where everything is
really its dark opposite: the Ministry of Truth is really an
organization for creating lies, the Ministry of Love a hell-house of
torture, the Ministry of Plenty a bureaucracy that administers
privation, or the Ministry of Peace an institution of war.

One of the ultimate goals of the Party is to destroy the meaning

of language itself- to fully institute the use of “Newspeak” so that
all reference with the past and the truth has been destroyed. The
Party then becomes the sole arbiter of what is real and what is
fiction. The defiant act against the Party that would ultimately
lead to Winston’s doom was when he started a diary. It was an
act that declared what the Party found totally unacceptable- that
a person could think for himself. Later, under the most brutal
forms of torture, Winston would find himself compelled to deny
the very sanity of trying to think outside of the iron grip of the
Party:

   “He could not fight against the Party any longer. Besides, the
Party was in the
right. It must be so: how could the immortal, collective brain be
mistaken? By
what external standards could you check it judgements? Sanity
was statistical.
It was merely a question of learning to think as they thought.”
(228)

The Party of Oceania takes relativism, social construction, and

collective solipsism to their logical extremes. It does not merely
reflect a certain view of the world- it is the world- and can create
and destroy the “truth” as it sees fit. Facts and the past are
nothing but memory, so by controlling memory both individual
and collective facts and history become whatever the Party wants
them to be. Even logical, self-evident truths are capable of being
overthrown- ideas such as 2 + 2 = 4. Under the proper pressure
and manipulation even mathematics and science bend before the
will of the Party.

Winston’s second crime against the Party is to engage in a secret

love-affair with his co-worker Juila.  Much like in Plato’s
Republic  Orwell’s Oceania will not countenance divided loyalties
and passions, especially the kinds of loyalties and passions that
grow out of love and sex. Unlike Plato, the Party has not ended
the family, but has turned it into a nest of spies, where children
betray their parents at any hint of unorthodoxy. The sexual
instinct, especially for women, is channeled into the love of Big-
Brother and hatred of the traitorous Goldstein, both of whose no
doubt imaginary images are plastered , everywhere.
The emotions of the masses are constantly kept at a fever-pitch
of hate against Oceania’s  geo-political enemies: Eurasia and East
Asia. These two other great powers live under similar totalitarian
systems as that in Oceania. Eurasia combines essentially the
former Soviet Union and Europe, East Asia, China, Japan, the
Koreas and nearby territories. The three great powers struggle
with one another for what is left of the globe- essentially the
Middle East and India. They fight not so much over resources or
markets- all three are in essence self-contained, autarchic
systems, as they do labor power, with the peoples of these up-for-
grabs regions being enslaved by one region and then the other
into making weapons. Weapons, which because world wars have
become a thing of the past, are essentially useless.

If these were geo-political predictions, Orwell was on all accounts

incorrect.  In terms of war, however, Orwell has some very
interesting and prescient things to say, both for the Cold War
period that followed his novel, and even more so, for today. The
international environment in which Oceania exists is one of
constant low-level or outright phony war between the big
powers. Orwell in the mouth of the imaginary Goldstein muses
that “war by becoming continuous has fundamentally changed its
character” (163).

Orwell thinks that real wars- for all their horrors- served as a
reality check on the state anchoring its delusions to the practical
need of avoiding conquest. In the world of 1984actual conquest
of one great power by another had become impossible, and
because of the vast resources which each of the 3 world powers
possessed- unnecessary.  The reality check of war, therefore
disappeared, and its very purpose which had once been the
survival or aggrandizement of the state transformed into an
instrument of internal control. Not merely did the phony war
hypnotize the masses and bind them tightly to the Party, the
creation of completely useless weapons was a way to steer
surplus production away from the needs of the subject classes,
therefore keeping them in a constant state of privation, in which
the spread of general wealth and education that might threaten
the grip of the Party was not allowed to come into being.

Winston’s third crime is to join the ranks of the secret

revolutionary organization- The Brotherhood.   Like Big Brother,
who serves as the face of the Party, or Goldstein who serves as
the face of the revolution, The Brotherhood itself is a fiction
created by the Party. In its name both Winston and Julia, in a act
completely out of character, pledge themselves to crimes even
against innocents, a subject that will be dealt with in my next
post.

The Orwellian state imagined in 1984 is a sadistic-state the likes

of which have never been seen. What makes it so horrendous
even in light of its very real world rivals in this regard is its
concept of power as a self-justifying force.  As Orwell puts in the
mouth of Winston’s torturer O’Brien:
Progress in our civilization will be progress towards more pain.
The old civilizations claimed that they were founded on love
and justice. Our is founded on hatred. In our world there will be
no emotions except fear, rage, triumph, and self-abasement.
Everything else we shall destroy- everything.

