Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 29 views

    Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Allied Industries Diseases of Field&Horticultural Crops& Management 1 PPA - 312

    Uploaded by

    Aalok Mishra
    The document summarizes several diseases that affect banana crops: 1. Panama wilt of banana is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. It was first reported in 1876 and causes wilting by blocking the vascular system. Management includes using disease-free suckers and growing resistant varieties. 2. Bacterial wilt of banana is caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. It was first recorded in 1840 and causes wilting and vascular discoloration. Management focuses on growing resistant varieties and improving drainage. 3. Sigatoka disease has two forms - yellow sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella musicola and black

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Allied Industries Diseases of Field&Horticultural Crops& Management 1 PPA - 312

    Uploaded by

    Aalok Mishra
    29 views8 pages
    The document summarizes several diseases that affect banana crops: 1. Panama wilt of banana is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. It was first reported in 1876 and causes wilting by blocking the vascular system. Management includes using disease-free suckers and growing resistant varieties. 2. Bacterial wilt of banana is caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. It was first recorded in 1840 and causes wilting and vascular discoloration. Management focuses on growing resistant varieties and improving drainage. 3. Sigatoka disease has two forms - yellow sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella musicola and black

    Original Description:

    Notes of plant diseases

    Original Title

    Lecture 2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document summarizes several diseases that affect banana crops: 1. Panama wilt of banana is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. It was first reported in 1876 and causes wilting by blocking the vascular system. Management includes using disease-free suckers and growing resistant varieties. 2. Bacterial wilt of banana is caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. It was first recorded in 1840 and causes wilting and vascular discoloration. Management focuses on growing resistant varieties and improving drainage. 3. Sigatoka disease has two forms - yellow sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella musicola and black

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    29 views8 pages

    Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Allied Industries Diseases of Field&Horticultural Crops& Management 1 PPA - 312

    Uploaded by

    Aalok Mishra
    The document summarizes several diseases that affect banana crops: 1. Panama wilt of banana is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. It was first reported in 1876 and causes wilting by blocking the vascular system. Management includes using disease-free suckers and growing resistant varieties. 2. Bacterial wilt of banana is caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. It was first recorded in 1840 and causes wilting and vascular discoloration. Management focuses on growing resistant varieties and improving drainage. 3. Sigatoka disease has two forms - yellow sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella musicola and black

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES

    DISEASES OF FIELD&HORTICULTURAL CROPS&


    Management 1 PPA - 312
    DISEASES OF BANANA

    LECTURE 02
    1. NAME OF DISEASE – PANAMA WILT OF BANANA

    Casual organism- Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

     First reported from Australia in 1876


     The popular variety Gros Michel, mostly grown for export quality fruits, was most
    susceptible and had to be replaced with Cavendish bananas which were resistant in the
    Latin American countries
     Cultivars Rasthali (Amrutapani), Gros Michel, Karpooravalli cultivars are susceptible
     Four races of the pathogen are known to exist but race 1 is mostly prevalent in India
    attacking Silk group of cultivars (Rasthali or Amritapani)

    Symptoms

     Fungus attacks roots and finds its way in to the pseudostem


     Conspicuous symptoms usually appear on 3 to 5 months old plants, although 2-3
    months old plants are also killed under highly favourable conditions
     Symptoms initially seen in older plants in a mat
     The earliest symptoms are faint yellow streaks on the petiole of oldest, lower most
    leaves
     Affected leaves show progressive yellowing, break at the petiole and hang down along
    the pseudostem
     Longitudinal splitting of pseudostem is very common
     Light yellow to dark brown discolouration of vascular strands in pseudostem. Usually the
    discolouration appears first in the outer or oldest leaf sheath and extends in to the inner
    sheaths
     The fungus grows and blocks the vascular system resulting in wilting of the plant
     Vascular discolouration in cross sections of rhizome appears reddish brown towards
    periphery progressing in to centre of rhizome
     Rhizomes of affected plants give characteristic odour of rotten fish if infection is due to
    odoratum isolate of the pathogen
     Young suckers also develop the disease but rarely develop external symptoms
     Affected plants do not produce bunches. Even if produced, fruits are malformed and
    ripen prematurely or irregularly. However the pathogen does not infect the fruits.
         

