Republic of the Philippines child with petitioner.

13 Respondent submitted his counter-affidavit

SUPREME COURT thereto, to which petitioner also submitted her reply-
Manila affidavit.14 Thereafter, the Provincial Prosecutor of Cebu City
issued a Resolution recommending the filing of an information
THIRD DIVISION for the crime charged against herein respondent.

G.R. No. 193707               December 10, 2014 The information, which was filed with the RTC-Cebu and raffled
to Branch 20 thereof, states that:
NORMA A. DEL SOCORRO, for and in behalf of her minor
child RODERIGO NORJO VAN WILSEM, Petitioner, That sometime in the year 1995 and up to the present, more or
vs. less, in the Municipality of Minglanilla, Province of Cebu,
ERNST JOHAN BRINKMAN VAN WILSEM, Respondent. Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court,
the above-named accused, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully
and deliberately deprive, refuse and still continue to deprive his
DECISION son RODERIGO NORJO VAN WILSEM, a fourteen (14) year old
minor, of financial support legally due him, resulting in economic
PERALTA, J.: abuse to the victim. CONTRARY TO LAW.15

Before the Court is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule Upon motion and after notice and hearing, the RTC-Cebu issued
45 of the Rules of Court seeking to reverse and set aside the a Hold Departure Order against respondent.16 Consequently,
Orders1 dated February 19, 2010 and September 1, 2010, respondent was arrested and, subsequently, posted
respectively, of the Regional Trial Court of Cebu City (RTC- bail.17 Petitioner also filed a Motion/Application of Permanent
Cebu), which dismissed the criminal case entitled People of the Protection Order to which respondent filed his
Philippines v. Ernst Johan Brinkman Van Wilsem, docketed as Opposition.18 Pending the resolution thereof, respondent was
Criminal Case No. CBU-85503, for violation of Republic Act arraigned.19 Subsequently, without the RTC-Cebu having
(R.A.) No. 9262, otherwise known as the Anti-Violence Against resolved the application of the protection order, respondent filed
Women and Their Children Act of 2004. a Motion to Dismiss on the ground of: (1) lack of jurisdiction over
the offense charged; and (2) prescription of the crime charged.20
The following facts are culled from the records:
On February 19, 2010, the RTC-Cebu issued the herein assailed
Petitioner Norma A. Del Socorro and respondent Ernst Johan Order,21 dismissing the instant criminal case against respondent
Brinkman Van Wilsem contracted marriage in Holland on on the ground that the facts charged in the information do not
September 25, 1990.2 On January 19, 1994, they were blessed constitute an offense with respect to the respondent who is an
with a son named Roderigo Norjo Van Wilsem, who at the time alien, the dispositive part of which states:
of the filing of the instant petition was sixteen (16) years of age.3
WHEREFORE, the Court finds that the facts charged in the
Unfortunately, their marriage bond ended on July 19, 1995 by information do not constitute an offense with respect to the
virtue of a Divorce Decree issued by the appropriate Court of accused, he being an alien, and accordingly, orders this case
Holland.4 At that time, their son was only eighteen (18) months DISMISSED.
old.5 Thereafter, petitioner and her son came home to the
Philippines.6 The bail bond posted by accused Ernst Johan Brinkman Van
Wilsem for his provisional liberty is hereby cancelled (sic) and
According to petitioner, respondent made a promise to provide ordered released.
monthly support to their son in the amount of Two Hundred Fifty
(250) Guildene (which is equivalent to Php17,500.00 more or SO ORDERED.
less).7 However, since the arrival of petitioner and her son in the
Philippines, respondent never gave support to the son, Cebu City, Philippines, February 19, 2010.22
Roderigo.8
Thereafter, petitioner filed her Motion for Reconsideration
Not long thereafter, respondent cameto the Philippines and thereto reiterating respondent’s obligation to support their child
remarried in Pinamungahan, Cebu, and since then, have been under Article 19523 of the Family Code, thus, failure to do so
residing thereat.9 Respondent and his new wife established a makes him liable under R.A. No. 9262 which "equally applies to
business known as Paree Catering, located at Barangay Tajao, all persons in the Philippines who are obliged to support their
Municipality of Pinamungahan, Cebu City.10 To date, all the minor children regardless of the obligor’s nationality."24
parties, including their son, Roderigo, are presently living in
Cebu City.11
On September 1, 2010, the lower court issued an
Order25 denying petitioner’s Motion for Reconsideration and
On August 28, 2009, petitioner, through her counsel, sent a reiterating its previous ruling. Thus:
letter demanding for support from respondent. However,
respondent refused to receive the letter.12
x x x The arguments therein presented are basically a rehash of
those advanced earlier in the memorandum of the prosecution.
Because of the foregoing circumstances, petitioner filed a Thus, the court hereby reiterates its ruling that since the accused
complaint affidavit with the Provincial Prosecutor of Cebu City is a foreign national he is not subject to our national law (The
against respondent for violation of Section 5, paragraph E(2) of Family Code) in regard to a parent’s duty and obligation to
R.A. No. 9262 for the latter’s unjust refusal to support his minor givesupport to his child. Consequently, he cannot be charged of
violating R.A. 9262 for his alleged failure to support his child. be held criminally liable under R.A. No. 9262 for his unjustified
Unless it is conclusively established that R.A. 9262 applies to a failure to do so.
foreigner who fails to give support tohis child, notwithstanding
that he is not bound by our domestic law which mandates a It cannot be negated, moreover, that the instant petition
parent to give such support, it is the considered opinion of the highlights a novel question of law concerning the liability of a
court that no prima faciecase exists against the accused herein, foreign national who allegedly commits acts and omissions
