Kalinga-Apayao State College

Institute of Laws
Course Outline for Civil Law Review II
1st Semester, 2015-2016
Atty. May Frances S. Calsiyao

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

A general review of civil law subjects, more particularly, the following: Obligations and
Contracts, Sales, Lease, Partnership, Agency, Credit Transactions, Quasi-delicts and
Damages, along with interpretative decisions of the Supreme Court and other relevant
statutes.

METHODOLOGY:

The class will be conducted mainly through recitations, class discussions, case
analysis, quizzes, and examinations.

COUSE OBJECTIVES

By the end of the semester, the students are able to:

1. Cite, describe and examine the the historical evolution of civil law maxims,
doctrines, and its fundamental principles.

2. Develop a comprehensive view of the entire field of Civil Law, coordinating

and correlating the principles in the various civil law subjects.

3. Understand the complexity resulting from the blending of Continental Civil

Law and Common Law in Philippine Civil Law.

4. Prepare for independent, critical study and assessment of both early and
contemporary judicial decisions and legislations in civil law.

5. Appreciate the scholarly study of Philippine civil law.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

Readings and assignments. Students are expected to be familiar with the

assigned topic on a week to week basis and must be ready to participate in class
discussions. Supplemental readings and assignments will be given from time to time to
ensure better understanding to specific topic.

Recitation. Each student will be called to recite or lead the discussion on an

assigned topic during the term. Students are expected to demonstrate during recitation
and class discussions their knowledge on the assigned topic and their ability to express
themselves convincingly.

Quizzes. Students will be given short quizzes from time to time to test their knowledge
on the topic assigned for the week.

Mid-term/Final Examinations. Students are given two major examinations

during the term. These will test their knowledge and familiarity of specific topics and
their ability to think critically and logically.

~1~
GRADING SYSTEM:

Recitation and Quizzes - - - - - - 50%

Examinations - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40%
Attendance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10%

COURSE OUTLINE AND CASE LIST:

LAW ON OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS

I. Obligations

a. General Principles
i. Elements of an obligation
ii. Distinguish Natural and Civil Obligations

b. Sources of obligations- Art. 1157

i. Law-1158
ii. Contracts- Art. 1159, 1135
iii. Quasi-contracts- Art. 1160, 2142
1. Kinds
a. Negotiorum gestio- Art. 2144
b. Solutio indebiti- Art. 2154
i. BPI vs. Sarmiento, GR No. 146021, March 20,
2006
c. Other quasi-contracts- Arts. 2164-2175
iv. Acts or omission punishable by law (Delicts) - Art. 1161
v. Quasi-delicts- Art. 1162, 2176
Case: Phil. Services vs. CA, 611 SCRA 282

c. Nature and Effect of Obligations

i. Kinds of Prestation
1. Obligation to give
a. Specific thing
i. To deliver thing itself- Art. 1244
ii. To preserve thing- Art. 1163
iii. To deliver accessions and accessories- Art.1166
iv. To deliver the fruits - Art. 1164
b. A generic thing- Art. 1146
2. Obligation to do- Art. 1244
3. Obligation not to do - Art.1244

ii. Breach of obligation

1. distinction between substantial and casual breach
Case: General Milling Corp. vs. Ramos GR No. 193723,
July 20, 2011

~2~
 2. Mode of Breach- Art.1170
a. Fraud (dolo)
Case: Geraldez v. CA, Feb. 23, 1994
b. Negligence- Art. 1172, 1173

Case: Sarmiento v. Sps. Cabrido, 401 SCRA 122 (2003)

c. Delay (Mora) - Art. 1169

i. Mora Solvendi
Case: Radiowealth Finance Company vs. Del
Rosario, 335 SCRA 288
ii. Mora accipiendi
iii. Compensatio morae
d. Contravention of the tenor

