5.3 Electromagnet

ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM tutorsopi.blogspot.com
C H E C K L I S T
3.1 Intro Definition
Factors influencing the
electromagnetic strength
Magnetic field Straight wire (RHG)
solenoid (RHG)
Application Lifting machine
Simple relay
Electric doorbell
Circuit breakers
3.2 Force on a current-carrying Draw diagram
conductor in a magnetic field
Fleming's left hand
3.3 Electromagnetic induction Definition
Faraday's Law
Fleming's right hand
Lenz's law
Generator
3.4 Transformers Definition
Working principle
Calculation
Ways to increase efficiency

3.5 Generation and transmission of Energy source
electric current
Transmission
Grid system
2
3.1 Introduction to electromagnetism

Electromagnet: Temporary magnet produced when there is current flow through a conductor
The direction of the magnetic field (straight wire conductor)
Right hand grip rule Maxwell’s screw rule
The magnetic field direction and polarity (solenoid)
Factors affecting the strength of the magnetic field of solenoid

Factor Explanation
The magnitude of the current, I I ↑, field↑
The number of turns of wire, N N ↑, field↑
Soft iron core Easily magnetized and demagnetized. Energy loss ↓
3
Applications of electromagnet
Lifting machine Phone speaker Circuit breakers
Electric bells Simple relay
3.2 Effect of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field (Catapult field)
Current + Magnet Force (Fleming's left hand rule) (Motor)
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
4
The force between two straight wire conductor
Turning effect current-carrying coil in magnetic field
3.3 Electromagnetic Induction

Force + Magnet  Current (Fleming’s right hand rule) (Generator)
EM induction: Production of an electromotive force due to cutting of magnetic field / changing in magnetic flux.
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
5
Faraday's Law: Magnitude of induced e.m.f in a conductor is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux by the conductor
Straight wire Solenoid
Relative speed ↑, e.m.f ↑

Relative speed ↑, e.m.f ↑
Magnetic field ↑, e.m.f ↑
Magnetic field ↑, e.m.f ↑
Number of turn ↑, e.m.f ↑
Lenz's Law: The direction of induced current flow is always in the direction opposing the change causing it
Imagine there is a guy trying to approach a girl (move towards solenoid) and then got rejected by the girl (solenoid repel magnet by changing its pole).
As the guy started to leave (magnet move away from solenoid), girl changes her mind and tries to make him come back (solenoid change pole to attract)
AC generator
1. As the coil rotates, the coil cuts through magnetic

field, causing change in magnetic flux.
2. There is e.m.f induced in coil
3. E.m.f is highest when coil is horizontal (maximum
cutting of magnetic field) (diagram on the left)
4. E.m.f is zero when coil is vertical as there is no cutting
of magnetic field.
How to increase the e.m.f generated by a.c. generator?

1. turn coil more rapidly
2. use stronger magnets
3. reduce resistance of coil
6
3.4 Transformer
Transformer: Equipment that is used to can raise or lower the potential difference of an alternating current supply
Step-up Step-down
Np <NS Np> NS
Increase V Decrease V
 The alternating current is supplied to the primary coil

 Changing magnetic field is generated in primary coil
and soft iron core
 Cutting of changing magnetic field occurs in the
secondary coil (induction)
 E.m.f is induced in the secondary coil
Core: Soft iron – Easily magnetized and demagnetized

Coil: Copper – Good conductor
Direct current for transformers?
 Current flows in one direction, magnetic field

generated is not changing
 No change in the magnetic flux
 E.m.f is not induced in the secondary coil
Formula for transformers

𝑁𝑆 𝑉𝑆 N = number of turns
=
𝑁𝑃 𝑉𝑃 V = potential difference
Ideal transformerNo energy loss @ efficiency =100%
Power input (primary) = power output (secondary) 𝑃𝑆
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝑃
𝑉𝑃 𝐼𝑃 = 𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆
Factors causing energy loss and ways to increase efficiency

Magnetic flux leakage Eddy currents
Wind the primary and secondary coils together @ close to each other Laminated soft iron core
Magnetization and demagnetization of iron core Resistance of coil
use soft iron core (easily magnetized and demagnetized) ↑ thickness (lower resistance), use copper (good conductor)
7
3.5 Generation and transmission of electricity

Energy source
Non-renewable Renewable
Hydroelectric
Petroleum Wind
Natural gas Waves
Coal Solar
Nuclear energy Biomass
Geothermal
 Electricity transmission: Using transmission cable.

 (Power generating station Industrial @ housing area)
 Produce heat, power loss,𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑎 = 𝐼2 𝑅
 How to reduce the power loss
- ↓ current in the cable - Increase V
- ↓ resistance in the cable - thick cable (but heavy and
expensive)
National Grid System: network of electrical cables connecting electrical power stations to the consumer
Credit: Khairi
 if breakdown occurs in one station, power can be supplied by another station

Advantages of the
 distribution at high V reducing power loss
National Grid System
 distribution and generation of electrical energy can be controlled based on the needs
 clean and does not pollute the environment

The importance of
 continuous resource @ supply
renewable energy
 costs can be reduced with modern technology

5.3 Electromagnet

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ELECTROMAGNETISM

Ways to increase efficiency

3.1 Introduction to electromagnetism

The direction of the magnetic field (straight wire conductor)

Right hand grip rule Maxwell’s screw rule

The magnetic field direction and polarity (solenoid)

Factors affecting the strength of the magnetic field of solenoid

Electric bells Simple relay

3.2 Effect of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field (Catapult field)

Current + Magnet Force (Fleming's left hand rule) (Motor)

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

The force between two straight wire conductor

Turning effect current-carrying coil in magnetic field

3.3 Electromagnetic Induction

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

Straight wire Solenoid

Relative speed ↑, e.m.f ↑

1. As the coil rotates, the coil cuts through magnetic

How to increase the e.m.f generated by a.c. generator?

 The alternating current is supplied to the primary coil

Core: Soft iron – Easily magnetized and demagnetized

Direct current for transformers?

 Current flows in one direction, magnetic field

Formula for transformers

Factors causing energy loss and ways to increase efficiency

Magnetization and demagnetization of iron core Resistance of coil

3.5 Generation and transmission of electricity

 Electricity transmission: Using transmission cable.

 if breakdown occurs in one station, power can be supplied by another station

 clean and does not pollute the environment

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