hence, the case should be dismissed. punishable under special criminal laws, specifically in relation to
family rights and duties. The inimitability of the factual milieu of
WHEREFORE, the motion for reconsideration is hereby DENIED the present case, therefore, deserves a definitive ruling by this
for lack of merit. Court, which will eventually serve as a guidepost for future
cases. Furthermore, dismissing the instant petition and
SO ORDERED. remanding the same to the CA would only waste the time, effort
and resources of the courts. Thus, in the present case,
considerations of efficiency and economy in the administration of
Cebu City, Philippines, September 1, 2010.26 justice should prevail over the observance of the hierarchy of
courts.
Hence, the present Petition for Review on Certiorari raising the
following issues: Now, on the matter of the substantive issues, We find the
petition meritorious. Nonetheless, we do not fully agree with
1. Whether or not a foreign national has an obligation to support petitioner’s contentions.
his minor child under Philippine law; and
To determine whether or not a person is criminally liable under
2. Whether or not a foreign national can be held criminally liable R.A. No. 9262, it is imperative that the legal obligation to support
under R.A. No. 9262 for his unjustified failure to support his exists.
minor child.27
Petitioner invokes Article 19530 of the Family Code, which
At the outset, let it be emphasized that We are taking provides the parent’s obligation to support his child. Petitioner
cognizance of the instant petition despite the fact that the same contends that notwithstanding the existence of a divorce decree
was directly lodged with the Supreme Court, consistent with the issued in relation to Article 26 of the Family Code, 31 respondent
ruling in Republic v. Sunvar Realty Development is not excused from complying with his obligation to support his
Corporation,28 which lays down the instances when a ruling of minor child with petitioner.
the trial court may be brought on appeal directly to the Supreme
Court without violating the doctrine of hierarchy of courts, to wit: On the other hand, respondent contends that there is no
sufficient and clear basis presented by petitioner that she, as
x x x Nevertheless, the Rules do not prohibit any of the parties well as her minor son, are entitled to financial
from filing a Rule 45 Petition with this Court, in case only support.32 Respondent also added that by reason of the Divorce
questions of law are raised or involved. This latter situation was Decree, he is not obligated topetitioner for any financial
one that petitioners found themselves in when they filed the support.33
instant Petition to raise only questions of law. In Republic v.
Malabanan, the Court clarified the three modes of appeal from On this point, we agree with respondent that petitioner cannot
decisions of the RTC, to wit: (1) by ordinary appeal or appeal by rely on Article 19534 of the New Civil Code in demanding support
writ of error under Rule 41, whereby judgment was rendered in a from respondent, who is a foreign citizen, since Article 1535 of
civil or criminal action by the RTC in the exercise of its original the New Civil Code stresses the principle of nationality. In other
jurisdiction; (2) by a petition for review under Rule 42, whereby words, insofar as Philippine laws are concerned, specifically the
judgment was rendered by the RTC in the exercise of its provisions of the Family Code on support, the same only applies
appellate jurisdiction; and (3) by a petition for review on certiorari to Filipino citizens. By analogy, the same principle applies to
before the Supreme Court under Rule 45. "The first mode of foreigners such that they are governed by their national law with
appeal is taken to the [Court of Appeals] on questions of fact or respect to family rights and duties.36
mixed questions of fact and law. The second mode of appeal is
brought to the CA on questions of fact, of law, or mixed
questions of fact and law. The third mode of appealis elevated to The obligation to give support to a child is a matter that falls
the Supreme Court only on questions of law." (Emphasis under family rights and duties. Since the respondent is a citizen
supplied) of Holland or the Netherlands, we agree with the RTC-Cebu that
he is subject to the laws of his country, not to Philippinelaw, as
to whether he is obliged to give support to his child, as well as
There is a question of law when the issue does not call for an the consequences of his failure to do so.37
examination of the probative value of the evidence presented or
of the truth or falsehood of the facts being admitted, and the
doubt concerns the correct application of law and jurisprudence In the case of Vivo v. Cloribel,38 the Court held that –
on the matter. The resolution of the issue must rest solely on
what the law provides on the given set of circumstances.29 Furthermore, being still aliens, they are not in position to invoke
the provisions of the Civil Code of the Philippines, for that Code
Indeed, the issues submitted to us for resolution involve cleaves to the principle that family rights and duties are
questions of law – the response thereto concerns the correct governed by their personal law, i.e.,the laws of the nation to
application of law and jurisprudence on a given set of facts, which they belong even when staying in a foreign country (cf.
i.e.,whether or not a foreign national has an obligation to support Civil Code, Article 15).39
his minor child under Philippine law; and whether or not he can
It cannot be gainsaid, therefore, that the respondent is not public policy and good customs shall not be rendered ineffective
obliged to support petitioner’s son under Article195 of the Family by laws or judgments promulgated, or by determinations or
Code as a consequence of the Divorce Covenant obtained in conventions agreed upon in a foreign country.
Holland. This does not, however, mean that respondent is not
obliged to support petitioner’s son altogether. The public policy sought to be protected in the instant case is the
principle imbedded in our jurisdiction proscribing the splitting up
In international law, the party who wants to have a foreign law of a single cause of action.
applied to a dispute or case has the burden of proving the