Case: Telefast v. Castro, 158 SCRA445 (1988)

iii. Remedies of creditor in case of breach – Art. 1164, 1165, 1167, 1168,
1170, 1191-1192
1. Tanguilig v. CA 266 SCRA 78 (1997)
2. Guanio Vs. Makati Shangri-La Hotel, GR. No. 190601, Feb. 7,
2011
iv. Subsidiary remedies of creditor
1. Accion Subrogatoria - Art. 1177
2. Accion Pauliana- Art. 1177, 1381 (3)
a. Khe Hong Cheng v. CA, 355 SCRA 701 (2001)
3. Other specific remedies- Art. 1652, 1729, 1608, 1893
v. Extinguishment of liability in case of breach due to fortuitous
event- Art. 1174
1. Philcomsat v. Globe Telecom, May 25, 2004
2. Extinguishment of Liability; exceptions - Art. 1174, 1165 (3)
vi. Usurious transactions - Art. 1175, 1413, 1961,
1. PD 858; 1685
2. Central Bank Circular 416
a. First Metro Investment v. Este del Sol. Nov. 15, 2001
vii. Fulfillment of obligations
1. Payment
2. Presumption in payment of interest and installment- Art.
1176
viii. Transmissibility of rights

d. Classification of obligations

i. Pure and conditional - Art. 1179- 1192

1. Term vs. Condition
2. Kinds of Conditional obligations
a. Laforteza vs. Machuca, 333 SCRA 643
b. International Hotel Corp. vs. Joaquin, Jr. and Suarez, GR
No. 158361, April 10, 2013

~3~
 3. Kinds of conditions
ii. With a period or term- Art. 1193-1198
1. Kinds
2. Presumed for whose benefit
3. When no period is fixed
a. Central Philippine University vs. CA, 246 SCRA 511
4. When debtor loses the benefit of period
iii. Alternative and facultative - Art.1199- 1206
1. Distinguish from facultative obligations
iv. Joint and solidary- Art.1207-1222
1. Distinguish from indivisible obligations
2. Kinds of solidary obligations
a. PNB vs. Dela Asuncion, Nov. 23, 1977
b. DBP vs. Traverse Dev. Corp., GR No. 169293, Oct. 5,
2011
3. Defenses Available
a. Ynchausti vs. Yulo, 34 Phil 978
v. Divisible and indivisible - Art. 1223-1230
vi. With a penal clause - Art.1226-1230
1. Distinguish from facultative and alternative obligations
2. Purpose, force and effect of penal clause
a. Umali vs. Miclat, July 19, 1959
b. Continental Cement Corp. vs. Asea Brown Boveri, GR.
No. 171660, Oct. 17, 2011

e. Extinguishment of Obligations

i. Payment or performance
1. Who can pay
a. RFC vs. CA, 94 Phil 948
2. To whom payment can be made – Art. 1240-1242, 1626
3. What is to be paid
a. Ramos vs. PNB, Dec. 14, 2011
b. Dario Nacar v. Gallery Frames and/or Felipe Borde, Jr.,
G.R. No. 189871, August 13, 2013.
4. How payment is to be made
5. When is payment to be made – Art. 1169
6. Where payment is to be made – Art. 1251
7. Expenses in making payment – Art. 1247
8. Application of payment – Art. 1255
a. FEBTC vs. Diaz, 363 SCRA 659
9. Payment by cession – Art. 1255
a. Lopez vs. Court of Appeals, GR No. 33157, June 29, 1982
10. Dation in payment
a. Shuy vs. Spouses Maulawin, GR No. 190375, Feb. 8, 2012
b. Philippine National Bank v. Teresita Tan Dee, et al., G.R.
No. 182128, February 19, 2014.