      yellowing of the lower leaves   Drying of leaves  

    Survival and spread

    Primary: Chlamydospores in soil and propagules in infected suckers used for planting

    Secondary: Micro and macro conidia through irrigation water

    Favourable conditions

     Saturated poorly drained heavy soils


     Cultivation of susceptible cultivars like Amritapani ¾ Infection by burrowing nematode,
    Radopholus similis, predisposes the plants to disease

    Management

     Use of disease free suckers for planting


     Avoid ill drained soils
     Flood fallowing for 6 to 24 months or crop rotation with puddle rice
     Application of lime (1-2 kg/pit) to the infected pits after chopping of the plants parts
     Dipping of suckers in carbendazim (0.1%) solution before planting
     Neem cake + Trichoderma viride should be applied in planting pits
     Soil drench with 0.2% carbendazim or rhizome injection with 0.2% carbendazim
     Growing resistant Cavendish varieties, viz., Basrai (Vamanakeli or Dwarf
    cavendish), Poovan (Karpura chakkarakeli) etc.
    2. NAME OF DISEASE – BACTERIAL WILT OF BANANA

    Casual organism: Ralstonia solanacearum (race 2)

    (Pseudomonas or Burkholderia)

     Gram negative bacterium with rod shaped cells that are motile by 1-4 flagella
     Also infects collateral hosts like Heliconia
     First recorded in Guyana in 1840 in Moko plantain
     Not reported from India

    Symptoms

     Symptoms start on rapidly growing young plants


     The youngest three to four leaves turn pale green or yellow and collapse near
    the junction of lamina and petiole
     Characteristic discoloration of vascular strands, wilting and blackening of
    suckers
     Vascular discolouration (pale yellow to dark brown or bluish black) is
    concentrated near the centre of the pseudostem, becoming less apparent on
    the periphery
     Greyish brown bacterial ooze is seen when the pseudostem of affected plant is
    cut transversely
     A firm brown dry rot is found within fruits of infected plants (characteristic
    symptom)
     Death of whole plant occurs under severe infection.

    Survival and spread

    Primary: Bacterial cells in soil and through diseased plant suckers used for planting

    Secondary: Bacterial cells through irrigation water

    Management

     Grow relatively resistant varieties like poovan and monthan


     Adopt strict plant quarantine and phytosanitary measures and plant healthy suckers
     Exposure of soil to sunlight during dry hot weather
     Eradicate infected plants and suckers by rouging or killing in situ by application of
    herbicides
     Disinfestation of tools with formaldehyde diluted with water in 1:3 ratio
     Crop rotation (3 years rotation with sugarcane or rice) & providing good drainage
     Allow fallow period or flooding during off-season
     Fumigation of infected site with Methyl Bromide or chloropicrin
     Drenching soil in infected pockets with bleaching powder solution (1.5%) and Bordeaux
    mixture 1% + streptocycline (0.02%)
     Bio-control with Pseudomonas fluorescens .

    3. NAME OF DISEASE – SIGATOKA DISEASE OF BANANA

    Yellow Sigatoka – Mycosphaerella musicola (I.S: Pseudocercospora musae)


    Black sigatoka – Mycosphaerella fijiensis (I.S: Paracercospora fijiensis) ¾
     First observed in Java in 1902
     Epidemic in 1913 in Sigatoka valley in Fiji
     Wide spread in nature and occurs is many countries except in Egypt and Israel
     In India a serious threat in states of Assam, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka & A.P
     The most important commercial cultivars belonging to Cavendish group are highly
    susceptible
     Black Sigatoka is not prevalent in India