foreign law.40 In the present case, respondent hastily concludes Section 4, Rule 2 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure is
that being a national of the Netherlands, he is governed by such pertinent
laws on the matter of provision of and capacity to
support.41 While respondent pleaded the laws of the Netherlands
in advancing his position that he is not obliged to support his If two or more suits are instituted on the basis of the same cause
son, he never proved the same. of action, the filing of one or a judgment upon the merits in any
one is available as a ground for the dismissal of the others.
Moreover, foreign law should not be applied when its application
It is incumbent upon respondent to plead and prove that the would work undeniable injustice to the citizens or residents of
national law of the Netherlands does not impose upon the the forum. To give justice is the most important function of law;
parents the obligation to support their child (either before, during hence, a law, or judgment or contract that is obviously unjust
or after the issuance of a divorce decree), because Llorente v. negates the fundamental principles of Conflict of Laws.48
Court of Appeals,42 has already enunciated that:
Applying the foregoing, even if the laws of the Netherlands
True, foreign laws do not prove themselves in our jurisdiction neither enforce a parent’s obligation to support his child nor
and our courts are not authorized to takejudicial notice of them. penalize the noncompliance therewith, such obligation is still
Like any other fact, they must be alleged and proved.43 duly enforceable in the Philippines because it would be of great
injustice to the child to be denied of financial support when the
In view of respondent’s failure to prove the national law of the latter is entitled thereto.
Netherlands in his favor, the doctrine of processual presumption
shall govern. Under this doctrine, if the foreign law involved is We emphasize, however, that as to petitioner herself,
not properly pleaded and proved, our courts will presume that respondent is no longer liable to support his former wife, in
the foreign law is the same as our local or domestic or internal consonance with the ruling in San Luis v. San Luis,49 to wit:
law.44 Thus, since the law of the Netherlands as regards the
obligation to support has not been properly pleaded and proved
in the instant case, it is presumed to be the same with Philippine As to the effect of the divorce on the Filipino wife, the Court ruled
law, which enforces the obligation of parents to support their that she should no longerbe considered marriedto the alien
children and penalizing the non-compliance therewith. spouse. Further, she should not be required to perform her
marital duties and obligations. It held:
Moreover, while in Pilapil v. Ibay-Somera,45 the Court held that a
divorce obtained in a foreign land as well as its legal effects may To maintain, as private respondent does, that, under our laws,
be recognized in the Philippines in view of the nationality petitioner has to be considered still married to private
principle on the matter of status of persons, the Divorce respondent and still subject to a wife's obligations under Article
Covenant presented by respondent does not completely show 109, et. seq. of the Civil Code cannot be just. Petitioner should
that he is notliable to give support to his son after the divorce not be obliged to live together with, observe respect and fidelity,
decree was issued. Emphasis is placed on petitioner’s allegation and render support to private respondent. The latter should not
that under the second page of the aforesaid covenant, continue to be one of her heirs with possible rights to conjugal
respondent’s obligation to support his child is specifically property. She should not be discriminated against in her own
stated,46 which was not disputed by respondent. country if the ends of justice are to be served. (Emphasis
added)50
We likewise agree with petitioner that notwithstanding that the
national law of respondent states that parents have no obligation Based on the foregoing legal precepts, we find that respondent
to support their children or that such obligation is not punishable may be made liable under Section 5(e) and (i) of R.A. No. 9262
by law, said law would still not find applicability,in light of the for unjustly refusing or failing to give support topetitioner’s son,
ruling in Bank of America, NT and SA v. American Realty to wit:
Corporation,47 to wit:
SECTION 5. Acts of Violence Against Women and Their
In the instant case, assuming arguendo that the English Law on Children.- The crime of violence against women and their
the matter were properly pleaded and proved in accordance with children is committed through any of the following acts:
Section 24, Rule 132 of the Rules of Court and the jurisprudence
laid down in Yao Kee, et al. vs. Sy-Gonzales, said foreign law xxxx
would still not find applicability.
(e) Attempting to compel or compelling the
Thus, when the foreign law, judgment or contract is contrary to a woman or her child to engage in conduct
sound and established public policy of the forum, the said which the woman or her child has the right to
foreign law, judgment or order shall not be applied. desist from or desist from conduct which the
woman or her child has the right to engage in,
Additionally, prohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts or or attempting to restrict or restricting the
property, and those which have for their object public order, woman's or her child's freedom of movement
 or conduct by force or threat of force, physical WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED. The Orders dated
or other harm or threat of physical or other February 19, 2010 and September 1, 2010, respectively, of the
harm, or intimidation directed against the Regional Trial Court of the City of Cebu are hereby REVERSED
woman or child. This shall include, butnot and SET ASIDE. The case is REMANDED to the same court to
limited to, the following acts committed with conduct further proceedings based on the merits of the case.
the purpose or effect of controlling or
restricting the woman's or her child's SO ORDERED.
movement or conduct:
DIOSDADO M. PERALTA
xxxx Associate Justic