~4~
 11. Tender of payment and consignation – Art. 1256-1261
a. Insular Life Assurance Company, Ltd. Vs. Toyota Bel-Air
Inc., GR No. 137884, March 28, 2008
b. Spouses Cinco vs. Court of Appeals, GR No. 151903,
October 9, 2009
c. Sps. Nameal and Lourdes Bonrostro v. Sps. Juan and
Constacia Luna, G.R. No.172346, July 24, 2013
ii. Loss or impossibility –Art. 1262-1269
1. Naga Telephone Co. vs. CA, 230 SCRA 351 (1994)
iii. Condonation or Remission – Art. 1270-12174
1. Modes of condonation – Art. 935-936, 1270, 746, 752, 748, 749
2. Presumptions – Art. 1271-1272
3. Effect of Partial remission –Art. 1273, 2076, 2080, 2085 (1),
1274, 2093
iv. Confusion or merger – Art. 1275-1277
v. Compensation
1. Kinds – Art. 1278-1286
a. Gan vs. Yap, May 21, 1969
2. Obligations which cannot be compensated – Art. 1287, 1288,
1794
3. Effect of legal compensation – Art. 1289-1290
4. Effect of assignment of credit – Art. 1285
a. Perez vs. CA, 127 SCRA 636
vi. Novation
1. Kinds – Art. 1292
a. Cochingyan vs. RB Surety, 151 SCRA 339
b. ACE Foods, Inc. v. Micro Pacific Technologies Co.,
Ltd., G.R. No. 200602,  December 11, 2013
2. Modes – Art. 1281
a. Substitution of debtor – Art. 1291, 1236, 1237, 1835 (2)
b. Change of principal condition or object
i. Cojuangco vs. Gonzales, 93 Phil 718
ii. Heirs of Servando Franco vs. Spouses Gonzales,
GR No. 159709, June 27, 2012
c. Subrogation – Art. 1300-1304
i. Licaro vs. Gatmaitan, Aug. 9, 2001
ii. Metrobank vs. Rural Bank of Gerona, GR No.
159097, July 5, 2010

II. Contracts
a. Elements
i. Consent –
1. Concurrence of offer and acceptance - Art. 1319-1326
2. Legal capacity of parties – Art. 1327
3. Vices of consent – Art. 1330-1346
a. Macapagal vs. Remorin, Caluza, May 16, 2005

~5~
 b. Tankeh vs. DBP et al., GR No. 171428, November 11,
2013
c. Guerrero et al., vs. Bravo et al., GR No. 152658, July 29,
2005
ii. Object – Art. 1347
1. JLT Agro, Inc. vs. Balansag, et al., GR No. 141882, March 11,
2005
iii. Cause – Art. 1350-1355
b. Characteristics
c. Classifications
i. Sargasso Construction and Development et. al., vs. Philippine Ports
Authority, GR No. 170530, July 5, 2010
d. Stages
e. With respect to third persons – Art. 1312-1314
i. Spouses Ramos, et. al., vs. Court of Appeals, GR No. 132196, December
9, 2005
ii. Spouses Narvaez vs. Spouses Alciso, GR No. 165907, July 27, 2009
iii. Co vs. Cordero, GR No. 164703 and 164747, May 4, 2010
f. Stipulations contrary to law – Art. 1206, 2037-2038
i. Contrary to law – Art. 2088, 1799, 2130
ii. Contrary to morals
iii. Contrary to public order
iv. Contrary to public policy
1. Filipinas Compania de Seguros vs. Mandanas, 17 SCRA 391
(1966)
2. Ong vs. Roban Lending Corp., 558 SCRA 516

g. Form of Contracts
i. General rule – Art. 1356
1. Bagnas vs. CA, 176 SCRA 166-168
ii. Form essential to validity – Art. 749, 748 (3), 1773, 1984, 2134, Art.
83, Family Code
iii. Form essential to enforceability – Art. 1403 (2), 1443, Art. 77, 83 of
Family Code
1. Cruz vs. Tuason & Co., L-3749, April 29, 1977
iv. When form not essential to validity or enforceability – Art. 1358,
2125, 1051, 2096, 1357

h. Reformation of instruments – Art. 1359, 1366-1369

i. Quiros vs. Areona, March 9, 2004

i. Interpretation of contracts – Art. 1370-1378

j. Rescissible contracts – Art. 1380 – 1389, 1191-1192

i. Central Bank vs. CA, Oct. 31, 1985
ii. Sps. Cannu vs. Galang, May 26, 2005
iii. Ada et al., vs. Baylon, GR No. 182435, August 13, 2012
iv. EDS Manufacturing Inc., vs. Healthcheck International Inc., GR No.
162802, October 9, 2013
~6~
 k. Voidable Contracts

l. Unenforceable contracts – Art. 1403-1408, 1317

i. Villanueva vs. CA, Jan. 28, 1997
ii. Escueta vs. Lim, GR No. 137162, January 24, 2007

m. Void contracts – Art. 1409-1422

i. Domingo Gonzalo v. John Tarnate, Jr., G.R. No. 160600, January 15,
2014
ii. Heirs of Policronio Ureta, Sr. vs. Heirs of Liberato M. Ureta, et al., GR
Nos. 165748 and 165930, September 14, 2011