    Symptoms
     Early symptoms appear on the lower leaves
     Initially small reddish brown specks develop on leaves near the tip or margin of lamina
     Specks may also be produced near the midrib
     Specks increase in size and turn in to spindle shaped spots with reddish brown margin
    and gray centre surrounded by a yellow halo
     Spots formed near the midrib enlarge and extend towards the margin of lamina
     Spots coalesce and the entire spotted area appears dried
     Disease gradually progresses on to upper leaves
     Infection becomes severe after bunch emergence with the entire foliage infected under
    favourable conditions
     Fruits in bunches of infected plants are under developed and may ripen prematurely

           

     
    Survival and spread

    Primary: Pathogen survives on dry infected leaves on the field soil and primary infection takes
    place through ascospores produced in the infected plant debris

    Secondary: Conidia by wind and rain splash

    Favourable conditions

     High humidity, heavy dew and rainy weather with temp above 21o C
     Prolonged leaf wetness periods
     Poor drainage and low soil fertility particularly of potassium
     Closer planting ¾ Susceptible cultivars like Grand Naine, Dwarf Cavendish and Giant
    Cavendish
     More suckers in a mat because of non removal

    Management
     Planting banana in well drained soils
     Growing moderately resistant cultivars like Karpura Chakkerakeli
     Planting at recommended density (1000 plants/acre)
     Prunning suckers periodically to avoid overcrowding in the field
     Removal and destruction of affected leaves followed by spraying with BM 1% + linseed
    oil 2% ¾
     Applying recommended dose of potassium fertilizer
     Spraying mancozeb or cholorothalonil 0.2% suspended in mineral (paraffin) oil
     Spraying chlorothalonil 0.2% with non ionic adhesive in pre-monsoon period and
    propiconazole 0.1% interspersed with tridemorph 0.1% at 20 days interval in rainy period
    .

    4. NAME OF DISEASE – BUNCHY TOP DISEASE OF BANANA

    Bunchy top / Curly top / cabbage top /strangles disease


    - Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV)
     First reported from Fiji in 1889 in Cavendish varieties
     Around 1940, introduced into India from Srilanka through cyclone
     The virus is a domestic quarantine pest in India. Hence movement of planting
    suckers from North East, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala to other parts of the
    country is banned The virus is a ssDNA virus with isometric particles belonging
    to Babu virus group

    Symptoms
     Infection may start at any stage of crop growth
     Paling of lamina with interveinal chlorosis that is evident against light
     Prominent dark green streaks on the petioles and along midrib and leaf veins
    that range from a series of dark green dots to a continuous dark green line
    (Morse code)
     Infected plants show marked stunting
     Leaves are reduced in size with narrowed lamina and shortened petiole,
    produced at shortened internodal length, become erect and brittle and crowded
    at the top (bunchy top)
     Leaf margins also show chlorosis and slight curling and necrosis
     Infection of young plants leads to failure of bunch emergence
     Tips of inflorescence bracts of infected plants remain green and do not turn to
    normal pink or purple

         

    Survival and spread


    Primary: Virus particles through diseased suckers used for planting
    Secondary: Virus particles transmitted by banana black aphid, Pentalonia
    nigronervosa Colocasia esculenta serves as a latent reservoir host

    Favourable conditions

     Progressively increasing temperature from February onwards favours virus spread and
    symptom expression
     Prevalence of infected reservoir host
     Prevalence of vector

    Management
     Adoption of strict quarantine measures
     Use of only certified banana suckers or tissue culture plants for planting
     Periodical monitoring and rouging of infected plants with all suckers in the mat by
    rouging or killing by injecting herbicide, 2, 4-D
     Raising barrier crops like sunhemp in three to four rows on the field boundaries to check
    aphids from entering the fields from neighbouring infected fields
     Vector control with systemic insecticides, viz., Phosphomidon @ 1ml/l or Methyl
    demeton or Dimethoate @ 2 ml/l
     Discouraging intercropping with Colocasiai in disease endemic areas.

    You might also like