(2) Depriving or threatening to deprive the woman or

her children of financial support legally due her or her
family, or deliberately providing the woman's children
insufficient financial support; x x x x

(i) Causing mental or emotional anguish,

public ridicule or humiliation to the woman or
her child, including, but not limited to, repeated
verbal and emotional abuse, and denial of
financial support or custody of minor childrenof
access to the woman's child/children.51

Under the aforesaid special law, the deprivation or denial of

financial support to the child is considered anact of violence
against women and children.

In addition, considering that respondent is currently living in the

Philippines, we find strength in petitioner’s claim that the
Territoriality Principle in criminal law, in relation to Article 14 of
the New Civil Code, applies to the instant case, which provides
that: "[p]enal laws and those of public security and safety shall
be obligatory upon all who live and sojourn in Philippine territory,
subject to the principle of public international law and to treaty
stipulations." On this score, it is indisputable that the alleged
continuing acts of respondent in refusing to support his child with
petitioner is committed here in the Philippines as all of the
parties herein are residents of the Province of Cebu City. As
such, our courts have territorial jurisdiction over the offense
charged against respondent. It is likewise irrefutable that
jurisdiction over the respondent was acquired upon his arrest.

Finally, we do not agree with respondent’s argument that

granting, but not admitting, that there is a legal basis for
charging violation of R.A. No. 9262 in the instant case, the
criminal liability has been extinguished on the ground of
prescription of crime52 under Section 24 of R.A. No. 9262, which
provides that:

SECTION 24. Prescriptive Period. – Acts falling under Sections

5(a) to 5(f) shall prescribe in twenty (20) years. Acts falling under
Sections 5(g) to 5(I) shall prescribe in ten (10) years.

The act of denying support to a child under Section 5(e)(2) and

(i) of R.A. No. 9262 is a continuing offense, 53 which started in
1995 but is still ongoing at present. Accordingly, the crime
charged in the instant case has clearly not prescribed.

Given, however, that the issue on whether respondent has

provided support to petitioner’s child calls for an examination of
the probative value of the evidence presented, and the truth and
falsehood of facts being admitted, we hereby remand the
determination of this issue to the RTC-Cebu which has
jurisdiction over the case.