III. Natural Obligations – Art. 1423-1430

IV. Estoppel – Art. 1431-1439
a. Dizon vs. Philippine Veterans Bank, GR No. 165938, November 25, 2009
V. Trusts
a. Express trust – Art. 1444-1446
b. Implied trust – Art. 1447-1454, 1457
i. Juan vs. Yap Sr., GR No. 182177, March 30, 2011
ii. Jose Juan Tong et al. vs. Go Tiat Kun, et al., GR No. 196023, April 21,
2014
c. Constructive trusts – Art. 1456, 1455, 1807
i. Iglesia Filipina Independiente v. Heirs of Bernardino Taeza,G.R. No.
179597, February 3, 2014
ii. Estate of Margarita Cabacungan vs. Laigo, GR No. 175073, August 15,
2011

SPECIAL CONTRACTS

SALES

I. Elements and characteristics of Sale

II. Parties
a. Laig vs. CA, 86 SCRA 641 (1978)
b. Conjugal Partnership of Spouses Cadavedo vs. Lacaya, GR No. 173188, January
15, 2014
III. Subject matter
IV. Price
a. Earnest money v. option money – Art. 1482
i. Cifra vs. CA, 198 SCRA 91 (1991)
V. Obligation of the seller to transfer ownership
a. Sale by a person not the owner at the time of delivery – Art. 1462, 1505
b. Sale by a person having a voidable title – Art. 1506, 559

VI. Formation of Contract of Sale

a. Preparatory – Art. 1479, 1475, 1324
i. Eulogio vs. Spouses Ajeles, GR No. 167884, Jan. 20, 2009
ii. Polytechnic University of the Philippines vs. Golden Horizon Realty
Corp., GR Nos. 183612 and 184260, March 15, 2010
b. Perfection (Arts. 1475, 1319, 1325, 1326)
i. Diego vs. Diego et al., GR No. 179965, February 20, 2013
c. Formalities of the contract, Art. 1403 (d) (e)

~7~
 d. Contract to sell
i. ACE Foods, Inc. v. Micro Pacific Technologies Co., Ltd., G.R. No.
200602, December 11, 2013 (supra)
ii. United Muslim and Christian Urban Poor Association vs. BRYC-V
Development Corporation, GR No. 179653, July 31, 2009

VII. Transfer of Ownership

a. Villamar vs. Mangaoil, GR No. 188661, April 11, 2012
b. Spouses Santiago vs. Villamor, et al., GR No. 168499, Nov. 26, 2012
c. Double sales – Art. 1544, 1477, 1497-1500
i. Spouses Sabitsana v. Muertegui, G.R. No. 181359, August 5, 2013
ii. Vda. De Viray vs. Spouses Usi, GR No. 192486, November 21, 2012
iii. Consolidated Rural Bank, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, GR No. 132161,
January 17, 2005
VIII. Risk of Loss
IX. Documents of Title
X. Remedies of Unpaid Seller
XI. Performance of Contract
a. Asset Privatization Trust vs. TJ Enterprises, GR No. 167195, May 8, 2009
XII. Warranties
a. First United Construction Corp. vs. Bayanihan Automotive Corp., GR No.
164985, January 15, 2014
b. Union Bank of the Philippines v. Bignay EX-IM Philippines, Inc., G.R. No.
171590 & G.R. No. 171598, February 12, 2014
XIII. Breach of Contract
a. Recto Law: sale of movables on installment (Arts. 1484-1486)
i. Filinvest vs. Phil Acetylene, 111 SCRA 421 (1982)
b. Maceda Law: sale of immovables on installment (RA 6552)
i. Gatchalian Realty, Inc. v. Evelyn Angeles, G.R. No. 202358, November
27, 2013
ii. Planters Development Bank vs. Chandumal, GR No. 195619, September
5, 2012
iii. Communities Cagayan Inc. vs. Spouses Nanol, GR No. 176791, Nov. 14,
2012
XIV. Extinguishment of Sale
a. Conventional Redemption – Art. 1601
i. David vs. David, GR No. 162365, January 15, 2014
b. Equitable mortgage – Art. 1602-1604
i. Topas vs. CA, 69 SCRA 393 (1976)
c. Legal Redemption – Art. 1619-1623
i. Vda. De Ape vs. CA, GR No. 133638, April 15, 2005
XV. The Condominium Act (R.A. 4726)