If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stomping on

a human face-forever. (220)

The scenes Orwell depicts of Winston’s imprisonment and

torture are gut wrenching and horrifying. They starve him until
he becomes skeletal and loses his hair, break most of his bones,
smash his teeth, burn his insides with electrical shocks. We are
forced to watch a once dignified man reduced to groveling,
bargaining and betrayal. But it is not the physical abuse that so
much reduces Winston as the psychological:

These other questioners saw to it that he was in constant slight

pain, but it was not the pain that they chiefly relied on. They
slapped his face, wrung his ear, pulled his hair, made him stand
on one leg, refused to leave him urinate, shown glaring lights in
his face until his eyes ran with water; but the aim of this was
simply to humiliate him and destroy his power of arguing and
reasoning. Their real weapon was their relentless questioning
that went on hour after hour, tripping him up, laying traps for
him, convicting him at every step of lies and contradiction, until
he began weeping as much from shame as from nervous
fatigue. (199)

The ultimate psychological torture comes at the end of the novel

when Winston, whose greatest fear is rats, has a cage of starved
rats attached to his face. Under the extremest of fear he betrays
Julia not in the sense of turning her in, but in asking that she be
put in his place. It is a real rather than a feigned request, and
with it Winston has lost both his mind and his soul to the evil of
the Party.

I think a good question to ask here is how Orwell thought such a

horrifying world might come about? I think it would be a mistake
to see Orwell as engaged in a sort of political phantasy that he
thought was completely implausible, rather, 1984, is a kind of
warning that given the continuation of certain trends this might
be the world we ended up with. Orwell’s version of history up
until the end of WWII can certainly not be considered a fiction,
but a kind bird’s-eye-view of what had happened stretching back
before the industrial revolution.

Orwell sees history as the story of class struggle between the 3

classes that have composed humanity since the Neolithic Age:
the High, the Middle, and the Low. Consistently the Middle have
overthrown the High by enlisting the Low taking the position of
the High themselves and once victorious inevitably throwing the
Low back into servitude. What would make the 20th century
distinct is that the revolutionary forces of the Middle, which in
the past had been partially fooled by their own rhetoric
concerning the freedom of the masses that could be brought by
revolution, became openly authoritarian and tyrannical in their
aims.

Socialism, a theory which appeared in the early 19th century

and was the last link in a chain of thought stretching back to the
slave rebellions of antiquity, was still deeply infected with the
Utopianism of past ages. But in each variant of Socialism that
appeared from about 1900 onward the aim of establishing
liberty and equality was more and more openly abandoned.
(167)

In part, Orwell saw this growing out of the new historical

consciousness. According to the logic of the new revolutionaries:
if society’s, instability- understood to be caused by war between
classes- could be ended by the permanent domination of  ONE
class, then, history itself would come to an end, the world, like
that proposed in Plato’s Republic frozen forever in amber.

But the main reason Orwell saw for the new authoritarian
revolutionaries was that machine based civilization had, for the
first time in human history, made actual material equality
possible. New groups wanting to seize power saw equality as no
longer a bait for the masses, but as a threat to their own claims
on power.
“The earthly paradise had been discredited at exactly the
moment when it became realizable. Every new political theory,
by whatever name it called itself, led back to hierarchy and
regimentation”. (168)

The political ideology which Orwell imagined dominated his

Oceania – Ingsoc- was foreshadowed by the Nazi and Soviet
totalitarian movements who stripped of their Utopian veneer in
his imagined ideologies and became mere will to power. The
class which gave rise to Orwell’s ruling Party had been “brought
together by the barren world of monopoly industry and
centralized government” (169).

Their totalitarian order, he thought, would likely be enabled by

new technologies of surveillance and control. Technologies such
as the aforementioned ubiquitous telescreens and microphones,
but also neuropharmacology, and mechanisms such as novel
writing machines. Indeed, because it aimed to destroy
independent thought and empirical science, Orwell’s dystopia is
a world of technological decline and endemic scarcity; the only
areas in which it excels being that of manipulation and control.

1984 gives us a lot to think about and not as something abstract,

applied to some far off dystopia, but right here and now.  He
brings to our attention the issues of technological surveillance,
torture, continuous low-level war and propaganda and the abuse
of language, along with questions about the history up- to- the-
present of inequality and its origins. All the subject of my next
post.

Only then will we be able to guess where such Orwellian trends

might be leading, and how we might stop them.