LEASE

I. Tacita Reconduccion
a. Yuki vs. Wellington Co., GR No. 178527, Nov. 27, 2009
II. Financial Leasing
a. L & L Laurence Footwear, Inc. et al., vs. PCI Leasing and Financial Corp., GR
No. 160531, August 31, 2005

CREDIT TRANSACTIONS

I. Loan
a. Nature of Credit Card Transactions

~8~
 i. Pantaleon v. American Express International, Inc., G.R. No. 174269,
August 25, 2010, 629 SCRA 276.
II. Simple Loan
a. Interest
i. Conventional Interest
1. Spouses Juico v. China Banking Corporation, G.R. No. 187678,
April 10, 2013.
ii. Compensatory, Penalty or Indemnity Interest
1. Forbearance of Money
a. Estores v. Spouses Supangan, G.R. No. 175139, April 18,
2012.
2. Legal Interest Rate
a. Central Bank Circular No. 799, Series of 2013, effective
July 1, 2013
b. Nacar v. Gallery Frames and/or Bordey, supra
b. Usury: Constitutionality of the Suspension of the Usury Law
i. Advocates for Truth in Lending, Inc. and Olaguer v. Bangko Sentral
Monetary Board, G.R. No. 192986, January 15, 2013

III. The Concept of Security

a. Kinds of Security Transactions - R.A. No. 10142, Sec. 4 (p) (ll) (kk) (jj)
(qq) (pp) (t)

IV. Chattel Mortgage: Distinguished from Financial Leasing

a. PCI Leasing & Finance, Inc. v. Trojan Metal Industries Inc., et al., G.R. No.
176381, December 15, 2010, 638 SCRA 615.
V. Real Estate Mortgage
a. Effect and Extent
i. Star Two, Inc. v. Paper City Corp. of the Phil., G.R. No. 169211, March
06, 2013
ii. PNB vs. Spouses Marañon, GR No. 189316, July 1, 2013
iii. Prudential Bank vs. Alviar, GR No. 150197, July 28, 2005
b. Right to Alienate Collateral
i. Garcia v. Villar, G.R. No. 158891, June 27, 2012.
c. Extrajudicial Foreclosure of Real Estate Mortgage
i. Conduct of Sale
1. Spouses Rabat v. Philippine National Bank, G.R. No. 158755,
June 18, 2012.
ii. Right of Redemption
1. Statutory Right
a. Goldenway Merchandising Corporation v. Equitable PCI
Bank, G.R. No. 195540, March 13, 2013.
2. How to Redeem
a. Spouses Yap v. Spouses Dy, et al., G.R. No. 171991 and
171868, July 27, 2011.
3. Right to Deficiency
a. Heirs of the Late Spouses Maglasang v. Manila Banking
Corporation, G.R. No. 171206, Sep. 23, 2013.
4. Right to Possession
a. Chu, et al. v. Lacqui & Philippine Bank of
Communications, G.R. No. 169190, Feb. 11, 2010.
b. Equitable PCI Bank. Inc. v. DNG Realty and Development
Corporation, G.R. No. 168672, August 9, 2010, 627
SCRA 125.

~9~
 c. BPI Family Savings Bank, Inc. v. Golden Power Diesel
Sales Center, Inc., G.R. No. 176019, January 12, 2011,
639 SCRA 405.
d. Spouses Tolosa v. United Coconut Planters Bank, G.R. No.
183058, April 03, 2013.
e. Nagtalon v. United Coconut Planters Bank, G.R. No.
172504, July 31, 2013.
VI. Antichresis
a. Cotoner-Zacarias vs. Spouses Revilla, GR No. 190901, November 12, 2014
VII. The Concept of Insolvency - R. A. No. 10142, Sec. 2, Sec. 4, Sec. 146 to Sec. 148
a. Concurrence & Preference of Credits - R. A. No. 10142, Sec. 62, Sec. 133
b. Classification of Credits
i. Special Preferred Credits - R.A. No. 10142, Sec. 136
ii. Ordinary Preferred Credits - R. A. No. 10142, Sec. 133
VIII. Rehabilitation
a. Stay or Suspension Order
i. Town and Country Enterprises, Inc. v. Quisumbing et al., G.R. No.
173610, October 01, 2012.
ii. Situs Development Corp., et. al v. Asiatrust Bank, et al., G.R. No.
180036, July 25, 2012, and G.R. No. 180036, January 16, 2013.
b. Exceptions to Stay or Suspension Order
i. Panlilio, et al. v. Regional Trial Court, Branch 51, City of Manila, G.R.
No. 173846, February 2, 2011, 641 SCRA 438.
c. Rehabilitation Plan: Cram Down Effect
i. Bank of the Philippine Islands v. Sarabia Manor Hotel Corp., G.R. No.
175844, July 29, 2013
IX. Liquidation: Treatment of Secured Creditor Claims
a. Yngson v. Philippine National Bank, G.R. No. 171132, August 15, 2012

AGENCY AND PARTNERSHIP

I. Partnership
a. Contract of Partnership
i. Yulo v. Yang Chiao Seng, 106 Phil. 111 (1959)
ii. Anton vs. Oliva, 647 SCRA 506 (2011)
iii. Ma v. Fernandez, Jr., 625 SCRA 566 (2010)
b. Rights and Obligations of Partnership
c. Rights and obligations of partners among themselves
i. Evangelista & Co. v. Abad Santos, 51 SCRA 416 (1973)
d. Obligations of partnership/partners to third persons
i. Realubit vs. Jaso, GR No. 178782, September 21, 2011
e. Dissolution
i. Idos v. Court of Appeals, 296 SCRA 194 (1998)
ii. Realubit v. Jaso, G.R. No. 178782, 21 September 2011
f. Limited Partnership
i. Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Suter, 27 SCRA 152 (1969)
II. Agency
a. Definition
i. Rallos v. Felix Go Chan & Sons Realty Corp., 81 SCRA 251 (1978)
b. Powers
i. Pacific Rehouse Corp. v. EIB Securities, Inc., 633 SCRA 214 (2010)
ii. Sazon v. Vasquez-Menancio, G.R. No. 192085, 22 February 2012
c. Express vs. Implied Agency

~ 10 ~
 d. Agency by Estoppel
i. Reman Recio v. Heirs of Spouses Aguego and Maria Altamirano, G.R.
No.182349, July 24, 2013
e. General vs. Special Agency
f. Agency Couched in General Terms
g. Agency Requiring Special Power of Attorney
i. Sally Yoshizaki v. Joy Training Center of Aurora, Inc., G.R. No. 174978,
July 31, 2013.
h. Agency by Operation of Law
i. Rights and Obligations of Principal
i. Dominion Insurance Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 376 SCRA 239 (2002)
ii. De Castro v. Court of Appeals, 384 SCRA 607 (2002)
j. Extinguishment
i. Valenzuela v. Court of Appeals, 191 SCRA 1 (1990)
ii. Terrado v. Court of Appeals, 131 SCRA 373 (1984)

TORTS AND DAMAGES

Torts

I. Principles
a. Abuse of right; elements
i. Joyce V. Ardiente v. Spouses Javier and Ma. Theresa Pastofide, G.R. No.
161921, July 17, 2013
b. Unjust enrichment
c. Liability without fault
d. Acts contrary to law
e. Acts contrary to morals
i. Constantino, et al., v. Mendez, et al., G.R. No. 57227, May 14, 1992
II. Classification of Torts
a. According to manner of commission: intentional, negligent and strict
liability
b. According to scope: general or specific
III. The Tortfeasor
a. The direct tortfeasor
i. Natural persons
ii. Juridical persons
b. Persons made responsible for others
i. In general
1. Quasi-delicts under Art. 2180, and the Family Code, Arts.
218-219, 221
a. Elements; definition
b. Distinguished from culpa contractual and culpa
criminal
2. Indirect liability for intentional acts
3. Presumption of negligence on persons indirectly responsible
4. Nature of liability: joint or solidary?
ii. In particular
1. Parents
2. Guardians
3. Owners and managers of establishments and enterprises
4. Employers
a. Meaning of employers
b. Requisites

~ 11 ~
 i. Employee chosen by employer or through
another
ii. Services rendered in accordance with orders
which employer has authority to give
iii. Illicit act of employee was on the occasion or
by reason of the functions entrusted to him
iv. Presumption of negligence
c. Employer need not be engaged in business or
industry
d. Defense of diligence in selection and supervision
e. Nature of employer’s liability
i. Dela Llana v. Rebecca Biong, doing business under
the name and style of Pongkay Trading, G.R. No.
182356, December 4, 2013
5. State
a. Spouses Fontanilla v. Inocencio Maliaman, et al., G.R.
Nos. 55963 & 61045. February 27, 1991
6. Teachers and heads of establishments of arts and trades
a. St. Mary’s Academy v. William Carpitanos, et al., G.R.
No. 143363. February 6, 2002
c. Joint tortfeasors (Art. 2194, Civil Code)
i. Dean Worcester v. Martin Ocampo, et al., G.R. No. 5932, February 27,
1912
IV. Act of Omission and Its Modalities

V. Proximate Cause
a. Concept
i. Distinguished from immediate cause
ii. Distinguished from intervening cause
iii. Distinguished from remote and concurrent
1. Prospero Sabido and Aser Lagunda v. Macabuhay Custodio, G.R.
No. L-21512, August 31, 1966
b. Cause in fact
i. Substantial factor test
ii. Concurrent causes
c. Legal cause
i. Natural and probable consequences
ii. Foreseeability
d. Efficient intervening cause
e. Cause vs. Condition
f. Last clear chance
i. Engada v. CA, GR No. 140698, June 20, 2003
VI. Legal Injury
a. Concept
b. Elements of right
c. Violation of right or legal injury
d. Classes of injury
i. Injury to persons
ii. Injury to property
iii. Injury to relations
VII. Intentional Torts
a. General
i. Concept
ii. Classes

~ 12 ~
 1. Interference with persons and property
a. Physical harms
b. Non-physical harms
2. Interference with relations
b. Interference with rights to persons and property
i. Intentional physical harms
1. Violation of persons security, physical injuries (Art. 33, Civil
Code)
a. Battery (physical injury)
b. Assault (grave threat)
c. Rafael Jose Consing, Jr. v. People of the Philippines, G.R.
No. 161075, July 15, 2013
2. False imprisonment (illegal detention)
3. Trespass to land
4. Interference with personal property
a. Trespass to chattels
b. Conversion
ii. Intentional non-physical harms
1. Violation of personal dignity
2. Infliction of emotional distress
3. Violation of privacy
a. Appropriation
b. Intrusion
c. Public disclosure of private facts
d. False light in the public eye
4. Disturbance of peace of mind
5. Malicious prosecution
6. Defamation
a. Defenses
i. Absence of elements
ii. Privilege
b. MVRS Publications, Inc., et al., v. Islamic Da’Wah
Council of the Philippines, G.R. No. 135306. January 28,
2003
7. Fraud or misrepresentation (formerly deceit)
8. Seduction
9. Unjust dismissal
c. Interference with relations
i. Family relations
1. Alienation of affection
2. Loss of consortium
3. Criminal conversation (adultery)
ii. Social relations
1. Meddling with or disturbing family relations
2. Intriguing to cause another to be alienated from his friends
iii. Economic relations
1. Interference with contractual relations
2. Unfair competition
iv. Political relations
1. Violation of right to suffrage (Civil Code, Art. 32)
2. Violation of other political rights (freedom of speech, press,
assembly and petition, etc.)
v. Defenses
1. Absence of elements

~ 13 ~
 2. Privilege
a. Consent
b. Self-defense and defense of others
c. Necessity (Civil Code, Art. 429)
d. Defense of property
e. Authority of law
3. Prescription
4. Waiver
5. Force majeure
VIII. Negligence
a. Concept
i. BJDC Construction, represented by its Manager/Proprieto Janet S. Dela
Cruz v. Lanuzo, et al., G.R. No. 161151, March 24, 2014
b. Good father of a family or reasonably prudent man
c. Standard of care
i. Civil Code, Art. 1173
ii. Emergency rule
iii. Dr. Fernando P. Solidum v. People of the Philippines,G.R. No. 192123,
March 10, 2014
d. Unreasonable risk of harm
e. Evidence
f. Presumption of negligence
i. Legal provisions
ii. Res ipsa loquitur
1. Dr. Fernando P. Solidum v. People of the Philippines, (supra)
g. Defenses
i. Absence of element
1. Due diligence
2. Acts of public officers
ii. Accident or fortuitous event
iii. Damnum absque injuria
iv. Authority of law
v. Assumption of risk
vi. Last clear chance
vii. Prescription (Civil Code, Arts. 1144, 1146, and 1150)
viii. Waiver
ix. Double recovery (Civil Code, Art. 2177)
IX. Special Liability in Particular Activities
a. Products liability (Art. 2187)
i. Manufacturers or processors
ii. Elements
iii. Consumer Act [R.A. 7394, Secs. 92-107, (Ch. 1)]
b. Nuisance (Civil Code, Arts. 694-707)
i. Nuisance per se and nuisance per accidence
ii. Public nuisance and private nuisance
iii. Attractive nuisance
iv. Easement against nuisance
c. Violation of constitutional rights
i. Violation of civil liberties
d. Violation of rights committed by public officers
e. Provinces, cities and municipalities
f. Owner of motor vehicle
g. Proprietor of building or structure or thing
h. Head of family

~ 14 ~
 X. Strict Liability
a. Animals - Possessor and user of an animal (Art. 2183)
b. Nuisance (supra)
c. Products liability (supra)

Damages

I. General Considerations
a. Classification
i. Under Art. 2197 of the Civil Code
ii. According to purpose
iii. According to manner of determination
iv. Special and ordinary
II. Actual and Compensatory Damages
a. Concept
b. Requisites
i. Alleged and proved with certainty
ii. Not speculative
c. Component elements
i. Value of loss; unrealized profit
ii. Attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation
1. Comsavings Bank (now GSIS Family Bank) v. Sps. Danilo and
Estrella Capistrano, G.R. No. 170942, August 28, 2013
iii. Interest
d. Extent or scope of actual damages
i. In contracts and quasi-contracts
ii. In crimes and quasi-delicts
III. Moral Damages
a. Concept (Arts. 2217-2218)
b. When recoverable (Arts. 2219-2220)
i. In seduction, abduction, rape and other lascivious acts
ii. In acts referred to in Arts. 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34 & 35, Civil Code
iii. In cases of malicious prosecution
IV. Nominal Damages
a. One Network Rural Bank, Inc. vs. Baric, GR No. 193684, March 5, 2014
V. Temperate or Moderate Damages
a. International Container Terminal Services, Inc. v. Celeste M. Chua, G.R. No.
195031, March 26, 2014
VI. Liquidated Damages
a. Concept (Civil Code, Art. 2226)
b. Rules governing in case of breach of contract
VII. Exemplary or Corrective Damages
a. Concept (Civil Code, Art. 2229)
b. When recovered
i. In criminal offenses (Civil Code, Art. 2230)
1. People of the Philippines v. Vergara, G.R. No. 177763, July 3,
2013
ii. In quasi-delicts (Civil Code, Art. 2231)
iii. In contracts and quasi-contracts (Civil Code, Art. 2232)
c. Requisites - Arts. 2233, 2234
VIII. Damages in Case of Death
a. In crimes and quasi-delicts causing death
i. In death caused by breach of conduct by a common crime
IX. Graduation of Damages

~ 15 ~
 a. Duty of injured party - Art. 2203
b. Rules
i. In crimes
ii. In quasi-delict (Civil Code, Art. 2214)
iii. In contracts, quasi-contracts and quasi-delicts (Civil Code, Art.
2215)
iv. Liquidated damages (Civil Code, Art. 2227)
v. Compromise
X. Miscellaneous Rules
a. Damages that cannot co-exist
i. Nominal with other damages (Art. 2223)
ii. Actual and liquidated (Art. 2226)
b. Damages that must co-exist
i. Exemplary with moral, temperate, liquidated or compensatory
c. Damages that must stand alone
i. Nominal damages (Art. 2223)

~ 16 ~